GREEN BUILDING Project Entire Project

8/3/2019 GREEN BUILDING Project Entire Project

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GREEN BUILDING

OBJECTIVES AND CHALLENGES:

Why a 'future normal' green office building?

Built as a commercial office building for Sustainable Energy Africa and otherorganizations. Investors and SEA wanted to "walk the talk" and show it couldbe done as a commercial investment (with limited financial resources and nogrant financing) - that this can be a normal way of building in the future!!

This project aims to demonstrate:

A commercially viable green building including maximum lettablespace with adequate parking, cost effective design and materials

Resource efficient building

Healthy and beautiful working environment

Design responsive to user needs

Environmentally responsible building and operations

Important determinants of design:

Tenant needs

Participative design and construction

Passive solar design

Efficient and environmentally responsible resource use

Local availability of materials

Limited finances

Financial viability Simple structure

Modular layout for easy adaptability

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Architectural design must practice green building as a necessary element in a

sustainable society, and the green building of curtain walls must manage

environmental performance and material recycling. Through our experience in

Japan's harsh environmental and climatic conditions, we have earned an edge

in environmental technologies. We share that edge, and our understanding of

the needs of architectural design, as we collaborate closely with architects. We

realize their concepts with curtain wall engineering solutions that encompassall elements of design, procurement, manufacturing, construction, and

maintenance, while taking us closer to a sustainable society.

Green Building, also known as green construction or sustainablebuilding, is the practice of creating structures and using processes that areenvironmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation,and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the classicalbuilding design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.

Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complementcurrent practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is thatgreen buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the builtenvironment on human health and the natural environment by:

Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degreedation

A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and

tends to focus on the use ofnatural materials that are available locally. Otherrelated topics include sustainable design and green architecture.

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Contents:

1 Reducing environmental impact 2 Goals of green building

o 2.1 Siting and structure design efficiencyo 2.2 Energy efficiencyo 2.3 Water efficiencyo 2.4 Materials efficiencyo 2.5 Indoor environmental quality enhancemento 2.6 Operations and maintenance optimizationo 2.7 Waste reduction

3 Cost 4 Regulation and operation

5 International frameworks and assessment tools 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Reducing environmental impact:

Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings.Buildings account for a large amount of land use, energy and waterconsumption, and air and atmosphere alteration. Considering the statistics,reducing the amount of natural resources buildings consume and the amount

of pollution given off is seen as crucial for future sustainability, according toEPA.The environmental impact of buildings is often underestimated, while theperceived costs of green buildings are overestimated. A recent survey by theWorld Business Council for Sustainable Development finds that green costs areoverestimated by 300 percent, as key players in real estate and constructionestimate the additional cost at 17 percent above conventional construction,more than triple the true average cost difference of about 5 percent.

Goals of green building:

The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy(especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s.The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desirefor more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices.There are a number of motives to building green, including environmental,

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economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives callfor an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in theretrofitting of an existing structure. Also known as sustainable design, this

approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employedwith a design-purpose to create a synergy amongst the practices used.

Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques toreduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environmentand human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage ofrenewableresources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, andphotovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, raingardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques, suchas using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concreteor asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.

While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantlyevolving and may differ from region to region, there are fundamentalprinciples that persist from which the method is derived: Siting and StructureDesign Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency,Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and MaintenanceOptimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green buildingis an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the propersynergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together toproduce a greater cumulative effect.

On the aesthetic side ofgreen architecture or sustainable design is thephilosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural featuresand resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designingsustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources,reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.

Siting and structure design efficiency:

The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design

stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project lifecycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designingenvironmentally optimal buildings, the objective function aims at minimizingthe total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of thebuilding project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an

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industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeatingitself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products,composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting

various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of everydesign variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevantlife-cycle stages.

Energy efficiency:

Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase theefficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned andunconditioned space), they may use high-efficiency windows and insulation inwalls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is

often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and wallsand place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during thesummer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effectivewindow placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen theneed for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reducesenergy loads.

Onsite generation ofrenewable energy through solar power, wind power,hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact ofthe building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to addto a building.

Water efficiency:

Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives insustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in manyareas of the country, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its abilityto replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increasetheir dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site.The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building maybe accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet

flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixturessuch as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets helpeliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasingpossibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment andheating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the

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amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

Materials efficiency:

Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include rapidly renewableplant materials like bamboo (because bamboo grows quickly) and straw,lumber from forests certified to be sustainably managed, ecology blocks,dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that arenon-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g. Trass, Linoleum, sheepwool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, bakedearth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork,expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete

(high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete , etc.) The EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrialgoods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debrisin construction projects Polyurethane heavily reduces carbon emissions aswell. Polyurethane blocks are being used instead of CMTs by companies likeAmerican Insulock. Polyurethane blocks provide more speed, less cost, andthey are environmentally friendly. Building materials should be extracted andmanufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded intheir transportation. Where possible, building elements should bemanufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximize benefits of off-sitemanufacture including minimizing waste, maximizing recycling (because

manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, better OHSmanagement, less noise and dust.

Indoor environmental quality enhancement:

The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one ofthe five environmental categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being,and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category addresses design andconstruction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal quality,and lighting quality.

Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOC's, andother air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on aproperly designed HVAC system to provide adequate ventilation and airfiltration as well as isolate operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other

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occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing constructionmaterials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions will improveIAQ. Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic

gases, such as VOC's and formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimentalimpact on occupants' health and productivity as well. Avoiding these productswill increase a building's IEQ.

Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with aproperly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building'sthermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous environment throughthe careful integration of natural and artificial light sources will improve on thelighting quality of a structure.

Operations and maintenance optimization:

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design andconstruction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintainedproperly. Ensuring operations and maintenance (O&M) personnel are part ofthe project's planning and development process will help retain the greencriteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building isintegrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new greentechnologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reductionmay be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of abuilding's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as

recycling and air quality enhancement take place.

Waste reduction:

Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materialsused during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state'swaste comes from commercial buildings During the construction phase, onegoal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by theoccupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to

reduce matter going to landfills.To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist."Greywater", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washingmachines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable

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purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used forsimilar purposes.

Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot ofenergy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater intofertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collectinghuman waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plantwith other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept wasdemonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practiceslike these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks thatremove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gasemission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than thisprocess.

Cost:

The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildingsis the price. Photo-voltaic, new appliances and modern technologies tend tocost more money. Most green buildings cost a premium of


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other out-of-office travel related expenses.

Time Management : Your employees can get important work done duringbreaks with minimal inconvenience or disruption.

Team Building: Your team will be inspired by our interactive approach toteaching, learning, collaborating and sharing best practices. Our seminars arenot a monologue, but a dialogue between world-class professionals.

Multiple Offices: Your firm may have multiple sites domestically and/orinternationally. Green Education Services will schedule and route custom

programs for maximum benefit in the shortest amount of time.

Continuing Education Units: Your employees gain valuable CEUs in themost efficient manner possible. As an approved AIA/CES Provider, GESsstandard one-day LEED training earns 8 HSW + 4 SD credits for all AIAmembers.

CHAPTERISATION:

Introduction:

Building Life-Cycle:

1. CONCEPTION

2. DESIGN

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3. CONSTRUCTION

4. USE,

OPERATION &

MAINTENANCE

Site Characteristics:

Microclimate Solar paths Wind patterns Temperature Variations Site's connection to surrounding communities. Topography Drainage patterns Vegetation Ecosystems Soil conditions

Reduce Costs of Development and Environmental Impacts

Industrial Ecology/Networking:

Share and reuse materials (waste/byproducts), water, and waste energysuch as steam, hot water, hemicalcompounds, etc.

Consolidation of natural and infrastructural facilities and services-shipping and receiving, purchasing,security, entertainment andconference facilities.

Design for Future:

Durability - Resist degradation and obsolescence -Service Life > 20-30years. Eg: Careful initial design and selection of materials

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BUILDING Wears well, Can be retrofitted and adapted for future usesavoids the embodied energy associated with the demolition andconstruction of a new building.

REDUCE > REUSE > RECYCLE

Reduce:

Carefully calculate quantity of materials required Avoid excessive packaging Select more durable materials Ensure proper on-site storage and protection of materials

Re-use:

Design materials/products/BUILDINGS for disassembly Retrofit Existing building instead of New construction Relocate entire building instead of demolition Salvage materials prior to demolition Reuse Building materials

Recycle (energy expenditure):

Diversion and recycling of demolition, land clearing, and construction(DLC) debris clean wood, scrap metal, cardboard, asphalt, concrete

and land clearing waste. Select recycled-content building materials and products.

Design a Recycling plan for building occupants.Environmental Awareness:

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Reconnect humans with their environment for the spiritual, emotional,and therapeutic benefits that nature provides

Promote new human values and lifestyles more harmonious with local,

regional, and global resources and environments. Increase public awareness about appropriate technologies and the

cradle-to-grave energy and waste implications of various building andconsumer materials.

Recommendation of Study:

Green Building Decision Matrix:

| - ISSUES

II - PRIORITIZATIONIII - WORKSHEETIV - REFERENCES

I ISSUES RELATED TO MATERIAL SELECTION BACKGROUND:

1. Do we need it at all?The most important question that can be asked is whether the material, product orcomponent is actually needed at all. By reducing material usage, we reduce the costof the project including labour (and design) but as well we reduce the extraction,

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manufacturing, distribution, and disposal of the product, the costs which are largelynot included in the price of the product. Thus, reducing material use not unlikeconserving energy is the easiest and most cost-effective means of achieving

environmental and economic savings.2. Is it toxic?Most of us would suggest that a product that will release toxic substances into theenvironment should not be used. But today, we are literally surrounded by toxicsubstances. And contrary to what some people may suggest, this is not the way itsbeen. A full 60,000 new chemicals are now in our environment that didnt exist in1960. Our environment is increasingly saturated with toxins so much so that analarming 30% of Canadians now have allergies or chemical sensitivities.

However, it is often difficult for the purchaser to assess whether a product is toxic.The problem has many roots. Today and in the past, corporations have only beenobligated to indicate a products ingredients and abide by toxic chemical legislation setout by the various governments. The onus was on the government and ultimately thepublic to show that it is toxic. Unfortunately, in most cases, only chemicals that hadimmediate and traceable effects would be investigated. In many cases, hard scientificdata could take years before proof without a doubt. This amount of time was requiredfor 1 chemical in one reaction never mind the extremely difficult case of identifyingthe synergistic effects of multiple chemicals reacting together. A release and letswatch rather than a cautionary approach was and is being taken. Furthermore, it isapparent by the success of tobacco companies in keeping their toxic chemicals in theirproducts, that there is little hope in this system of corporations taking anyresponsibility for the impacts of their products. And finally, for many of us, we just

dont have the background and education to comprehend chemical labels or for seethe potential effects of using these products (many would suggest ascorbic acid(Vitamin C) is probably toxic).

Thus, education is definitely required. Place the onus on the manufacturer to provethat the product is safe. Ask the manufacture for a Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS). Research the product using one of the many websites or publications that listenvironmental construction products. One rule of thumb is to select the product withthe least amount of constituents that do not naturally occur in nature. Take thecautionary approach and avoid the product if it is not necessary and substitute a lesstoxic alternative.

3. What is the life cycle cost?Life cycle cost or price takes into account the entire cost of employing the product.There are two levels of life cycle analysis (LCA): life cycle cost to the purchaser of theproduct, and entire life cycle cost to the global environment. The first approach islargely just an economic analysis. For example, when selecting exterior siding for a

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building, the builder would consider not only the unit and total cost of the product, butthe added costs of transporting the product to the site (local market or across thecontinent), labour costs to install, additional costs (electricity, water consumption),

maintenance costs (annual paint and repair), and disposal costs (some buildingproducts contain toxic chemicals which may introduce disposal fees). This approachclearly identifies the broader costs of employing a product and the economic costsdirectly to the user.

However, a more thorough approach can be taken to life cycle costing and include thecosts that are not included in the purchase price (i.e. environmental impacts ofextraction, manufacture etc.). With this more thorough LCA, other costs are takeninto account besides economic, and impacts on other parties are identified andassessed. For example, when selecting exterior siding, the builder would considerwhere the product originated. If it was wood, was it harvested sustainably? Does thelocal industry support the sustainability of the community? How far did the wood have

to be transported (since transportation is the main component of pollution in theprocess to create lumber)?

LCA is not a perfect science. Moreover, results are largely dependent on local andindividual analysis as all variables change. Any form of LCA employed in decision-making is better than none. Making operating staff more aware of the broader issuesand costs of materials is always beneficial.

4. Does it contain recycled content? Post-consumer or post-industrial?A characteristic that many of us are now aware of and understand is recycled content.Fortunately, it is a very simple concept that can be easily identified on a product and

understood by the consumer. The designer/builder should select building products inthe same manner as it selects paper products for the office - the higher the recycledcontent the better (and recycle products at the end of their life). The only principle tobe aware of is that post-consumer recycled content is preferable to post-industrialrecycled content. Post-consumer content is material that is being diverted from thelandfill. Post-industrial content is materials that would likely be reused anywayalthough still beneficial when post-consumer content isnt available.

5. How will the product ultimately be disposed of? Can it be recycled wholeor in part? Do facilities exist locally?The two biggest problems with society today are: 1. the rate of consumption ofresources and, 2. the production of waste. With this in mind, building materials shouldbe selected with decommissioning and disposal in mind. Select products that can bereturned, reclaimed, reused, recycled, or returned to the Earth as biodegradablematerial. If it is recyclable, do facilities exist nearby that can recycle it. Can theproduct be recycled or just down cycled? For example, plastic companies arenotorious for indicating recyclability but have no interest in indicating to the consumer

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that facilities dont actually exist to facilitate recycling of the product. Furthermore,many types of plastic can only be downcycled into products like parking stops(ultimately creating waste). Avoid products that contain toxins that ultimately will be

released into the environment.6. Is it biodegradable? Does it break down into natural constituents?If a product is biodegradable than concerns about disposal are diminished. Be awarehowever, that there does not exist any legislation on product labelling with respect tothe word biodegradable. For example, many conventional cleaning products haveconstituents that biodegrade but the resulting by-products are toxic in theenvironment. Seek advice and guidance from labeling programs such asEnvironmental Choice logos.

7. Is the product over packaged? Can the packaging be reclaimed bymanufacturer?

An easy means of reducing environmental impacts is to select products that haveminimal packaging or recyclable packaging. Educate the manufacturer anddistributors when excess packaging is used and place the onus and cost on them toreduce and reclaim the packaging rather than the builder buying material that is thendiscarded.

8. Are there any social impacts to extracting, manufacturing, distributing,using, and disposing of this product?

Attempt to assess the non-economic impacts of using the product. Some are moreobvious than others. For example, wood from the virgin rainforests should probablybe avoided. A great deal of judgment is required in this case, and research and

guidance from reliable sources is valuable.

9. Is the product durable?What is the expected lifespan of the product? Is the expected lifespan based on theconditions that the product will be used? A general rule is to select products with thelongest lifespan. Often this means increased initial cost where life cycle costing (seeabove) becomes important.

10. Is the product low maintenance?

Maintenance is one component of life cycle cost. In most cases, designers andbuilders only consider the construction cost, even though the operating expense and

in some cases disposal costs can be far more significant. Attempt to select productsthat require no maintenance. For example, stainless steel finishes, concrete paversvs. concrete pads.

11. Are green house gases produced to extract, manufacture, distribute, use,and dispose of this product? Are the totals GHG less than other products?

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An issue that we are all aware of is our impacts on the global climate due to ourcollective release of green

12. Are ozone depleting substances produced to extract, manufacture,distribute, use, and dispose of this product? Are the total ozone depletes lessthan other products?

13. What is the embodied energy of the product? Is it less than the

alternatives?

14. Is the product from local or regional sources?

II PRIORITIZATION

The environmental issues mentioned above are all important. In many cases, it isdifficult to decide which issue is more important when two issues are in opposition ortwo products with different issues are compared. This is the dilemma for the designerand operator.

To date, significant work has gone into trying to prioritize the issues. However, sinceeach issue is not universal in nature but rather dependent on multiple factors (i.e.distance to extraction and manufacturing, climate, disposal facilities, etc.) thedecisions in many cases are site dependent.

Thus, the designer and operator must therefore become involved in the decision

process and this is where judgment and values are involved. For example, using steelmight replace using wood treated with toxic preservatives within the park, BUT whatabout the emissions from the steel manufacturing down the road?

The first step for any designer/owner or organization is to identify what are the localand regional environmental threats. By identifying and documenting these threats,decisions as to which issue is more important will become easier. Some of the issuesinclude:

Global Warming

Ozone Layer deterioration

Water pollution

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Air pollution

Petroleum spills

Automobile pollution

Persistent Organic Pollutants

Logging of Old-Growth forests

Habitat destruction

Local unemployment

Maintenance costs and budget cuts

Labour costs

Durability and climatic factors

Urban sprawl

Below is the decision path that we are recommending. This line of questioning shouldbe done for each product introduced into the project. When comparing products, inmany cases it will be the product that makes it the furthest down the list. Others canbe discarded.

CHECKLIST:

- Is the product or material needed at all?- Is there an alternative product or material that has less of an environmental impactover its life-cycle?- Does it displace a product or material that has a greater environmental impact (i.e.finger-jointed lumber)?

- Is it a natural or synthetic material? Natural materials tend to have lessenvironmental impacts.- Does it contain potentially harmful chemicals or constituents? 1- Is it biodegradable into natural constituents (i.e. DDT is also biodegradable)? Is thisproduct destinied for the landfill? 2

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- Is it recyclable? Is it being used in a way that allows it to be recycled (i.e. glued orscrewed)?- Does it contain recycled content?

- Does it contain or use (manufacture/use/maintenance) ozone depleting substances?3- How does its life-cycle environmental impacts compare with alternatives?- How does its embodied energy (and thus in general greenhouse gas emissions)compare with alternatives?- Is there a local product or alternative that is comparable that will reduce the impactsof transportation?1 More than 60,000 new chemicals have been invented since WW2and less than 5% of them have been tested for human health impacts. None of themhave been tested in combinations of two or more, never mind 10,000 as in the case ofa building.2 Generally, biodegradable means into organic constituents (Hydrogen, Oxygen,Carbon, and Nitrogen).

3 Ozone depleting substances include CFCs, HCFCs, and Halons.

WORKSHEET REFERENCES:

Environmental Building News:- What makes a Product Green? Jan. 2000http://www.buildinggreen.com/features/gp/green_products.pdf- Steel or Wood framing: which way should we go? July 1994http://www.buildinggreen.com/features/svw/steel_vs_wood.html- Cement and Concrete: Environmental Considerations. March 1993http://www.buildinggreen.com/features/cem/cementconc.html

- Concrete, Flyash, and the Environment. Dec. 1998

DATA ANALYSIS:- Leed Certification Information

What is LEED certification?

In the United States and in a number of other countries around the world, LEEDcertification is the recognized standard for measuring building sustainability. Achieving

LEED certification is the best way for you to demonstrate that your building project istruly "green."

The LEED green building rating system -- developed and administered by the U.S.Green Building Council, a Washington D.C.-based, nonprofit coalition of building

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industry leaders -- is designed to promote design and construction practices thatincrease profitability while reducing the negative environmental impacts of buildingsand improving occupant health and well-being.

What are the benefits of LEED certification?

LEED certification, which includes a rigorous third-party commissioning process, offerscompelling proof to you, your clients, your peers and the public at large that you'veachieved your environmental goals and your building is performing as designed.Getting certified allows you take advantage of a growing number of state and localgovernment incentives, and can help boost press interest in your project.

The LEED rating system offers four certification levels for new construction --

Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum -- that correspond to the number of creditsaccrued in five green design categories: sustainable sites, water efficiency, energyand atmosphere, materials and resources and indoor environmental quality. LEEDstandards cover new commercial construction and major renovation projects, interiorsprojects and existing building operations. Standards are under development to covercommercial "core & shell" construction, new home construction and neighborhooddevelopments.

How does one achieve LEED certification?

The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED website provides tools for buildingprofessionals, including:

Information on the LEED certification process. LEED documents, such as checklists and reference guides. Standards are now

available or in development for the following project types:o New commercial construction and major renovation projects (LEED-NC)o Existing building operations (LEED-EB)o Commercial interiors projects (LEED-CI)o Core and shell projects (LEED-CS)o Homes (LEED-H)o Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND)

A list of LEED-certified projects A directory of LEED-accredited professionals Information on LEED training workshops A calendar of green building industry conferences

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Tips for Getting LEED Certified:

Set a clear environmental target. Before you begin the design phase of yourproject, decide what level of LEED certification you are aiming for and settle ona firm overall budget. Also consider including an optional higher certificationtarget -- a "stretch" goal -- to stimulate creativity.

Set a clear and adequate budget. Higher levels of LEED certification, such asPlatinum, do require additional expenditure and should be budgeted foraccordingly

Stick to your budget andyour LEED goal. Throughout out the design andbuilding process, be sure your entire project team is focused on meeting yourLEED goal on budget. Maintain the environmental and economic integrity ofyour project at every turn.

Engineer for Life Cycle Value As you value-engineer your project, be sure toexamine green investments in terms of how they will affect expenses over theentire life of the building. Before you decide to cut a line item, look first at itsrelationship to other features to see if keeping it will help you achieve money-saving synergies, as well as LEED credits. Many energy-saving features allowfor the resizing or elimination of other equipment, or reduce total capital costsby paying for themselves immediately or within a few months of operation.Prior to beginning, set your goals for "life cycle" value-engineering rather than"first cost" value-engineering.

Hire LEED-accredited professionals . Thousands of architects, consultants,engineers, product marketers, environmentalists and other building industryprofessionals around the country have a demonstrated knowledge of greenbuilding and the LEED rating system and process -- and can assist you inmeeting your LEED goal. These professionals can suggest ways to earn LEEDcredits without extra cost, identify means of offsetting certain expenses withsavings in other areas and spot opportunities for synergies in your project.

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CASE STUDY PROFILE:

LEED India for New Construction

LEED India for Core & Shell

Registration

Certification

List of LEED AP

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LEED:

LEED for Homes - U.S. Green Building Council:

The Green Building Council has created a set of standards for sustainablebuildings. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) ratingsystem is intended to encourage adoption of sustainable green building practicesthrough the use of universally understood performance criteria. Their goal is tomake LEED the primary standard in this area.

LEED promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizingperformance in five key areas of human and environmental health. There is arating scale in each area and points are assigned to the building in each category.The overall score determines the LEED rating of either Certified, Silver, Gold or

Platinum.

The LEED Green Building Rating Systems are consensus-based, market-drivenprograms that are intended to be voluntary. LEED is a whole building ratingsystem, looking at the environmental impacts of the building from design throughoccupancy. There are five main categories to the LEED rating system and theyinclude;

Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy & Atmosphere

Materials & Resources Indoor Environmental Air Quality

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LEED for Homes has added two additional categories, Locations & Linkages andAwareness & Education. LEED for Homes is geared toward single-family homes,low-rise residential, production homes, affordable homes, manufactured & modularhomes

as well as major (gut) rehab projects on existing homes.

A building must meet certain prerequisites in each of these categories to earnpoints in each category. Once all of the prerequisites have been achieved, thetotal number of credits earned determines if a building is LEED certified and atwhat rating. There are four levels of certification, each signifying a higher level of

sustainable design; certified, silver, gold and platinum.

A special addition to the LEED for Homes standard is an adjustment based onhome size. A neutral size has been determined by the USGBC (900 sq. ft. for 1bedroom and ~ 500 sq ft per additional bedroom). As the size of the house goesover or under this size, the threshold for achieving a given certification level willincrease of decrease. This is the means by which the USGBC hopes to influencethe building industry to build smaller, more sustainable homes.

The process by which a home achieves the LEED for Homes certification level is atiered process. While the contractor/builder is responsible for the properinstallation and construction of all green features and measures, it is theresponsibility of the LEED for Homes Provider and Green Rater (third-partyverification) to determine the home's compliance with any given prerequisites orcredit. After construction has been completed, the Provider and Green Rater willdetermine if the home achieves LEED standards and to which level. After reviewby USGBC, the home is granted LEED certification and can be marketed as a LEEDcertified home.

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As with any green building initiative that a homeowner chooses to accomplish,LEED for Homes is not without its costs. For starters, registering and certifying ahome costs from $375-525 depending on the whether the contractor is a member

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of the USGBC. In addition, a homeowner may run into extra costs regardingmaterial choices, appliances, finishes and in rare cases, specialized installers. This

cost increase may seem daunting at first but the reduction in operating cost overtime, will pay back the extra costs of construction. There are also up-front costsaving that are often overlooked. For example, a more efficient home with properinsulation and air infiltration measures in place will require a smaller HVACsystem, saving money on what is normally a big ticket item.

To participate in LEED for Homes, you have a few avenues. The first is to contactan experienced builder who has completed a sustainable or LEED home in thepast. If the builder is not a participant in the LEED for Homes program, they cancontact the LEED for Homes Provider that is geographically closest to them. Thelink to the provider locater can be found in the resources section. Another route is

to contact the LEED for Homes provider directly to find a local builder who isfamiliar with the program or has experience in the industry.

As has already happened with the LEED Green Building Rating Systems, it can beexpected that LEED for Homes will grow and mature as the times change and thetrends in the building industry become more commonplace. At this point, LEEDfocuses on reducing the use of energy through efficiency and waste reduction.There are measures addressing sustainable energy and in the future, these shouldplay a much larger role in the LEED standards.

Indian Green Building Council LEED

Rating Systems:

LEED India New Construction

LEED India Core & Shell

IGBC Green Homes

IGBC Green Factories

LEED Categories:

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Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere

Materials and Resources

Indoor Environmental Quality

Meet all prerequisites

Minimum number of points to earn the Certified level of LEED project

certification

Certification Level Points

Certified 26-32 Points

Silver 33-38 PointsGold 39-51 Points

Platinum 52-69 Points

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Prerequisites:

SS Prerequisite Erosion & Sedimentation Control

ESC Plan during Construction

EA Prerequisite 1 Fundamental Building Systems Commissioning

Commissioning Plan review of design & construction

Installation, functional performance, training & documentation verification

Commissioning Report

EA Prerequisite 2 Minimum Energy Performance

Design building for energy & performance as per ASHRAE 90.1-2004/ECBC2006

EA Prerequisite 3 CFC Reduction in HVAC & R Equipment

Zero-Use of CFC-based refrigerants

MRPrerequisite Storage & Collection of Recyclables

Designated Recycling Area & Plan during Occupancy

IAQ Prerequisite 1 Minimum IAQ Performance

ASHRAE 62.1-2004/relevant local code

IAQ Prerequisite 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control

Smoking Policy within Building Premises

Sustainable Sites:

Credit No. Credit Description Points

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SSc1 Site selection 1SSc2 Development Density & Community

Connectivity

1

SSc3 Brownfield Redevelopment 1SSc4.1 Alternative Transportation, Public

Transportation Access1

SSc4.2 Alternative Transportation, Low-Emission &Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations

1

SSc4.3 Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity 1

Water Efficiency:


WEc1.1 Water EfficientLandscaping: 50%reduction

1

WEc1.2 Water EfficientLandscaping: No PotableWater Use or No Irrigation

1

WEc2.0 Water Efficiency in Air-conditioning System: 50%

1

Reduce

WEc3.0 Innovative WastewaterTechnologies 1

WEc4.1 Water Use Reduction, 20%Reduction

1

WEc4.2 Water Use Reduction, 30%Reduction

1

Energy& Atmosphere:


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EAc1 Optimize Energy Performance 10

EAc2.1 Renewable Energy: 2.5% 1

EAc2.2 Renewable Energy: 5% 1EAc2.3 Renewable Energy: 7.5% 1EAc3.0 Additional Commissioning 1

Materials & Resources Credit:


MRc1.1 Building Reuse: Maintain75% of existing walls,floors and roof

1

MRc1.2 Building Reuse: Maintain100% of existing walls,floors and roof

1

MRc1.3 Building Reuse: Maintain100% of shell & 50% ofnon-shell

1

MRc2.1 Construction WasteManagement, Divert 50%from Disposal

1

MRc2.2 Construction WasteManagement, Divert 75%from Disposal

1

MRc3.1 Resource Reuse: 5% 1

Indoor Environmental Quality:


EQc1 Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring 1

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EQc2 Increased Ventilation, 30% aboveASHRAE 62.1 requirements

1

EQc3.1 Construction IAQ management plan:(During Construction ) 1

EQc3.2 Construction IAQ management plan:(After Construction/Before Occupancy)

1

EQc4.1 Low-emitting materials,: Adhesive &Sealants

1

EQc4.2 Low-emitting materials: Paints 1

EQc4.3 Low-emitting materials: Carpet 1

EQc4.4 Low-emitting materials: CompositeWood &Agrifiber Products

1

Innovation in Design:


IDc1.1-1.4 Innovation in Design 1-4

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IDc1.2 LEED Accredited Professional 1

Green Buildings and LEED Certification:

Going Green:

Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC),1 LEED provides buildingowners and operators a concise framework for identifying and implementing practicaland measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenancesolutions. LEED is an internationally recognized green building certification system,providing third-party verification that a building or community was designed and builtusing strategies aimed at improving performance across all the metrics that mattermost: energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoorenvironmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.2

By going green with LEED certification, there are both environmental and financialbenefits. LEED certification helps to: lower operating costs and increase asset value,

reduce waste sent to landfills, conserve energy and water, reduce harmful greenhousegas emissions and qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances and other incentives inhundreds of cities.

What is LEED?

LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). It is abuilding rating system created under the United States Green Building Council(USGBC) to ensure greater environmentally and socially responsible action byencouraging the construction of green buildings. LEED provides building owners andoperators with a concise framework for identifying and implementing practical and

measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenancesolutions. It is an internationally recognized building certification system, providingthird-party verification that a building or community was designed and built usingstrategies aimed at improving performance across all the metrics that matter most.

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These metrics include: energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction,improved indoor environmental quality, stewardship of resources and sensitivity totheir impacts. Obtaining LEED certification brings many financial and environmental

rewards. For example, LEED certification lowers operating costs, increases assetvalue, allows for qualification of tax rebates, zoning allowances and other financialincentives. Environmentally, LEED certification helps conserve energy, reduce harmfulgreenhouse emissions, minimize waste sent to landfills and shows your commitmentto environmental sustainability.

What does it take to get LEED certified?

The U.S. Green Building Councils LEED building rating system is flexible with all typesof commercial and residential buildings. Eligibility for LEED qualification consists offollowing a LEED Rating System Checklist that contributes to your specific project tallypoint total. Once all tally project prerequisites exceed the minimum number of pointsnecessary to meet the Certified Level, LEED certification is granted. LEED applies tothe entire building lifecycle design and construction, operations and maintenance,tenant fit out, and significant retrofit. LEED for Neighborhood Development extendsthe benefits of LEED beyond the building footprint into the neighborhood it serves.

LEED levels and classes

When it comes to LEED classes, there are four. In LEED 2009 the threshold levels forLEED certification are:

Certified: 40 49 Points

Silver: 50 59 PointsGold: 60 79 Points

Platinum: 80 or more Points

The LEED certification rating process is explained in complete detail in theReference Guides issued for each of the LEED rating systems as well as on

line at www.usgbc.org.

SUMMARY OF FINDING & CONCLUSION:

Minimizing your LEED certification costs

The cost of LEED certification depends on a variety of factors, including the type ofcertification desired, the project demographics and characteristics, grant availabilityand the experience of the LEED design team. Another important factor that can save

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you money is selecting the right stage of the design process to seek LEEDcertification. Universal Modular Building Solutions works hard to ensure costs areminimized while maintaining quality.

Conclusion

There are many benefits available to you when you build green. You can save bothtime and money by acting now. Universal Modular is able and willing to help you withLEED certification. As the US Green Building Council and the LEED building ratingsystem continues to evolve, we encourage you to visit www.usgbc.org/ andwww.gbci.org regularly to obtain the latest information on the LEED family of ratingsystems.

Global and Domestic Carbon Dioxide Emissions & their Effect on ClimateChange

Conclusion:Short-term responses would require an increased efficiency and attention toconservation to all sectors. For a coal fired plant, a 5% increase in thermal efficiencycorresponds to a 15% reduction in CO2. The more long-term strategy must includefuel switching to lower CO2 content and finally to a renewable source such as solar-hydrogen or biomass.

Many of the effects that may occur under a climate change scenario remain unknown.Policy makers continue to call for additional studies, whose conclusions become moresteadfast in their results. Current models demonstrate the need to strengthen

research into sustainable energy alternatives to the fossil fuel economy. The worldawaits results to further information gathered on greenhouse warming, but the realglobal experiment continues to run on unhindered.

Literature[1] Skelton, L. W. The Solar-Hydrogen Energy Economy: Beyond the Age of Fire. VanNostrand Reinhold Company, New York: 1984.

[2] Kellogg W. W. "Energy Generation: The Basic Cause of Current and Future ClimateChange." Hydrogen Energy Progress VIII. Edited by T. N. Veziroglu. Pergamon Press,New York: 1990. Volume 1, Pages 145-161.

[3] Lashof, D. A. Policy Options for Stabilizing Global Climate. Hemisphere PublishingCorporation, New York: 1990.

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[4] Changing By Degrees: Steps to Reduce Greenhouse Gases. U.S Congress. Officeof Technology Assessment. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.: 1991.

[5] Thurlow, G. Technological Responses to the Greenhouse Effect. Elsevier AppliedScience, London: 1990.

[6] Lyman, F. The Greenhouse Trap. Beacon Press, Boston: 1990.

Additional ResourcesMacDonald, G. J. The Long-Term Imacts of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon DioxideLevels. Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, MA: 1982.

Jager, J. Climate and Energy Systems. A Review of their Interactions. John Wiley &Sons, New York: 1983.

Confronting Climate Change. National Research Council. National Academy Press,Washington, D.C.: 1990.

Williams, J. Carbon Dioxide, Climate and Society. Pergamon Press, Oxford: 1978.

Flohn, H. Possible Climate Consequences of a Man-Made Global Warming.International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria: 1980.

Clark, W. C. Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 1982.

Energy and Climate Change. Report of the DOE Multi-Laboratory Cimate Change

Committee. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI: 1991.

Smith, I. M. Carbon Dioxide- Emissions and Effects. IEA Coal Research, London:1982.

Energy Technologies for Reducing Emision of Greenhouse Gases. Proceedings of anExperts Seminar Paris 12th-14th April 1989. Volume I and II. Organization forEconomic Co-Operation and Development/International Energy Agency, Paris: 1989.

Walsh, J. H. The Selection of Energy Technologies Under Conditions of RestrictedCarbon Emissions. Energy Technologies for Reducing Emision of Greenhouse Gases.

Proceedings of an Experts Seminar Paris 12th-14th April 1989. Volume I and II.Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development/International EnergyAgency, Paris: 1989.

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Bach, W. Carbon Dioxide. Current Views and Developments in Energy/ClimateResearch. D. Reidel Pulishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland: 1983.

Bach, W. Our Threatened Climate. D. Reidel Pulishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland:1984.

Changing Climate. Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee. NationalResearch Council. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.: 1983.

Energy and Climate. Geophysics Study Committee. National Research Council.National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.: 1977.

Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Gases, and Climate Change. Proceding of a JointSymposium by the Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate and the Committee onGlobal Change. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington,D.C.: 1989.

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GREEN BUILDING Project Entire Project

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