Lifting the Lid on Legumes - Grains & Legumes Nutrition Council
Grass & Legumes
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Transcript of Grass & Legumes
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Grasses
Family - Poaceae
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Poaceae
family Poaceae
1. the grasses: chiefly herbaceous but
some woody plants including cereals;bamboo; sugar cane
Synonyms: Gramineae
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Why are grasses suitable as
ruminant feed?
Comprise of herbaceousmaterials
that are easily grazed and digested
Fulfills nutrient requirements No toxic constituents
Able to regrow after cutting or grazing
Continuous growth habit Spreads by rhizomes or stolons, rapid
ground coverage
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Important Characteristics of
Pasture Grasses
Growth habit upright, creeping, rhizomatous
Utilization grazed, cut and carry
Ecological adaptation dry areas, wet areas,
sandy
Propagation by seeds or vegetative only
Nutritive value protein, digestibility, minerals
Toxic components Compatibility can be grown with legumes?
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Features of Poaceae
either annuals or perennials.
alternate leaves with extended blades
and clasping sheath stems, or culms, are normally hollow
and round, and enclosed by leaf
sheaths. all species have parallel leaf venation.
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STEM
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STEM
Grass Stems- are mostly hollow, cylindricaland interrupted at intervals by swollen jointsor nodes. Stems are rarely branched abovethe ground and are called CULMS.
Some grasses have stems which creep alongthe surface of the ground and give rise tonew shoots (TILLERS) at their nodes. Thehorizontal stems are called STOLONS.
If the horizontal stems go underground they
are called RHIZOMES.
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LEAF
The leaf blade is usually long and narrow, with
parallel sides and veins and tapering to a pointed
or blunt tip. At the junction of the sheath and
blade there is a small membranous flap of tissue
called the LIGULE. This is sometimes just a fringe
of hairs.
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LEAF
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LEAF VENATION
Venation is the pattern of veins in the
blade of a leaf. The veins consist ofvascular tissues which are important
for the transport of food and water.
Leaf veins connect the blade to the
petiole, and lead from the petiole tothe stem.
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Ligules
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FLOWER
The flower is usually bisexual. It consists ofan ovary containing 1 ovule (the femalepart). The ovary is usually surmounted bytwo feathery stigmas and is surrounded bythree stamens. Each stamen (the male partof the flower) consists of an anther and afilament.
The flower is protected by two sets ofscales. The first set consists of the LEMMA
and the PALEA which enclose the flower.This whole structure is called a floret
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One or more florets may be arranged on an
axis (the RACHILLA), with all of the florets
being protected by a second set of scales at
the base called GLUMES. The glumesenclose the florets before they are mature.
The whole unit is called a SPIKELET. The
Lemmas may have bristle-like extensions
called AWNS arising from them
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FLOWER (Floret)
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FLOWER
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Arrangement of Spikelets into a Flower
Head or Inflorescence
When the spikelets are borne on stalks on branches from
the main axis, the flower-head is called PANICLE
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If the spikelets are stalked directly on the main
axis, then the flower-head is a RACEME.
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Where there are no stalks, and the spikelets are seated on the
main axis itself, the flower-head or ear is known as a SPIKE
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ROOTS
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SPECIES OF
GRASSES
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Pennisetum purpureum
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Panicum maximum
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Setaria sphacelata cv splendida
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Brachiaria ruziziensis
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Brachiaria decumbens
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Brachiaria humidicola
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LEGUMES
Family Leguminoseae
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LEGUME
legume, common name for any plantof the family Leguminosae, which is
called also the pulse, legume, pea, or
bean family.
Botanically, a legume is the
characteristic fruit of the pulse family
plants, called also leguminous plants.
It is a podwhich usually splits alongtwo sides, with the seeds attached
along one of the sutures.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0840510.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0839433.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0839433.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0840510.html -
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Features of Leguminoseae
(Fabaceae)
Numbering about 650 genera and 17,000
species
The leaves are usually compound;
the fruit is a legume(a type of pod);
and the blossoms may have an irregular
butterflylike (papilionaceous) shape.
Typically, the flowers have 10 stamens, andthe corolla and the calyx are formed of 5
petals and 5 sepals, respectively. Some
species have thorny branches.
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0829296.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0839433.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0839433.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0829296.html -
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Trifoliate leaf
A compound leaf having three leaflets
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Pinate leaf
Leaf resembling a feather; having the leaflets oneach side of a common axis
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bi-pinate leaf
leaf resembling a feather; having the
leaflets on each side of a common
axis
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Nitrogen fixation
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Why are legumes important?
Each year legume-Rhizobium symbiosis generates
more useful nitrogen for plants than all the nitrogen
fertilizers produced industrially -- and the symbiosisprovides just the right amounts of nitrogen at the right
time at virtually no cost to the farmer.
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This symbiotic nitrogen fixationis very
beneficial for two reasons:
it supplies the legume with nitrogen,
it can significantly decrease spending on N-
containing fertilizers for the subsequent crops.
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Role of Legumes
Supply nitrogen to grasses
Increased protein for ruminants
(grasses 6-12%, legumes 15-30%) Increased minerals (P & K) for
animals
Improved digestibility of feed
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SPECIES OF LEGUMES
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Centrosema pubescens
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Calapogonium muconoides
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Peuroria phaseoloides
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Stylosanthes guianensis
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Leucanae leucocephala
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GLYRICIDIA SEPIUM
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Sesbania grandiflora