Grammar in Use: Dentistry. Lecture PART 1

7/25/2019 Grammar in Use: Dentistry. Lecture PART 1

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Grammar in Use: Dentistry

Part 1


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In this lecture:

We will review some of the most important

English grammatical structures which are

used in medical environment.

You will watch educational videos on dentaltopics and then write down the relevant

grammatical structures which have been

discussed in the course of this lecture.

The outline of this lecture will be an obligatory

requirement for your Final odule !ontrol.


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Plan of the lecture:

". #erb tenses $%ctive voice&'

1& Present !ontinuous

(& Present )imple

*& Present Perfect

+& Present Perfect !ontinuous

,& Future )imple

-& Future !ontinuous

& Future Perfect

/& Past )imple

0& Past !ontinuous

1& Past Perfect

"". odal verbs' can2 may2 must2 should.

""". Passive voice.

"#. Types of questions' general2 special2 alternative2 dis3unctive.


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Present continuous shows an action that is happening in the present

time at or around the moment of spea4ing.


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verb to be + gerund of the verb:

am / are / is + verb + -ing

I am Ving(studying,writing)

he, she, it is

you, we, they are

5" am delivering the lecture at the moment.5)tudents are writing down the grammar material now.

5"t is . in the morning. 6r. )mith is in his new car onhis way to the hospital. 7eis driving to the hospital.56r. )mith is examining the patient now.56r. )mith8s colleague is performing the root canal

therapy.


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Present continuous is used in the

folloing situations: Something that is happening around or close to the time of

speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of

speaking

" am writing an interesting article on pulpitis. "8ll lend it to you

when "8ve finished it. Something that is happening for a limited period of time

around the present (e!g! today, this week, this season, this

year! ! !)

The students are working hard this term. "hanging situations

The patient is getting better with the new treatment.

7is blood pressure is rising very fast.


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)hows an action that happens again and

again $repeated action& in the present time2

but not necessarily at the time of spea4ing.


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!enses: Present "im#le

6r. )mith worksat the dental clinic.

" teachEnglish for future medical professionals.

" $you2 we2 they& write

7e $she2 it& writes We add endings 9:s; $9:es;2 9:ies;& for the third

person singular $he, she, it or their equivalents

#the student$, #the doctor$, #the nurse$, etc!&


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!here are three ays to ma$e the

"-form:< by adding 9s; to the end of a verb

$run := runs2 sit := sits2 see := sees2 play := plays&

< by adding 9es; to the end of the verb that has

a sibilant sound < ss2 ch2 >2 tch2 sh2 ??

$watch := watches2 guess := guesses2 mi> :=

mi>es&

< by changing final 9:y; to 9:ies; after aconsonant@y

$study := studies2 party := parties2 fly := flies&


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Present "im#le is used:

%o talk about something that happens all the time or

repeatedly or something that is true in general!

Aral hygienists provide information as to the dental care.

Burses ta4e care of patients.

!igarettes cause lung cancer.

%o say how often we do things

" begin to operate at /.* every morning.

6r. Taylor does endodontics two times a wee4.

7ow often do you go to the dentistC Twice a year.

%he simple present is often used with adverbs of fre&uency

such as #always$, #often$, #sometimes$, #rarely$, #never$,

#every week$, #twice a year$!


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!he #resent sim#le tense has the

folloing forms:

5 %ffirmative'

" workhere.

7e workshere.

5 Begative'

I'we'you'they do not (dont) wor4 here!

e'she'it does not (doesnt) wor4 here

5 "nterrogative' D *o I'we'you'they wor4 hereC

D *oes he'she'it wor4 hereC


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Present Perfect

7avehas @ past participle of the verb.

egular verbs' ending 9:ed; : e>amined

"rregular verbs' the third form of the verb :

write < wrote < written

I have examined this patient!

e has written the prescription!

I haveV+

(examined,written)

he, she, it has

you, we, they have


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5 To tal4 about the present result of a past action.

5 To tal4 about a recent happening.


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Present Perfect is used:

We can use the present perfect with the following

particles'

5 Gust' 6r. )mith has ust arrived at the hospital.

5 %lready' The second:year student has alreadyfinished her presentation.

5 % period of time that continues up to the present

$an unfinished period of time&'

We use the e>pressions' today2 this morning2 thisevening2 this wee4 . . .

" have examined , patients today.


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Present Perfect is used:

Something that we are expecting! In this situation we use#yet$ to show that the speaker is expecting something to

happen, but only in &uestions and negative sentences 6r.

)mith has not arrived yet.

Something you have never done or something you have notdone during a period of time that continues up to the present

" have not done root canal treatment since " was a resident.

-e also use the present perfect with these expressions

Superlative "t is the most interesting case " have ever seen.

%he first (second, third ! ! !) time ! ! !

This is the first time that I have seen a patient with acute

necroti?ing ulcerative gingivitis.


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)hows an action that began in the past and

has gone on up to the present time.


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Present Perfect %ontinuous

7avehas been @ gerund.

%o talk about an action that began in the past

and has recently stopped or ust stopped

You loo4 tired. ave youbeen studyingC Yes2 " have been studying the new clinical case.

%o ask or say how long something has been

happening

6r. )mith has been working in the pro3ect from itsinception.


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Present Perfect %ontinuous

-e use the following particles

ow long ! ! !. (to ask how long)!

/or, since (to say how long)

7ow long haveyou been working as a

dentistC " have been working as a dentist for

ten years.

" have been working as a dentist since 100/.


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5

To tal4 about a future happening or a future

situation.


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&uture "im#le

"Weyoutheyhesheit @ will @ verb

" will send you a copy of the latest article on

oral cancer as soon as " get it.

)he will attend the European !ongress ne>t

year.

6entistry will be very different in a hundred

years time.


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5 To say that we will be in the middle of

something at a certain time in the future.


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&uture %ontinuous

Will be @ gerund of the verb $verb @ing&

This time tomorrow morning he will be

attendingthe conference on medications and

the !B). " will be examining this patient tomorrow at *

p.m.


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5 To say that something will already have the

result before a certain time in the future.


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&uture Perfect

Will have @ past participle of the verb.

" thin4 the doctor will alreadyhave arrived by

the time we begin the procedure.

Aur doctorwill have consultedyou by the

end of the wee4.

Youwill have receivedthe schedule by ,oHcloc4.


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Past "im#le

%o talk about actions or situations in the

past (they have already finished)

" enoyedthe course of %natomy last term.

%o say that one thing happened afteranother

Yesterday we hada terrible duty.

%o talk about happenings and actions that

are not connected with the present (historical

events)

Fleming discovered penicillin.


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Past "im#le

The simple past has the following forms'

0ffirmative

The past of the regular verbs is formed by adding

:ed to the infinitive $treated&. The past of the irregular verbs has its own form

$write < wrote&.

1egative

6iddidn8t @ the base form of the verb.

2uestions

D 6id "you. . . @ the base form of the verb


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To say that someone was in the middle of doing

something at a certain time.


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Past %ontinuous

Waswere @ gerund of the verb.

This time last year " was writing an article on

lipid metabolism. The doctor was examining the patient whenthe

nurse entered the ward.

The dentist was measuring the depth of

periodontal poc4et at 3 o4clock yesterday.

When " entered the hospital2 many patients were

waitingin the corridor.


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Past Perfect

)hows an action that happened in the past

before another past action.

7ad @ past participle of the verb.


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Past Perfect is used:

%o say that something had already

happened before something else

happened

When " arrived at the meeting2 the chairmanhadalready begunhis presentation.

-e use adverbial modifiers of time by 5

o'clock, by the end of the year:

5 7e had senthis abstracts to the !ongress

by the 1st of June.


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'(D)* ,."

'odal verb 'eaning ,am#le

%an

0past form1 could2ability

One can classify developmental

abnormalities of teeth into several

categories

'ay

0past form1 might2

permission

or

possibility

Genetic factors may cause

abnormalities of tooth development

'ust

0past form1 had to2

obligationFor treating class III malocclusion,

a direct cause must be identified"hould

0past form1 should

have + #ast

#artici#le2

advice You should give up smoking


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'(D)* ,."

Avercrowding of teeth cancause dental caries and

gingivitis.

%nomalies of bite canbe hereditary.

Enamel hypocalcification mayaffect all teeth in thedentition.

The patient mayleave the hospital.

The patient mustfollow the doctorHs prescription.

6ental diseases mustbe promptly diagnosed and

treated at the early stages.

You shouldfollow the doctorHs instructions.


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ideo: oot %anal !reatment

Grammar in Use: Dentistry. Lecture PART 1

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