Grammar Book Semester 1
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Transcript of Grammar Book Semester 1
Liliana Russell
GRAMMAR BOOK
1. Imperfect
2. Preterite
3. Por y Para
4. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
5. Usted Commands
6. Present Subjunctive
7. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence
8. Subjunctive with verbs of emotion
9. Doubt, disbelief and denial
10. Conjunctions
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Can be used
-to speak about background events in a story
-to talk about something you used to do as a matter of habit
-to speak about how old someone was
-to say what time it was
-arCantar
-erTener
-irSalir
Cantaba Tenia Salía
Cantabas Tenias Salías
Cantaba Tenia Salía
Cantábamos
Teníamos Salíamos
Cantabais Teníais Salíais
Cantaban Tenían Salían
IMPERFECT
-er and –ir verb endings include –ia.-ar verb endings include –aba/ -ába.
Ser Ir Ver
Era Iba Veía
Eras Ibas Veías
Era Iba Veía
Éramos Íbamos Veíamos
Erais Ibais Veíais
Eran Iban Veían
Here are the only verbs that don’t follow the regular pattern.
PRETERITE
AR
é Amos
Aste
ó Aron
Er/ir
í Imos
Iste
Ió Ieron
Preterito
Car Gar Zar
Spock VerbsDar/ ver
Di/ vi Dimos/ vimos
Diste/ viste
Dio/ vio Dieron/ vieronIr/ ser
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste
Fue Fueron
Hacer
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste
Hizo Hicieron
Snake/ SnakeyStem ChangersDormíDormisteDurmióDormimosDurmieron
Y ChangersLeíLeímosLeísteLeyóLeyeron
Cucaracha VerbsAndar Anduv
-
Estar Estuv-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Quere Quis-
Saber Sup-
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin-
Conducir
Conduj-
Producir
Produj-
Traducir
Traduj-
Trigger wordsAyer, anoche, anteayer, la semana pasada, el mes pasado, el año pasado
-e-iste-o-imos-isteis-ieron
-car
yo-
qué
-gar
yo-
gué
-zar
yo -cé
• Use por Use para (for, in order to) to indicate…
POR Y PARA
The recipient of items• El regalo para tú mama
Purpose• Vamos al restaraunte para comer.
Implied purpose• Tengo dinero para (comprar) algo.
Motion or a general location
- La exursion nos llevo por el
centro.
Duration of an action
- Miguel estudio por la noche
Object of a search
- Vengo por ti a las ocho.
Means by which something is
done- Ellos viajan
por la autopista.
Exchange or substitution
- Le di dinero por el estereo.
Unit of measure- Jose manejaba 120 kilometros
por hora.
These show personal relationships of possessions. All of them agree in gender and number with the
nouns they describe. Long form- singular
Mio Nuestro
Tuyo Vuestro
Suyo suyo
Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
Long form- plural
Mios Nuestros
Tuyos Vuestros
Suyos suyos
These also form personal relationships. To form one, you
1. Use the long form of he possessive adjective
2. Add el, la, los, las according to the gender and number of the noun it replaces
A verb used reflexively tells you that only the subject of the verb is involved in the action. When using a reflexive verb in the infinitive form, attach the pronoun to the infinitive.
Short Form
Mi
Tu
Su
• Used to refer to a group of people or in formal situations
• They are formed by dropping the final –o of the yo form of the
present tense. For –ar verbs, add –e or –en. For –er and –ir
verbs, add –a or –an.
Infinitive
Present tense yo form
Ud. Command
Uds. Command
Limpiar Limpio Limpie Limpien
Barrer Barro Barra Barran
Sacudir Sacudo Sacuda sacudan
USTED COMMANDS
• Verbs with irregular yo forms have the same irregularity in their formal commands. (conducir, conocer, decir, hacer, ofrecer, oir, poner, salir, tener, traducir, traer, venir, and ver)
E: ie O: ue E:I
No pierda la llave.
Vuelva temprano.
Sirva la sopa.
Cierren la puerta.
Duerman bien, chicos.
Repitan las oraciones.
• Used to express will and
influence, emotion, doubt/ disbelief/ denial,
and indefiniteness.
Hablar Comer Escribir
Hable Coma Escriba
Hables Comas Escribas
Hable Coma Escriba
Hablemos
Comamos
Escribamos
Habléis Comáis Escribáis
Hablen Coman Escriban
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
Infinitive Present indicitave
Present Subjunctive
Conducir Conduzco Conduzca
Conocer Conozco Conozca
Decir Digo Diga
Hacer Hago Haga
Ofrecer Ofrezco Ofrezca
Oir Oigo Oiga
Paracer Parezco parezca
• Verbs with irregular yo forms in the present indicative tense have the same irregularity in th epresent subjunctive.
• Un verbo “Especial”
• Dos clausulas• Dos sujetos
diferentes• La palabra
“que”
Dar, ir, ser, haber, estar, saber
SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF WILL AND INFLUENCE
Verbs of will and
influence
Aconsejar: to advise
Importar: to
be import
ant
Insistir: to insist
Mandar: to order
Prhibir: to prohi
bit
Recomendar: to
recommend
Rogar: to beg: plead
• When the main clause of a sentyence expresses an emotion or feeling, use the subjunctive in the
subordinate clause• Marta espera que yo vaya
al lago este fin de semana.
• Use the infinite after the expression of emotion
when there is no change of subject
• Temo llegar tarde.• The expression ojala (que) is always followed by the subjunctive. The
use of que is optional• Ojala (que) se conserven
nuestros recursos naturales.
SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF EMOTION
Common verbs and expressions of emotion
Esperar To hope; to wish
Gustar To be pleasing; to
like
Temer To be worried;
concerned
Es terrible It’s terrible
Alegarse (de) To be happy
• The subjunctive is used with expression of doubt,
disbelief, and denial• Dudan que su hijo les
diga la verdad.• The subjunctive is used in
a subordinate clause when there is a change of
subject and the main clause implies negation
or uncertainty.
• Use an infinitive after an expression of uncertainty, doubt, disbelief, or denial when there is no change
of subject• Use the indicative in a
subordinate clause when the main clause expresses
certainty.• The verb creer expresses
belief or certainty, so it is followed by the
indicative.
DOUBT, DISBELIEF AND DENIAL
• Conjunctions are words or phrases that connect clauses in sentences. Certain conjunctions introduce adverbial
claises, which describe how, why, when, and
wehre the action takes place.
Conjunctions that require the subjunctive
A menos que Unless
Antes (de) que Before
Con tal (de) que
Provided that
CONJUNCTIONS
• With these conjunctions, use the subjunctive in the subordinate
clause if the main clause expresses a
future action or command.
Conjunctions used with the subjunctive or
indicative
Cuando When
En cuento As soon as
Hasta que Until
Tan pronto como
As soon as