1. Sixto
3rd Period
Grammar Book(Semester 2)

2. Table of Contents
Conditional + irregularsPerfect TensesoPresentoPastoPresent perfect irregularsoSubjunctive perfect
tanto y tanImpersonal seSaber vs. ConocerLos MandatosInformal/FormaloAffirmativeoNegativeoIrregularoDOP + IOP placementNosotros commando-mono verbsSubjunctive + irregularsoTrigger phrases
Impersonal expressions Expressions of emotion Conjunctions of timeDemonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
3. Conditional
Add these endings to an infinitive
aasaamosaisan
A fewexamples:
Aquldacorreranms de veinticincokilmetros.That day they must have run more than 25 kilometers.
Yosabaqueabriran la tienda a lassiete.I knew that they would open the store at seven o'clock.
Serainteresanteestudiar chino.It would be interesting to study Chinese.
4. Irregular Conditional
Caber yo cabra haber yo habra poder yo podra querer yo querra saber yo sabra
Poner yo pondra salir yo saldra tener yo tendra valer yo valdra venir yo vendra decir yo dira hacer yo hara
5. Perfect Tenses
The perfect tenses in Spanish are formed with:
The helping verb haber, in the appropriate tense and mood, plus:
The masculine singular form of the past participle.
Past participles are normally formed by taking the infinitive, dropping off the last two letters, and adding -ado for -ar verbs, or -ido for -er and -ir verbs:
hablar > hablado (spoken), comer > comido (eaten), vivir > vivido (lived)
6. Present Perfect Tenses
To form the present perfect, use the present tense of haber plus the masculine singular form of the past participle:
he hablado I have spokenhas habladoyou have spokenha habladohe/she has spokenhemoshablado we have spokenhabishabladoyou have spokenhanhabladothey have spoken
Yo digo que ella lo ha hecho. I saythatshehas doneit.
Ya hemos visto la pelcula.We'vealreadyseenthe film.
7. Perfect Past Tense
the past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:
habahabashabahabamoshabaishaban
Ex: with Vivir
I lived = haba vivido
8. Present Perfect Irregularsuse haber
abrir (open) abiertocubrir (cover) cubiertoescribir (write) escritomorir (die) muertoponer (put) puesto-solver (-solve) -sueltoromper (break) rotovolver (return) vueltosatisfacer (satisfy) satisfechodecir (say / tell) dichohacer (do / make) hechover (see) visto
9. Subjunctive Perfect
Conjugating the Spanish Present Perfect Subjunctive
The present perfect subjunctive is a compound verb formed with the subjunctive of the auxiliary verb haber + the past participle of the main verb.
SALIR
yo haya salido
nosotros hayamos salido
t hayas salido
vosotros hayis salido
lellaUd. haya salido
ellosellasUds. hayan salido
10. Tanto y Tan
Tan basically means "so," sometimes "such a" or "as," and is used only before adjectives or adverbs (or nouns used as adjectives).
Examples:Rita es tan altacomoMara. (Rita is as tall as Mara.) Rita habla tan rpidocomoMara. (Rita talks as fast as Mara.) Sentences like those are by far the most common usage of tan.
Tanto basically means "so much" or "so many" or, when used with como, "as much" or "as many.
Examples:Tengotantodinerocomo Juan. (I have as much money as Juan.) Tengotantodineroque no squhacer con l. (I have so much money I don't know what to do with it.)
Tanto also can be used to make other kinds of comparisons and has a wide variety of colloquial uses; under some circumstances it can be used not only as an adjective but also as a noun, pronoun or adverb. A good dictionary will list at least two dozen different uses.
Examples:Tengo quince y tantosnietos. (I have 15 or so grandchildren.) No quieroestudiartanto. (I don't want to study so much.) No comotantoella. (I don't eat as much as she.)
11. Impersonal se
How does one say "icecream" in Italian? Cmo se dice "helado" en italiano?
You say "gelato". Se dice "gelato".
You pay the fines on Mondays. Se pagalasmultas los lunes.
Impersonal Se Formula
se + 3rd person singular
Senecesitaque la genteproteja la Tierra. (It's necessary that people protect the Earth.)
Sehablaespaolaqu. (Spanish is spoken here.)
Sedicequeva a llovermaana. (It's said it is going to rain tomorrow.)
Seprohibefumar. (Smoking is prohibited.)
No sepermitefotosaqu. (Photographs are not permitted.)
12. Saber
Saber means to know a fact or to know how to do something. It is often followed by an infinitive or a subordinate clause
No s la respuesta. I don't know the answer.
Sabisfrancs? Do you know French?
Sabemoscocinar. We know how to cook.
In the pretrito, saber means to learn or to find out:
Supe el secretoayer. I learned/found out the secret yesterday.
yo s nosotros sabemos tu sabes vosotros sabis l sabe ellos saben
13. Conocer
Conocer means to know someone or to be familiar with someone, something, or somewhere. It can only be followed by the a direct object, never by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. Remember that if the direct object is a person, the preposition a must be used.
Conozco a tu padre. I know your father.
No conocen la obra de Cervantes. They're not familiar with Cervantes' work.
Ud. conoce Barcelona? Are you familiar with Barcelona?
In the pretrito, conocer means to meet someone for the first time.
Juan conocisunovia en Costa Rica. Juan met his girlfriend in Costa Rica.
yo conozco nosotros conocemos tu conoces vosotros conocis l conoce ellos conocen
14. Formal Command
The formal commands are formed the same way as the present subjunctive:
Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
Then drop the -o ending.
Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)
-er and -ir verbs:-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)
EXAMPLES:
HableUd. ms lentamente. HablenUds. ms lentamente. Speak more slowly.
Coma Ud. la cena.ComanUds. la cena.Eat the dinner.
EscribaUd. la carta.EscribanUds. la carta.Write the letter.
IRREGULARS
Dar dUd. den Uds. EstarestUd. estnUds .irvayaUd.vayanUds.
Ser sea Ud.seanUds. Saber sepaUd. sepanUds.And the other TVDISHES
15. Formal Command Affirmative and Negative
Note that affirmative and negative commands use the same verb forms.
HableUd. Speak. No hableUd. Don't speak.
Coma Ud. Eat. No coma Ud. Don't eat.
EscribaUd. Write. No escribaUd. Don't write.
16. Formal Command Pronoun Placement
When the command is affirmative -- direct, indirect or reflexive pronouns are attached to the end of the command form. Notice that they have a written accent on the syllable of the command form that is stressed.
Llveme al aeropuerto, por favor. Take me to the airport, please.
Trigalesunaensalada a ellos, por favor / ***Trigasela, por favor.
Bring them a salad, please Por favor, lveselasmanos. Please wash your hands.
When the command is negative -- the direct, indirect or reflexive pronoun is placed before the command and after the word "no."
No le de lasradiografas al paciente. / ***No se las de. Dont give the x-rays to the patiente No selevante tan temprano. Dont get up so early.
17. Informal Command
The affirmative informal (t) commands are formed the same way as the present indicative Ud. form:
(hablar - ar + a = habla)(comer - er + e = come)(escribir - ir + e = escribe)
Note that the negative informal commands use the t form of the present subjunctive.
No cuentestusbeneficios.Don't count your blessings.
No hablesms lentamente.Don't speak more slowly
18. Informal Command Irregular
The following eight verbs have irregular familiar commands in the affirmative:
decirdisalirsalhacerhaz ser sirvetener ten ponerponvenirven
Note that these irregularities only occur with affirmative t commands. As with all other verbs, to form negative informal commands with these verbs, use the "t" form of the present subjunctive.
Di la verdad. (Tell the truth.)No digasmentiras. (Don't tell lies.)Haztutarea. (Do your homework.)No hagaseso. (Don't do that.)
19. Informal Command Pronoun Placement
20. Nosotros Command
It is sort of like, Lets go to the park! in English
Take your verb, change it to the yo form, throw on the opposite vowel, and then add the mos
21. Mono Verbs
22. Subjunctive + Irregulars
Tener-tenga
Venir-venga
Decir-diga
Dar-d
Ir-vaya
Ser-sea
Hacer-haga
Estar-est
Saber-sepa
23. Subjunctive Triggers
24. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Esto/e/a = this
Eso/e/a = that
Aquel/aquella = that over there
Estos/estas = these
Esos/esas = those
Aquellos/aquellas those over there
When used as a pronoun, add an accent (ex: est)