Grammar book p2
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Transcript of Grammar book p2
GRAMMAR BOOKMiguel Hodges
TABLE OF CONTENTSContent
Slide number Present –ar, -er, -ir endings
3-4 Stem changers
5 Irregular “yo”
6 Saber vs. Conocer
7 Reflexives
8 “Se” impersonal
9 Dipthongs with accents
10 Verbs like -ger/-gir, -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir
11 Hace +____+ que +______
12 Imperfecto
13 Preterite
14-16 Comparatives and Superlatives
17 Futuro
18-19 Preterite v. Imperfect
20 Future y Conditional
21 Por y Para
22 Por v Para
23 Commands
24 Present Perfect Tense
25
PRESENT TENSE –AR/-ER/-IR
In the present tense for verbs ending in –ar
In the present tense for verbs ending in -er
Person talked about Replaces -er at the end
Yo o
Tú es
Él/Ella/Usted E
Nosotros emos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes en
Person talked about Replaces -ar at the end
Yo o
Tú as
Él/Ella/Usted a
Nosotros amos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes an
PRESENT TENSE –AR/-ER/-IR CONT’D
In the present tense for verbs ending in -ir
Person talked about Replaces -ei at the end
Yo o
Tú Es
Él/Ella/Usted E
Nosotros imos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes en
STEM CHANGERS
Also called “Boot verbs” it changes in all but nosotros.
More than just the ending changes. The vowel in the stem changes.
3 catergories. eie, o ue, and ei. Common e ie verbs- Tener, Preferir Common oue verbs- Dormir, Poder, Jugar *Common ei verbs- Decir, Repetir, Servir.
* This stem change only happens in –Ir verbs!
IRREGULAR “YO” FORM
caber (to fit) yo quepo caer (to fall) yo caigo conducir (to drive) yo
conduzco conocer (to know,) yo
conozco escoger (to choose )yo
escojo dirigir (to direct) yo
dirijo hacer (to do, to make)
yo hago
poner (to put, to place)yo pongo
saber (to know something - a fact)yo sé
salir (to leave)yo salgo seguir (to follow)yo sigo traer (to bring)yo traigo valer (to be worth)yo
valgo ver (to see)yo veo
SABER VS. CONOCER
When using saber it mean that you know a fact or how to do something.
When using conocer it means you know a person or are familiar with something.
REFLEXIVES
When refering to a person doing an action.
Person talked about Reflexive pronoun
Yo Me
Tú Te
Él/Ella/Usted Se
Nosotros Nos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Se
“SE” IMPERSONAL
When using an impersonal voice like “How do you spell truck?” in Spanish you place “se” in front to make it a general statements.
DIPTHONGS WITH ACCENTS
Here are some fairly common words that include diphthongs : puerto, tierra, siete, hay, cuida, ciudad, labio, hacia, paisano, canción, Europa, aire.
VERBS LIKE GER/GIR, UIR/GUIR, CER/CIR For verbs that end in ger/gir, In the first
person change the g to a j. In guir verbs, in the yo form the gu
changes to g. In uir verbs add a y before a, e and, o. For cer/cir verbs, in the yo form,
change the c to a z.
HACE+ ______+QUE+_____
The second blank is to be filled with a verb in either the present or preterite form.
The First Black is filled with an expression of time
IMPERFECTO
A past tense form for events without a specific time.
For –er/-ir endings For –ar endings
Trigger words Irregulars
Person talked about
Replaces -ar at the end
Yo aba
Tú abas
Él/Ella/Usted aba
Nosotros ábamos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
aban
Person talked about
Replaces -ar at the end
Yo ía
Tú Ías
Él/Ella/Usted Ía
Nosotros Íamos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes ían
Trigger Words Translation
a menudo Often
A veces Sometimes
Cada dia everyday
Cada año Every year
Con frecuencia frequently
generalmente Usually
siempre always
Ser Ir Ver
Era iba Veía
Eras Ibas Veías
Era Iba Veía
éramos Íbamos Veíamos
Erais Ibais Veíais
eran Iban veían
PRETERITE TENSE IRREGULARS
In irregular car,gar, zar verbs only the yo form changes. Gar g to gu car c to qu zar z to c
Spock VerbsIr/Ser Dar/Ver Hacer
Yo Fui D/V -i Hice
Tú Fuiste D/V –iste Hiciste
El/Ella/Usted
Fue D/V –io Hizo
Nosotros Fuimos D/V –imos Hicimos
Ustedes/Ellos /Ellas
Fueron D/V- ieron Hicieron
IRREGULAR PRETERITE CONT’D
Andar Anduv-
Estar Estuv-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Querer Quis- -e
Saber Sup- -iste
Tener Tuv- -o
Vener Vin- -imos
Conducir Conduj- -ieron
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
Decir Dij-
Traer Traj-
PRETERITE IRREGULAR
In snake Verbs only the El/Ella/Usted form and Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes for changes Snakeys verbs are also like this except the I in these forms changes to a y
Preterite Trigger Words el otro día the other day el año pasado last year Ayer yesterday una vez once Anoche last night la semana pasada last week
Dormí Leí
Dormiste Leiste
Durmió Leyo
Dormimos Leimos
Durmieron leyeron
Snakes Snakeys
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
To form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use the following formula: tan + adjective (adverb) + como To form comparisons of equality with nouns, use the following formula: tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como
In Spanish, inequality is expressed by using one of the following formulae: más (menos) + adjective + que
más (menos) + adverb + quemás (menos) + noun + que
The absolute superlative for adjectives has three possible forms. muy + adjective
sumamente + adjectiveadjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)
In Spanish, the relative superlative construction is similar to the comparative. definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de
FUTURO
The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.
Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án
FUTURO
Irregulars Trigger words Decir Dir-
Haber Habr-
Hacer Har-
Poder Podr-
Poner Pondr
Querer Querr-
Saber Sabr-
Salir Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Valer Valdr-
Venir Vendr-
Mañana
Pasado mañana
Año que viene
Año proximo
es un/ dos/tres horas
PRETERITE V. IMPERFECT
Preterite is an action that has definite beginning and end.
Imperfect has not definite beginning or end.
FUTURE V. CONDITIONAL
Future tense is used when you could say “I will” in english. Such as I will go to the movies( Yo Iré a la cinema)
Conditional Is used when you would say “Would, Should, or could”
POR V. PARA
Uses of por Motion or general location…
around through along by Duration of an action…for
during in Reason or motive for an action . .
. because of, on account of, on behalf of
Object of search Means by which something is
done… by, by way of, by means of
Exchange or substitution…in exchange for
Unit of measure…per, by
Uses of ParaDestination…toward, in
the direction of,Deadline or a specific
time in the futurePurpose or goal +
infinitive…. In order toPurpose + noun… for,
used forRecipient of
something…forComparison with others
or an opinion… for, consideringIn the employ of…for
POR V. PARA CONTD
Por Through portal Location Portugal Time Porever Cause of
Porpoise Exchange
export/ import
• Para • Destination
Paraguay• Purpose Parasites
stay in our body to stay alive
• To make an opinion Paradon me
COMMANDS
Negative TúUsed to tell family young people, or friends not to do a certain thing.
Formed by taking the yo form of a verb and replacing the o with –as for er and ir verbs and –es for ar verbs
Affirmative Tú Telling family, friends or young people to do a certain thing.
Formed by using the third person singular
Negative UstedUsed to tell older people or higher ranking people not to do something.
Formed by taking the yo form and replacing the o with a (Singular) or an (Plural) for eri and ir verbs and e (Singular) or en (Plural) for ar verbs
Affirmative UstedUsed to tell older people or higher ranking people to do something.
Formed by taking the yo form and replacing the o with a (Singular) or an (Plural) for eri and ir verbs and e (Singular) or en (Plural) for ar verbs
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
This form is used when you say” He/She has…” or “ I have…” or “We have been…..”
So combining the auxiliary verb has or have with something done in the past.
Haber changes to he has ha hemos
Add ado to the end of ar verbs And ido to the end of ir and er verbs
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
Object that receives the action Me=me You=te Him, her or it= lo, la We=nos Them= los, las I have the pen= La tengo
ADVERBS
Usually words that end in ly in english ex.rapidly
Mente is added to the end of the feminine form of the verb
Tall=altamente Short=Bajamente
SUBJUNTIVE
Conjugated with opposite vowel Used for WEDDING W wish Emotion Doubt Denial Impersonal expressions Negation Guesses
Irregulars
Conducir conduzca
Decir Diga
Oir Oiga
Dar De
Estar Este
Ir Vaya
Saber Sepa
Ser Sea
Hacer Haya
“SE” IMPERSONAL
When using an impersonal voice like “How do you spell truck?” in Spanish you place “se” in front to make it a general statements.
PROGRESSIVES USING IR, ANDAR, AND SEGUIR
Ir+ present participle= is slowly but surely___ing
Andar+present participle=is going around____ing
Seguir+present participle= is still ____ing