Spanish 4 Grammar BookCatalina Vivlamore

Spanish 4H Period 1

Tabla de Contentos1. El Presente (3-5)2. Ser o Estar (6-7)3. Verbos Como Gustar (8)4. El Preterito (9-16)5. El Imperfecto (17-19)6. Preterito vs. Imperfecto

(19)7. Subjunctive in Noun

Clauses (20-24)

8. 8. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses (25)

9. 9. Mandatos (26-28)10. 10. Object Pronouns (29-

33)11. 11. Possessive Adjectives

and Pronouns (34-35)12. 12. Demonstrative

Adjectives and Pronouns (36-37)

13. 13. Reflexive Verbs (38)14. 14. Por y Para (39-41)15. 15. To Become (42-43)

Tabla de Contentos– Página 216. El Futuro (45-46)17. El Condicional (47-48)18. El Presente Perfecto (49-

50)19. Pronombres Relativos

(51-55)20. Neuter Lo (55)21. Qué vs. Cuál (56)22. Subjuntive in Adverbial

Clauses (57)23. Past/Imperfect

Subjunctive (58)24. Comparisons (59)25. Superlatives (60)

26. Adverbs (61-62)27. Diminutives (63)28. Augmentatives (64)29. Present Perfect

Subjunctive (65)30. Uses of Se (66)31. Past Participles as

Adjectives (67-68)32. Hacer Expressions (69)

El Presente

•Used to express actions or situations that are going on at the present time and to express general truths.

•Also used to express habitual actions or actions that will take place in the near future.

•Regular –ar, -er, -ir verbos•Nota: We normally omit subject pronouns.

Stem-Changing Present

•E—>ie {ej. pensar)•O ue (ej. Poder)•EI (ej. Pedir)•Uue (ej. Jugar)•Construir, destruir, incluir, influir add a y

before the personal endings, except in forms noted below

•Change in all forms except nosotros y vosotros.

Irregular Yo Present Tense• Many –er and –ir verbs have irregular yo forms in

the present tense.• -cer or –cir -zco• -ger or –gir -jo• Several verbs have irregular –go endings (ej.

Caercaigo), and a few have individual irregularities

• Others: caber—> quepo; saber se; verveo• Some verbs with irregular yo forms have stem

changes as well • Verbs with prefixes follow the same patterns (ej.

detenerdetengo)

Ser o Estar• Ser and estar both mean to be, but they are not

interchangeable. • Ser is used to express the idea of permanence, such as

inherent or unchanging qualities and characteristics.• Estar is used to express temporality, including

qualities or conditions that change with time.• With most descriptive adjectives, either ser or estar

can be used, but the meaning of each statement is different.

• Some adjectives have two different meanings depending on whether they are used with ser or estar.

• Nota: Estar, not ser, is used with muerto/a.

Uses of Ser y Estar • Uses of Ser:

▫Nationality and origin▫Profession/occupation▫Characteristics of

people,animals, and things

▫Generalizations▫Possession ▫Material of

composition▫Time, date, season▫Where/when an event

takes place

• Uses of Estar:

▫Location or spatial relationships

▫Health▫Physical states and

conditions▫Emotional states▫Certain weather

expressions▫Ongoing actions

(progressive tenses)▫Results of actions

(past participles)

Verbos Como Gustar• Though gustar is translated as to like in English, its literal meaning is to

please.• Gustar is preceded by an indirect object pronoun.• Because the thing or person that pleases is the subject, gustar agrees in

person and number with it.• When gustar is followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, the

singular form of gustar is always used.• Gustar is often used in the conditional (me gustaria) to soften a request.• Many verbs follow the same pattern as gustar:

▫ Aburrir, apetecer, caer bien/mal, disgustar, doler, encantar, faltar, fascinar, hacer falta, importar, interesar, molestar, preocupar, quedar, sorprender

• The construction a+prepositional pronoun or a+noun can be used to emphasized who is pleased, bothered, etc.

• Faltar expresses what someone or something lacks and quedar expresses what someone or something has left. Quedar is also used to talk about how clothing fits or looks on someone.

• Ejemplos

El Preterito

• Regular -ar Verbs: • Regular –er/-ir Verbs

-é -amos

-aste -asteis

-ó -aron

A definite time in the past with a beginning and/or ending

-í -imos

-iste -isteis

-ió -ieron

-Car, -Gar, -Zar

•The first group of irregular preterite verbs.

•It only changes in the first person tense.•This group pertains to verbs ending in –

car, -gar, or –zar.• -quéVerbs

ending in -Car

• -guéVerbs

ending in –Gar

• -céVerbs

ending in –Zar

Examples:

Infinitive: Conjugation:

Tocar Toqué

Jugar Jugué

Comenzar Comencé

Spock Verbs

•Ir, ser, dar, ver, y hacer.•Another grouping of irregular preterite

verbs.

Hacer

Ir/ser

Dar/ver

Tablas para Verbos de Spock

Ir/Ser

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste Fuisteis

Fue Fueron

Dar/Ver

(d/v)i (d/v) imos

(d/v)iste (d/v)isteis

(d/v)io (d/v)ieron

Hacer

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste Hicisteis

Hizo Hicieron

Cucaracha Verbs

•A third grouping of irregular preterite verbs.

•A way to remember their conjugations is to sing them to the tune of “La Cucaracha.”

•For the verbs “conducir,” “producir,” and “traducir,” drop the “i” in –ieron in the third person plural tense.

Tabla para Verbos de CucarachaAndar Anduv-

Estar Estuv-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Querer Quis-

Saber Sup-

Tener Tuv-

Venir Vin-

Conducir Conduj-

Producir Produj-

Traducir Traduj-

Decir Dij-

Traer Traj-

-e -imos

-iste -isteis

-o -ieron

Snakes and Snakeys

•The last groupings of irregular preterite verbs.

•In the “snakes” group, there is a stem change in the third person.

•In the “snakeys” group, the “i” changes to a “y” in the third person. These verbs usually have double vowels in infinitive form.

Tablas de Snakes y Snakeys

Dormí Dormimos

Dormiste Dormisteis

Durmió Durmieron

Snakes:

Pedí Pedimos

Pediste Pedisteis

Pidió Pidieron

Dormir Pedir

Snakeys:

Leí Leímos

Leíste Leísteis

Leyó Leyeron

Leer

Imperfect Tense

•Used to describe past activities in a different way, it is an IMPERFECTED ACTION in the past. There is no definite beginning or ending.

•It is like a movie; preterite tense is like a photo.-aba -abamos

-abas -abais

-aba -aban

-ía -íamos

-ías -íais

-ía -ían

-AR Verbs -ER/IR Verbs

Imperfect Tense Irregulars

•There are only 3 irregulars, and never any stem changes

Iba Íbamos

Ibas Ibais

Iba Iban

Era Éramos

Eras Erais

Era Eran

Veía Veíamos

Veías Veías

Veía Veían

Ir

Ver

Ser

Imperfect Trigger Words

•Todos los dias•Mientras•Los lunes, martes

(etc.)•Siempre•Muchas veces•Cada

dia/mes/noche/año• ***These will distinguish

use of preterite from use of imperfect.***

• Imperfect tense is used for:

1. Habitual/repeated actions

2. Events/actions that were in progress

3. Physical characteristics4. Mental/emotional states5. Time-telling6. Age

Subjunctive in Noun Clauses•Subjunctive mood: attitudes, uncertain,

hypothetical•Main clause + connector +subordinate clause• -ar: e, es, e, emos, en• -er/-ir: a, as, a, amos, an• Irregulars: dar (de), estar (este), ir (vaya),

saber (sepa), haber (haya), ser (sea)• WEDDING: Wishing/wanting, emotions,

doubt, disbelief, impersonal expressiosn, negation, God/grief

Impersonal Expressions

•Es bueno que… [Subjunctive Clause]•Es mejor que… [Subjunctive Clause]•Es malo que… [Subjunctive Clause]•Es importante que… [Subjunctive Clause]•Es necesario que… [Subjunctive Clause]•Es urgente que… [Subjunctive Clause]•Y mucho mas!

Verbs of Will and Influence

•Aconsejar- to advise•Importar=- to be important, to matter•Ionsistir (en)- to insist (on)•Mandar- to order•Prohibir- to prohibit•Recomendar (e->ie)- to recommend•Rogar (oue)- to beg, to plead•Sugerir (eie) to suggest•Any of these+que+subjunctive

Common Verbs and Expressions of Emotion•Alegrarse (de)- to be happy•Esperar- to hope, to wish•Senir (eie)- to be sorry, to regret•Sorprender- to surprise•Temer- to be afraid, to fear•Es triste- it’s sad•Ojala (que)- I hope (that), I wish (that)•Any of these+subjunctive

Expressions of Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial•Dudar- to doubt•Negar (eie)- to deny•Es imposible- it’s impossible•Es improbable- it’s improbable•No es cierto- It’s not true, it’s not certain•No es seguro- It’s not certain•No es verdad- it’s not true

Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses• An adjective clause is a group of words containing a

verb that tells something about a noun.• The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause when the

antecedent is someone or something whose existence in unknown, hypothetical, or uncertain from the point of view of the speaker.

• EJ: Necesito un amigo que me comprenda. • There is NO personal “a” because it’s not a definite

person• If the antecedent is known to exist, then use the

indicative mood instead• When the antecedent is not mentioned, introduce

adjective clauses by using “lo que”

Mandatos- Usted Commands• Use an usted command to tell someone what to

do using the formal tense.• Put the verb in “yo” form and change “o”

ending to the opposite vowel (are; er/ira)• Do this for both affirmative and negative

commands.• Add an “n” at the end for a plural command. • IRREGULARES: TVDISHES– they are irregular

in ALL commands▫T=Tener; V=Venir; D=Dar/Decir; I=Ir; S=Ser;

H=Hacer/haber; E=Estar; S=Saber

Mandatos- Tú Commands

•Use a tú command to tell someone what to do in the familiar tense.

•For the AFFIRMATIVE: Conjugate to “tú” form and simply drop the “s”!

•For the NEGATIVE: Put it in “yo” form and change the “o” ending to the opposite vowel (like in a formal command), then add an “s”

Mandatos- Nosotros Commands•Use a nosotros command to tell a group of

people you are in to do something with you.•Conjugate into “yo” form and change the

“o” ending to these opposite vowel endings: aremos; er/iramos

•This is for both affirmative and negative. (Just add a “no” in front for negative.)

•MONOS Verbs: Affirmative Nosotros Commands with a Reflexive Verb▫Drop the extra “s”! (EJ: VámosnosVámanos)

Object Pronouns

•Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns.

•Direct object pronouns directly receive the action of the verb. “what”

•Indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for whom an action is done.

Direct Objects

Me Nos

Te Os

Lo/La Los/Las

Indirect Objects

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

Position of Object Pronouns• Direct and indirect object pronouns (los pronombres

de complemento directo e indirecto) precede the conjugated verb.

• Ej: IO- Carla siempre me da boletos para el cine. (Carla always gives me movie tickets.)

• Ej: DO- Ella los consigue gratis. (She gets them for free.)

• Object pronouns may attach to an infinitive, gerund, or affirmative command. Or they may go before the conjugated verb as usual.

• EJ: Voy a hacerlo enseguida./Lo voy a hacer enseguida.• Lo is also used to refer to an abstract thing or idea

that has no gender. “It”

Double Object Pronouns• The indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object

pronoun when they are used together in a sentence.• EJ: Me los mandaron por correo.• Le and les change to se when they are used with lo,

la, los, or las.• EJ: Se las damos. • The “se” has nothing to do with reflexives!• When object pronouns are attached to infinitives,

gerunds, or commands, a written accent is often required to maintain proper words stress.

• Put accent over third-to-last or fourth-to-last syllable, depending on how many pronouns were attached.k

Prepositional PronounsPrepositional Pronouns

Mí Me, myself

Ti You, yourself

Ud. You, Yourself

Él Him, it

Ella Her, it

Sí Himself, herself, itself

Nosotros/as Us, ourselves

Vosotros/as You, Yourselves

Uds. You, yourselves

Ellos Them

Ellas Them

Sí Themselves

Prepositional Pronouns• Prepositional pronouns function as the objects of prepositions.• Except for mí, tí, and sí, they are identical to their corresponding

subject pronouns.• EJ: Lo compramos para ti.• A + [prepositional pronoun] is often used for clarity or emphasis.• EJ: A mí me fascina.• The pronoun sí is the preopositional prnoun used to refer back to

the same third-person subject. In this case, the adjective mismo/a(s) is usually added for clarifictation.

• EJ: Juan se lo regaló a sí mismo.• When mí, ti, and sí are used with con, they become conmigo,

contigo, and consigo.• These prepositions are used with tú and yo instead of mí and ti:

entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, según.• EJ: Todos están de acuerdo menos tú y yo.

Possessive Adjectives

•Tells who is in possession of something– whose object the object is. (EJ: My book.)

•Possessive adjectives must agree with the noun in gender and number. (Gender only applies to nosotros and vosotros forms)

Mi (s) Nuestro (a, s, as)

Tu (s) Vuestro (a, s, as)

Su (s) Sus

Possessive Pronouns• Tells who is in possession of an object, but uses a

pronoun to replace the noun. (EJ: Mine is blue.)• They also must agree in gender an number to the

noun that they are replacing.• Possessive pronouns usually are used with the

corresponding definite article.El/La mío (a)Los/Las míos (as)

El/La nuestro (a)Los/Las nuestros (as)

El/La tuyo (a)Los/Las tuyos (as)

El/La vuestro (a)Los/Las vuestros (as)

El/La suyo (a)Los/Las suyos (as)

El/La suyo (a)Los/Las suyos (as)

Demonstrative Adjectives

•To be more specific as to which an object is– “this,” “that,” or “that one over there.”

•They must agree in gender and number.Este/This

Singular Plural

Masculine

Este Estos

Feminine

Esta EstasEse/That

Singular Plural

Masculine

Ese Esos

Feminine

Esa Esas

Aquel Singular Plural

Masculine

Aquel Aquellos

Feminine Aquella Aquellas

Demonstrative Pronouns

•To be more specific as to which an object is– “this,” “that,” or “that one over there,” and replacing the noun with the following pronouns

•Must agree in gender and number•They’re the same as the adjectives!

Este/This

Singular Plural

Masculine

Este Estos

Feminine

Esta EstasEse/That

Singular Plural

Masculine

Ese Esos

Feminine

Esa Esas

Aquel Singular Plural

Masculine

Aquel Aquellos

Feminine Aquella Aquellas

Reflexive Verbs

•Reflects the action of the verb back to the subject

•If a verb acts on something other than the subject, use non-reflexive verb form

•If verb acts on subject, use reflexive verb form Me Nos

Te Os

Se Se

Por y Para

•“For”•However, they have specific usages, so

they are easy to confuse, despite being translated to mean the same

•In Spanish, you must use the correct one because using the wrong one may give the sentence a different meaning!

Uses of “POR”• Indicates motion/general location• Duration of an action• Reason or motivation for action• Object of a search• Means by which something is done• Exchange or substitution• Unit of measure• Mulitplication• Idiomatic Expressions (EJ: por ejemplo, por

eso, por fin, etc.)

Uses of “PARA”

•Destination•Deadline or specific time in future•Purpose/Goal + Infinitive•Purpose + Noun•Recipient of something•Comparison with others or an Opinion•In the employment of

“To Become”

•In Spanish, there is no specific infinitive that means “to become”

•Instead, a variety of other infinitives used in certain ways and phrases are used to convey the same meaning as “to become”

•The verb used depends on the nature of the change that occurs (e.g. deliberate, involuntary)

Phrases for “To Become”• Llegar a ser: “to eventually become,” usually change over a

long period of time, usually with effort.▫ EJ: Antonio became old= Antonio llegó a ser anciano.

• Ponerse: Refers to a change in mood or emotion, especially a temporary or sudden change. It is also used to refer to changes in physical appearance and many other traits. Doesn’t have to apply to just people. ▫ EJ: I became sick= Me puse enferma.

• Hacerse: Deliberate or voluntary changes, such as a change in identity, affiliation, religion, etc.▫ EJ: Carmen became a Christian= Carmen se hace una cristiana.

• Volverse: A typically involuntary change, generally applying to people. ▫ Jorge became/went crazy: Jorge se volvió loco.

El Futuro

•Used to explain what someone/something WILL do in the future.

•I, you, he, she, we, they WILL•No conjugation is needed! Just stick the

ending onto the infinitive!•No matter the verb ending, all

conjugations are the same!-é -emos

-ás -áis

-á -án

El Futuro- Irregulares• Decir: Dir-• Hacer: Har-• Poner: Pondr-• Salir: Saldr-• Tener: Tendr-• Valer: Valdr-• Venir: Vendr• Poder: Podr-• Querer: Querr-• Saber: Sabr-• Caber: Cabr-• Haber: Habr-

**Simply add the regular endings to these irregular conjugations.

El Condicional

•Used to express probability, conjecture, possibility, or wonder.

•What someone/something WOULD or MIGHT do.

•Like the future tense, conditional verbs do not need to be conjugated. Instead they have distinct endings. -ía -íamos

-ías -íais

-ía -ían

El Condicional- Irregulares• Decir: Dir-• Hacer: Har-• Poner: Pondr-• Salir: Saldr-• Tener: Tendr-• Valer: Valdr-• Venir: Vendr• Poder: Podr-• Querer: Querr-• Saber: Sabr-• Caber: Cabr-• Haber: Habr-

**They’re exactly the same as future irregulars!

El Presente Perfecto• Used to express past actions that continue into

the present or continue to affect the person in the present.▫ In English, this would be to explain what someone

has done.• Object pronouns are placed before the auxiliary verb.

• Here is the table for the auxilary verbs:

Auxilary Verb + Past Participle

He Hemos

Has Habéis

Ha Han

Presente Perfecto- Irregulares• Abrir Abierto• Cubrir Cubierto• Decir Dicho• Escribir Escrito• Hacer Hecho• Morir Muerto• Poner Puesto• Resolver Resuelto• Romper Roto• Ver Visto• Volver Vuelto• Ir Ido

Pronombres Relativos

•Words that refer to an already-stated noun.

•There are six: Que El Que Lo Que Cuyo Quien El Cual

Pronombres Relativos- Que y Quien

•Que:“That”•Ejemplo:

• Las galletas que comí= The cookies that I ate.

•Quien: “Who”▫ Refers ONLY to PEOPLE!

•Ejemplo:▫ Mi prima, quien es una bailerina, fue al

supermercado= My cousin, who is a ballerina, went to the supermarket.

•For quien, it must agree in number, so if the noun is plural, then use “quienes.”

Pronombres Relativos– El Que, El Cual, y Lo Que•El Que: “the one that/who”

• Must agree in gender and number, so use “los que,” “la que,” y “las que” accordingly.

•El Cual: Same as “el que,” but used in more formal settings, such as formal writing.▫Again, they must agree in gender and number,

so use “los cuales,” “la cual,” y “las cuales” accordingly.

• Lo Que: “that which,” “that what”– refers to an abstract idea, rather than something or someone specific, like above.

Pronombres Relativos- Cuyo

•“Whose”•Ejemplo: Arturo, cuyo bebida favorita es

té, ama cafeína= Arthur, whose favorite drink is tea, loves caffeine.

•Additionally, it must agree in gender and number▫Use “cuyos,” “cuya,” y “cuyas” accordingly.▫Gender and number is determined based

on what is being owned, NOT the owner!

Neuter Lo• In Spanish, “lo” is used as a neuter article • Used in front of an adjective in order to express

something that is abstract or a quality.• Common Expressions:

▫Lo fácil (the easy thing/part)▫Lo bueno (the good thing)▫Lo bello (what’s beautiful)▫Lo justo (what’s fair)▫Lo mejor (the best part)

• Lo + Adjective+ Que= “How [adjective]▫No sabes lo feliz que estoy. = You do not know how

happy I am.

Qué vs. Cuál

•Both are used to mean “what” or “which,” but they have distinct uses when used in questions:Qué Cuál

Asking for definitions

Normally used before forms of ser when not asking for a definition.

Normally used before nouns

Suggesting a selection or choice from a group

Idioms such as “¿qué hora es?” or “¡qué lástima!

Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses•Conjugated exactly the same as in noun

and adjective clauses.•An adverb clause is a dependent clause

that modifies the verb in the independent clause– the verb is hypothetical or anticipated.▫Why, where, when, how

•Ejemplos:▫Voy a esperar hasta que vuelvas.▫Trabajo duro para que mi familia viva bien.

Past/Imperfect Subjunctive• Follows the same rules for when to use it as Present

Subjunctive.• However, this expresses in the past– the verb in the

independent clause will be in the imperfect or preterite tense Third

person preterite

Drop the “-ron”

ending

Add endings

from table:

-ra -ramos

-ras -rais

-ra -ran

There are also alternate endings that are used in Spain only.Instead of the “ra” base conjugation, it takes forms from “se.” (e.g. ses, se, sen)

Comparisons• Comparatives are used to compare two things.

• If the things you are comparing is followed by a number, use de instead of que.

• When comparing two things that are equal (something is “as [adj/adv] as”), follow this instead:

• If the equality comparison uses a noun, then use tanto (-a/-as/-os) instead.

Más/MenosAdjective/Adverb/Noun

que

TanAdjective/

Adverbcomo

Superlatives

•Used to describe someone or something to the greatest degree

•Other superlative and comparative words: mejor (best); peor (worst); mayor (older); menor (younger)

Noun Más Adjective de

Adverbs•Word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another

adverb

•Adding –mente is like adding –ly in English.•Adverbs can refer to manner, time, place,

frequency, quantity, affirmation, and negation. •Place the adverb in front of the adjective or

adverb it modifires, or after the verb it modifies

Adjective in

feminine form

Add -mente

Non- “Mente” Adverbs

Manner Time Place Frequency Quality Affirmation/Negation

Bien Hoy Aquí Nunca Muy Nunca

Mal Temprano Allí Simpre Bastante Siempre

Muy Ayer Allá A menudo Mucho

Despacio A tiempo Casi

Rápido Pronto Mucho

And many more!

Diminutives• Used to indicate small size or affection, or to

make a word less harsh• Drop final vowel and add one of these endings:• Masculine: “-ito” or “-cito”

▫Gato Gatito (kitty)▫Padre Padrecito (Daddy)

• Feminine: “-ita” or “-cita”▫Hermana Hermanita (little sister)▫Mamá Mamacita (Mommy)

• Be careful not to confuse “-ito” and “-ita” with past participles such as “frito.”

Augmentatives

•Used to refer to something as large, or to indicate intensity

•Less common than diminutives, but formed the same way

•Masculine: “-ón,” “-azo,” “-ote”▫Hermano Hermanón (big brother)▫Pájaro Pajarote (large bird)

•Feminine: “-ona,” “-aza,” “-ota”▫Hermana Hermanona (big sister)

Present Perfect Subjunctive

•Used in the same type of clauses as present subjunctive

•Used to describe what MAY have taken place.

•Like present perfect, this uses a form of haber and a past participle.Haya Hayamos

Hayas Hayáis

Haya Hayan

Uses of “Se”

•In Spanish, “se” is a very versatile pronoun.

•Uses:▫Reflexive Pronoun▫Passive Voice▫A substitute for le or les▫Impersonal Se

Past Participles as Adjectives

•Past participles are formed by dropping the ending of the infinitive and adding the endings “-ado” for –AR verbs and “-ido” for –ER/-IR verbs.

•As adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.

Past Participles as Adjectives-Irregulares• Abrir Abierto• Cubrir Cubierto• Decir Dicho• Escribir Escrito• Hacer Hecho• Morir Muerto• Poner Puesto• Resolver Resuelto• Romper Roto• Ver Visto• Volver Vuelto• Ir Ido

Hacer Expressions• Hacer expressions tell how long ago something

happened.

• Hace + [duration] + [meses/días/etc.] + que + verb• Present Tense: “I have lived in Spain for two years.”• Hace dos años que vivo en España.

• Past Tense: “I lived in Spain two years ago.” Hace dos años que viví en España.

• “Since”• “For”Present

Tense• “Ago”Preterite

Tense