LIBRO DE GRAMÁTICA

Ema Keeton

Table of Contents Preterite Imperfect Por y Para Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns Commands Subjunctive Verbs of Will and Influence Verbs of Emotion Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial Conjunctions Tu Commands Nosotros Commands Subjunctive in Adjective Clause Past Participles as Adjectives Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Conditional Past Subjunctive

PreteriteCucaracha Verbs, Spock Verbs, J-

Verbs

Forma “yo”

tener tuve

estar estuve

ir fui

ser fui

poner puse

poder pude

traer traje

hacer hice

haber hube

saber supe

querer quise

decir dije

venir vine

ver vei

dar di

-ar -er / -ir

e í

aste iste

ó ió

amos imos

aron ieron

e imos

iste isteis

o ieron

Triggers

un día

una vez

dos veces

el año pasado

hace un mes

el lunes

el tres de abril

a las ocho

ayer

anteayer

anoche

Imperfect

-ar

aba ábamos

abas abais

aba aban

-er / -ir

ía íamos

ías íais

ía ían

Triggers

todos los días

a menudo

frecuentemente

cada día

siempre

nunca

los lunes

generalmente

mientras

muchas veces

a veces

de vez en cuando

rara vez

• Give background events in a story• Habitual or repeated action• Age• Time/ date• Event or action in progress• No definite beginning or end• Physical characteristics• Descriptions/ feelings• Mental or emotional states• Interrupted activity (cuando)

Por y Para

Por Para

Motion or general location Destination

Duration of an action Deadline or specific time in future

Object of a search Purpose

Means by which something is done

Infinitive

Exchange or substitution Recipient of Something

Unit of Measure Comparisons or opinions

Employment

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Mi(s) Nuestro (a/os/as)

Tu(s) Vuestro (a/os/as)

Su(s) Su(s)

Mío(a) Nuestro(a)

Tuyo(a) Vuestro(a)

Suyo(a) Suyo(a)

Míos(as) Nuestros(as)

Tuyos(as) Vuestros(as)

Suyos(as) Suyos(as)

Commands

Tú Usted/ Ustedes

Affirmative Drop the “s”(di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven)

Put it in the “yo” form and change to opposite vowel

Negative Put it in the “yo” form and change to opposite vowel, add an “s”

Put it in the “yo” form and change to opposite vowel

Subjunctive Dos cláusulas La palabra “que” Un verbo “especial” Dos sujetos diferentes

Common verbs and expressions of emotion

Alegrarse (de) To be happy

Esperar To hope; To wish

Gustar To like

Molestar To bother

Sentir (e:ie) To be sorry

Soprender To surprise

Temer To be worried

Tener miedo (de) To be afraid of

Es extraño It’s strange

Es una lástima It’s a shame

Es ridículo It’s ridiculous

Es terrible It’s terrible

Es triste It’s sad

Ojalá (que) I hope that; I wish that

Verbs of Will and Influence

Verbs of Will and Influence

Aconsejar (to advise)

Importar (to be important)

Insistir (to insist)

Mandar (to order)

Prohibir (to prohibit)

Recomendar (to recommend)

Rogar (to beg)

Sugerir (to suggest)

Verbs of EmotionAlegrarse (de) To be happy

Esperar To hope; To wish

Gustar To like

Molestar To bother

Sentir To be sorry

Sorprender To surprise

Temer To be worried

Tener miedo (de) To be afraid of

Es extraño It’s strange

Es un lástima It’s a shame

Es ridículo It’s ridiculous

Es terrible It’s terrible

Es triste It’s sad

Ojalá I hope

• When the main clause of a sentence expresses an emotion or feeling, use the subjunctive in the subordinate clause• Use the infinitive after an expression of emotion when there is no change of subject• Ojalá que is always followed by the subjunctives

Doubt, Disbelief, Denial

Expressions of doubt, disbelief, or denial

Dudar To doubt

Negar To deny

No creer Not to believe

No estar seguro (de)

Not to be sure of

No es cierto It’s not true

No es seguro It’s not certain

No es verdad It’s not true

Es imposible It’s impossible

Es improbable It’s improbable

No es posible It’s not possible

No es probable It’s not probable

•The subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause when there is a change of subjeect and the main clause implies uncertainty• Es probable and es posible trigger the subjunctive•Use the infinitive after an expression of uncertainty, doubt, disbelief, or denial when there is no change of subject• Quizás and tal ves are usually followed by the subjunctive•Use the indicitive when the main clause expresses certainty•Creer is followed by the indicitive • No creer is followed by the subjunctive

ConjunctionsConjunctions that require the

subjunctive

A menos que Unless

Antes (de) que Before

Con tal (de) que Provided that

En caso (de) que In case that

Para que So that

Sin que Without

Conjunctions used with the subjunctive or indicative

Cuando When

Después (de) que After

En cuanto As soon as

Hasta que Until

An pronto como As soon as

•Use the indicative if the verb expresses an action that habitually happens or happened in the past• Use the subjunctive is the main clause expresses a future action or command

• Use the infinitive after antes de, para, sin when there is no change in subject

Tu Commands Affirmative tú commands usually have the same form

as the usted form of the present indicative Negative tú commands have the same form as the tú

form of the present subjunctive

Infinitive Affirmative Negative

Cuidar Cuida No cuides

Tocar Toca No toques

Temer Teme To temas

Volver Vuelve No vuelvas

Insistir Insiste No insistas

pedir pide No pidas

Irregular tú commands

Decir Di

Hacer Haz

Ir Ve

Poner Pon

Salir Sal

Ser Sé

Tener Ten

Venir Ven

Nosotros Commands

Both affirmative and negative nosotros commands are generally formed by using the nosotros subjunctive form

Object pronouns are attached to the end of affirmative nosotros commands, and an accent is added

When nos or se is attached, the final s of the command verb is dropped (mono verbs)

Ir

Vamos No vayamos

Vámonos No nos vayamos

Subjunctive in Adjective Clause

The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that either doesn’t exist or whose existence is uncertain or indefinite

The indicative is used when the adjective clause refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that is clearly known or certain

Indicative Subjunctive

Necesito el libro que tiene información sobre

Venezuela.

Necesito un libro que tenga información sobre

Venezuela.

Quiero vivir en esta casa que tiene jardín.

Quiero vivir en una casa que tenga jardín.

En mi barrio, hay una heladería que vende

helado de mango.

En mi barrio, no hay ninguna heladería que venda helado de mango

Past Participles as Adjectives -ar verbs end in -ado -er/-ir verbs end in -ido To be used as adjectives, the

verb estar comes before the adjective

The past participles of -er and -ir verbs whose stems end in -a, -e, or -o have an accent mark on the i in -ido

Caer Caído

Creer Creído

Leer Leído

Oír Oído

Reír Reído

Sonreír Sonreído

Traer Traído

Irregular Past

Participles

Abrir

abiertoCubir

cubierto

Decir

dicho

Escribir

escrito

Hacer

hecho

Morir

muertoPoner

puesto

Resolver

resuelto

Romer

roto

Ver

visto

Volver

vuelto

Ir

ido

Present Perfect The present perfect is used to talk about what

someone has done It is formed with the present tense of haber and a past

participle

he hemos

has

ha han

Haber + Past Participle -ar verbs end in -ado-er/-ir verbs end in -ido

Irregular Past Participles

Abrir Abierto

Cubir Cubierto

Decir Dicho

Escribir Escrito

Hacer Hecho

Morir Muerto

Resolver Resuelto

Poner Puesto

Romper Roto

Ver Visto

Volver Vuelto

Ir Ido

Past Perfect The past perfect is used to talk about what

someone has done or what has occurred before another past action.

Imperfect form of Haber + Past Participle

Había Habíamos

Habías

Había Habían

-ar verbs end in -ado-er/-ir verbs end in -ido

Irregular Past Participles

Abrir Abierto

Cubir Cubierto

Decir Dicho

Escribir Escrito

Hacer Hecho

Morir Muerto

Resolver Resuelto

Poner Puesto

Romper Roto

Ver Visto

Volver Vuelto

Ir Ido

It is often used with the word ya, which means already

Future Tense

é emos

ás

á ánIrregulares

Decir Dir-

Hacer Har-

Poder Podr-

Poner Pondr-

Querer Querr-

Saber Sabr-

Salir Saldr-

Tener Tendr-

Venir Vendr-

The future tense endings for ar/er/ir verbs are the same

The future of hay is habrá

Conditional Tense

ía íamos

ías

ía íanIrregulares

Decir Dir-

Hacer Har-

Poder Podr-

Poner Pondr-

Querer Querr-

Saber Sabr-

Salir Saldr-

Tener Tendr-

Venir Vendr-

The conditional tense endings for ar/er/ir verbs are the same

The future of hay is habriá

Past Subjunctive

ra ramos

ras

ra ran

Put the verb in the usted form of the preterite. Then drop the -ron ending and add the following endings.

Irregulars

dar die-

decir dije-

estar estuvie-

hacer hicie-

ir fue-

ser fue-

poder pudie-

poner pusie-

querer quisie-

saber supie-

tener tuvie-

venir vinie-

Stem Changing Verbs

preferir prefirie-

repetir repitie-

dormir durmie-

conducir conduje-

creer creye-

destruir destruye-

oír oye-