Grammar book
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Transcript of Grammar book
Table of Contents
1. Nationalities
2. Stem-Changing Verbs (all 4 classes)
3. Para*
4. Adjectives
5. Object Pronoun Placement
6. DOP (Direct Object Pronoun)
7. IOP (Indirect Object Pronouns)
8. ser vs. estar (all in one page)
9. -ísimo(a), and g/c/z*
10. Verbs like gustar
11. Affirmative and Negative Words
12. pero vs. sino*
13. DOP/IOP/SE
14. Reflexive verbs
15. Tú commands affirmative + negative + irregulars
Nationalities Mexico: mexicanoGuatemala: guatemaltecaHonduras: hondurenoEl Salvador: salvadorenoNicaragua: nicaraguenseCosta Rica: costarricensePanama: panamenoCuba: cubanoDominican Republic: dominicanaPuerto Rico: puertorriqueñoVenezuela: venezolanoColombia: colombianEcuador: ecuadorianPeru: peruanoParaguay: paraguayoBolivia: bolivianoChile: chilenoArgentina: argentinoUruguay: uruguayo
Stem-Changing Verbs
e:ie
o:uee:i
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive
hablamos comemos vivimos
habláis coméis vivís
hablan comen viven
The Boot: put the word you are stem changing in the yo, tu,usted, nosotros, vosotros, and ustedes form. Nosotros andvosotros are outside the boot so they don’t get stem changed, buteverything else does.
Adjectives “s” is added to adjectives ending with “z”.
ex: grandes
“es” is added to adjectives ending in a consonant.
ex: azules
an ending “z” in a noun is replaced with “ces”.
ex: lapiz lapices
“s” is added to nouns ending in a vowel.
ex: el lago los lagos
● The nationality must match the adjective it’s referring to.
ex: las muchachas inglesas los muchachos ingleses
Direct Object Pronouns
Remember, a direct object receives the action of the verb , and the direct object can also be a person.
Also, remember that the direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.
Jose kicked the can .“can" receives the action of the verb “kick”.
Quique reads the book."Book" receives the action of the verb "reads”.
Jose hit Quique.(DO=Bill)
Example:Before:Rosa el compra una olla su madre.After:Rosa Quiere comprande una olla a su madre
Indirect Object pronouns
me (me)te (you-familiar)le (him, her, you-formal)
nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)les (them, you-all-formal)
Rules:- tells us what is being verbed.- They use the same words as IOP’sexcept in the usted (lo, la) and ustedes(los, las) form.Singular:yo: me (me)tu: te (you-informal)usted: lo, la (you-formal, him,her)Plural:nosotros: nos (us)vosotros: os (you)ustedes: los, las (them)
Gorge me compra un regalo.Jo buys me a gift.Jo buys a gift for me.Gorge te compra un regalo.Jo buys you a gift.Jo buys a gift for you.
Ser vs. Estar Ser and estar can both be translated as "to be."
ser
soyeresessomossoisson
Estar
estoyestásestáestamosestáisestán
Ser: usesNationalitiesOccupationCharacteristics of peopleGeneralizationsPossessionWhat something is made of Time and dateWhere or when an event takes placeDe: used after origin, possession, and whatsomething is made of
Estar: useshealthLocationPhysical states/ conditionsEmotional stateWeather expressionsongoing actions
adjectives: es/estamalo/malaseguro/seguralisto/lista
Isimo’s
muy + adjectivesumamente + adjectiveadjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)
muy guapovery handsome
sumamente guapoextremely handsome
guapísimoindescribably handsome
Affirmative and Negative words
algo (something)nada (nothing)
alguien (somebody)nadie (nobody)
algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (some, something)ningún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (no, none)
siempre (always)nunca (never) jamás (never, ever)
también (also)tampoco (neither, not either)
o . . . o (either . . . or)ni . . . ni (neither . . . nor)
Affirmative:algo: something, anythingalgulen: someonealgueno: someC- quG- guZ- c
Negative:nada: nothingnadi: no oneninguno: noniochi: neither nonunca: nevertampoco: neither
Pero vs. Sino
The most common equivalent of "but" is pero:Hacía sol, pero también frío.It was sunny, but it was cold, too.• Sino follows a negation and means something like "but on the contrary" or "but instead":
No use "pero", sino "sino".No es tonto, sino demasiado inteligente.
DOP/IOP/SE
me me me
te te you (familiar)
lo, la le him, her, it, you (formal)
nos nos us
os os you-all (familiar)
los, las les them, you-all (formal
Verbs like gustar
gustarfaltarmolestarparecerdisgustar
Aburrirto ;bore
Fascinarto; be fascinating to
Bastarto; be sufficient
Importarto; be important to
Rules:- still singular with infinitives- mi + noun = my (noun)Verbs
Reflexive verbs lavar
yo lavotú lavasél, ella, usted lavanosotros/as lavamosvosotros/as laváisellos, ellas, ustedes lavan
Rules:- Reflects the verb back to the subject.- DO NOT use possessive adjectives withreflexives.
Affirmative and Negative commands
Informal (tú) Commands (Imperative)
Affirmative: Use the present indicative Ud. formNegative: Use the present subjunctive tú form
(hablar - ar + a = habla)(comer - er + e = come)(escribir - ir + e = escribe)
Los abverdidos
Adverbs are used to describe the expresión used in Spanish by showing descriptions
sí, también, cierto, claro, exacto, obvio
Deber
yo debo debí debía debería deberé
tú debes debiste debías deberías deberás
él/ella/Ud. debe debió debía debería deberá
nosotros debemos debimos debíamos deberíamos
deberemos
vosotros debéis debisteis debíais deberíais deberéis
ellos/ellas/Uds. deben debieron debían deberían deberán
Past tense of adjectives
componer - compuestodescribir - descritodevolver - devuelto
hablar - ar + ado = hablado
comer - er + ido = comido
vivir - ir + ido = vivido
pretierte
éasteóamosasteisaron
hablé comí viví
hablaste comiste viviste
habló comió vivió
hablamos comimos vivimos
hablasteis comisteis vivisteis
hablaron comieron vivieron