Grammar book

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Grammar Book By: Keeyn Holloway

Transcript of Grammar book

Grammar Book

By:Keeyn Holloway

Table of Contents

1. Nationalities

2. Stem-Changing Verbs (all 4 classes)

3. Para*

4. Adjectives

5. Object Pronoun Placement

6. DOP (Direct Object Pronoun)

7. IOP (Indirect Object Pronouns)

8. ser vs. estar (all in one page)

9. -ísimo(a), and g/c/z*

10. Verbs like gustar

11. Affirmative and Negative Words

12. pero vs. sino*

13. DOP/IOP/SE

14. Reflexive verbs

15. Tú commands affirmative + negative + irregulars

Nationalities Mexico: mexicanoGuatemala: guatemaltecaHonduras: hondurenoEl Salvador: salvadorenoNicaragua: nicaraguenseCosta Rica: costarricensePanama: panamenoCuba: cubanoDominican Republic: dominicanaPuerto Rico: puertorriqueñoVenezuela: venezolanoColombia: colombianEcuador: ecuadorianPeru: peruanoParaguay: paraguayoBolivia: bolivianoChile: chilenoArgentina: argentinoUruguay: uruguayo

Stem-Changing Verbs

e:ie

o:uee:i

hablo como vivo

hablas comes vives

habla come vive

hablamos comemos vivimos

habláis coméis vivís

hablan comen viven

The Boot: put the word you are stem changing in the yo, tu,usted, nosotros, vosotros, and ustedes form. Nosotros andvosotros are outside the boot so they don’t get stem changed, buteverything else does.

POR

por adelantado

por supuesto

por suerte

por todas partes

por todos lados

por último

Adjectives “s” is added to adjectives ending with “z”.

ex: grandes

“es” is added to adjectives ending in a consonant.

ex: azules

an ending “z” in a noun is replaced with “ces”.

ex: lapiz lapices

“s” is added to nouns ending in a vowel.

ex: el lago los lagos

● The nationality must match the adjective it’s referring to.

ex: las muchachas inglesas los muchachos ingleses

Direct Object Pronouns

Remember, a direct object receives the action of the verb , and the direct object can also be a person.

Also, remember that the direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.

Jose kicked the can .“can" receives the action of the verb “kick”.

Quique reads the book."Book" receives the action of the verb "reads”.

Jose hit Quique.(DO=Bill)

Example:Before:Rosa el compra una olla su madre.After:Rosa Quiere comprande una olla a su madre

Indirect Object pronouns

me (me)te (you-familiar)le (him, her, you-formal)

nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)les (them, you-all-formal)

Rules:- tells us what is being verbed.- They use the same words as IOP’sexcept in the usted (lo, la) and ustedes(los, las) form.Singular:yo: me (me)tu: te (you-informal)usted: lo, la (you-formal, him,her)Plural:nosotros: nos (us)vosotros: os (you)ustedes: los, las (them)

Gorge me compra un regalo.Jo buys me a gift.Jo buys a gift for me.Gorge te compra un regalo.Jo buys you a gift.Jo buys a gift for you.

Ser vs. Estar Ser and estar can both be translated as "to be."

ser

soyeresessomossoisson

Estar

estoyestásestáestamosestáisestán

Ser: usesNationalitiesOccupationCharacteristics of peopleGeneralizationsPossessionWhat something is made of Time and dateWhere or when an event takes placeDe: used after origin, possession, and whatsomething is made of

Estar: useshealthLocationPhysical states/ conditionsEmotional stateWeather expressionsongoing actions

adjectives: es/estamalo/malaseguro/seguralisto/lista

Isimo’s

muy + adjectivesumamente + adjectiveadjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)

muy guapovery handsome

sumamente guapoextremely handsome

guapísimoindescribably handsome

Affirmative and Negative words

algo (something)nada (nothing)

alguien (somebody)nadie (nobody)

algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (some, something)ningún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (no, none)

siempre (always)nunca (never) jamás (never, ever)

también (also)tampoco (neither, not either)

o . . . o (either . . . or)ni . . . ni (neither . . . nor)

Affirmative:algo: something, anythingalgulen: someonealgueno: someC- quG- guZ- c

Negative:nada: nothingnadi: no oneninguno: noniochi: neither nonunca: nevertampoco: neither

Pero vs. Sino

The most common equivalent of "but" is pero:Hacía sol, pero también frío.It was sunny, but it was cold, too.• Sino follows a negation and means something like "but on the contrary" or "but instead":

No use "pero", sino "sino".No es tonto, sino demasiado inteligente.

DOP/IOP/SE

me me me

te te you (familiar)

lo, la le him, her, it, you (formal)

nos nos us

os os you-all (familiar)

los, las les them, you-all (formal

Verbs like gustar

gustarfaltarmolestarparecerdisgustar

Aburrirto ;bore

Fascinarto; be fascinating to

Bastarto; be sufficient

Importarto; be important to

Rules:- still singular with infinitives- mi + noun = my (noun)Verbs

Reflexive verbs lavar

yo lavotú lavasél, ella, usted lavanosotros/as lavamosvosotros/as laváisellos, ellas, ustedes lavan

Rules:- Reflects the verb back to the subject.- DO NOT use possessive adjectives withreflexives.

Affirmative and Negative commands

Informal (tú) Commands (Imperative)

Affirmative: Use the present indicative Ud. formNegative: Use the present subjunctive tú form

(hablar - ar + a = habla)(comer - er + e = come)(escribir - ir + e = escribe)

Los abverdidos

Adverbs are used to describe the expresión used in Spanish by showing descriptions

sí, también, cierto, claro, exacto, obvio

Deber

yo debo debí debía debería deberé

tú debes debiste debías deberías deberás

él/ella/Ud. debe debió debía debería deberá

nosotros debemos debimos debíamos deberíamos

deberemos

vosotros debéis debisteis debíais deberíais deberéis

ellos/ellas/Uds. deben debieron debían deberían deberán

Past tense of adjectives

componer - compuestodescribir - descritodevolver - devuelto

hablar - ar + ado = hablado

comer - er + ido = comido

vivir - ir + ido = vivido

pretierte

éasteóamosasteisaron

hablé comí viví

hablaste comiste viviste

habló comió vivió

hablamos comimos vivimos

hablasteis comisteis vivisteis

hablaron comieron vivieron

Progressive tense

“Estar + ando/- iendo/- vendo

The present progressive is only used to describe an action an action that is in the process of taking place. It is not used for future actions