Grammar book
-
Upload
raquel63485 -
Category
Documents
-
view
144 -
download
0
Transcript of Grammar book
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Present Tense
• Stem changers
• Irregular yo
• Ser and Estar
• Verbs like gustar
• Preterite vs Imperfect
• Sunjunctive in noun and adjective clauses
• Commands
• Object pronouns
• Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
• Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
End of part two 2012
• Subjunctive
• Irregulars
• Saber vs Conocer
• Reflexives
• “Se” imporsonals
• Dipthongs with accents
• Verbs like ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir 2
PRESENT TENSE
Step One: Determine if the Verb is an “-ar, -er, or –ir” verb.
Step Two: Drop the ending.
Step Three: Add the correct ending in place of the –ar, -er, or -ir.
3
Example:
-ar verbs
-o -amos
-as -áis
-a -an
-er verbs
-o -emos
-es -éis
-e -en
-ir verbs
-o -imos
-es -is
-e -en
Cantar (yo form) Cantar Canto
STEM CHANGERS
• Stem changer verbs are verbs that need certain vowels in the middle of the word changed .
• The stem is only changed in yo, tú, usted, and ustedes form. This is known as the boot.
• There are three types of stem changes. (I to ie, I to e, and o to ue)
• The stem change will occur in the second to last vowel in the word. For example; the ‘E’ in the word comenzar would be changed.
4
Step One: Determine if the verb is a stem changer verb, if so, determine
what type of stem change it needs.
Step Two: If the verb is conjugated in the boot, change the stem, if not,
leave it be.
Step Three: Finally, drop the –ar, -ir, or –er ending and conjugate
accordingly.
I to IE
I to E
O to UE
Only change the
stem in the BOOT.
IRREGULAR YO
• Irregular yo verbs are verbs that are
normal in every tense but the yo
form. The irregular yo verbs will
have a different ending in the yo
form.
• These verbs change to either –yo, -
go, or zco.
5
SER
6
Ser
Description
Origin
Characteristics
Time
Occupation
Relationships
Possession
Events
Dates
ESTAR
7
Estar
Health
Emotion
LocationPresent
Condition
-ing
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
Gustar- To like
Molestar-To bother
Fascinar-To fascinate
Aburrir-To bore
Importar-To be important to
Interesar-To Interest
Disgustar-To disgust
Doler(e-ue)-To inflict pain
Encantar- To love something
Quedar-To remain
8
Gustar and verbs like gustar are only
conjugated in two different way based on if
the object is singular or plural. (-a or –an)
Example:
Me gusta su gato.
Me gustan sus tortugas.
NOUNS, ARTICLES, AND ADJECTIVES
Nouns
• Add S to most nouns ending in vowels to make plural
• Add ES to nouns ending in consonants to make plural
Articles
• Articles must always agree in gender and quantity
• Un, una, unas, unos, el, la, las, los
Adjectives
• The ending of the adjective will change in order to accommodate and agree with the noun it is describing. Must agree with gender and quantity.
• O, os, a, as
9
PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT
10
Refers to ONE specific
event or time in the past!
A continuous action in
the past!
ab
aabas
aba
abamo
sabais
aban
ARia
ias
ia
iamos
iais
ian
ER/IR
e
aste
o
amos
asteis
aron
ARi
iste
io
imos
isteis
ieron
Er/Ir
Ser
• era
• Eras
• Era
• Eramos
• Erias
• eran
ver
• veia
• Veias
• Veia
• Veiamos
• Veiais
• veian
ir
• iba
• Ibas
• Iba
• Ibamos
• Ibais
• iban
Ser & Ir
• fui
• Fuiste
• Fue
• Fuimos
• Fuisteis
• Fueron
Dar
• di
• Diste
• Dio
• Dimos
• Disteis
• dieron
Hacer
• hice
• Hiciste'
• Hizo
• Hicimos
• Hicisteis
• hicieron
SUBJUNCTIVE
In noun clauses
• main verb expresses influence, emotion, doubt, or denial
In adjective clauses
• when unknown information is trying to be found
11
Ar verbs
e emos
es éis
e en
Er / ir
Verbs
a amos
as áis
a an
COMMANDS
• Tu Affirmative- simply drop the s
Irregulares- di hax ve pon sal se tan ven
• Tu Negative – put in tu form and change to opposite vowel, and add an s
Irregulares- TVDISHES
• Ud./uds. Negative and affirmative – put in yo form and change to opposite vowel
Irregulars- TVDISHES
• Mono verbs
• Let’s sit down!
• Sentemosnos!
• Sentemonos!
• Vayamos
• Vamanos
12
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Indirect Object Pronouns
•Goes before the verb and shows “to whom”.
•Me, Te, Le, Nos, Os, Les
Direct Object Pronouns
•go before the verb but can sometimes be attached to an infinitve
•me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las
Double Object Pronoun
•Used when there is an IOP that goes in front of a DOP in the same sentence.
•Le, les, se
13
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
• Change varying on gender, quantity, and the degree of stress
14
Unstressed
Mi (s) : my
Tu (s) : your
Su (s) : your; his; hers; its
Nuestro(s)/a(s) : our
Vuestro (s)/a(s) : your
Su (s) : your; their
Stressed
Mío (s)/a(s) : my; (of) mine
Tuyo (s)/a(s) : your; (of) yours
Suyo (s)/a(s) : your; (of
yours); his (of); etc
Nuestro (s)/a(s) : our; (of) ours
Vuestro (s)/a(s) : your; (of) yours
Suyo (s)/a(s) : your; (of)
yours;
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
• Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are the same except that pronouns
carry the accent mark.
15
Singular
• Este/Esta: this,these
• Ese/Esa; that, those
• Aquel/Aquella: that those
Plural
• Estos/Estas: this,these
• Esos/Esas: that,those
• Aquellos/Aquellas: that,those
REFLEXIVES
Reflexive pronouns are often followed by a verb :
Example: I brush my teeth.
This goes for Spanish language as well:
16
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
•Me lavo.
•Me lavo.
POR VS PARA
Por
• Movement
• Duration
• Meaning
• Unit
• Exchange
Para
• Destination
• Deadline
• Recipient
• Purpose
• Employment
• Comparison
17
TO BECOME
• hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser all mean to become.
18
• Followed by a noun or adjective
• Indicate a change brought about by effort
Hacerse
• Followed by an adjective
• Indicates an involuntary physical or emotional change
Ponerse
• Followed by an adjective
• Indicates a sudden, profound changeVolverse
• Followed by a noun or adjective
• Indicate a change brought about by effort
Llegar a ser
SABER VS CONOCER
When translated to English, both Saber and Conocer mean to know; however they
are used in two very different situations.
Saber: to know a fact, or know how to do something.
In the preterit it means to learn or find out
Conocer: to know someone or something and be familiar with it.
In the preterit it means to meet someone.
Conocer is an irregular yo verb! (zco)
19
“SE” IMPERSONALS
‘Se’ becomes impersonal when the subject of the
verb is unidentified, but obviously third person.
This is most commonly used when making a
general statement.
se + 3rd person singular verb
Examples:
Se habla español aquí.
20
VERBS LIKE GER/GIR, UIR/GUIR, CER/CIR
Verbs that end in ger, gir, uir, guir, cer, and cir irregular yo form
verbs.
Verbs that end in ger or gir-
G to J in yo form
Verbs that end in uir or guir-
GU to G in yo form
Verbs that end in cer or cir-
C to ZC in yo form
21
DIPHTHONGS WITH ACCENTS
In some cases, verbs require an accent to break up a
diphthong. The syllable with the an accent is the syllable
to be stressed when saying the word. If there is no
accent, the second to last syllable will be stressed if the
word ends in an n or s.
- Happens when a weak vowel (i/y,u) and strong
vowels come together and form on syllable.
In this case, an accent is used on the weak vowel.
Examples:
Comprendió
tenéis
22
HACE+TIME+QUE+PRESENT TENSE
• This format is used to explain the
amount of time that the action took.
23
Hace
Tresańos
Que
bailo
IMPERFECT
Imperfect tense is used when an action is continuous and has no
exact beginning or ending point.
*Think about it like a movie*
24
Ia Iamos
Ias
Ia Ian
Aba Abamos
Abas
Aba Aban
-Ir/-Er -Ar
PRETERITE
Preterite tense is used when the action is past tense that is over
and done with.
*Think of it as a snapshot*
25
To the tune of “row row row your boat”
E, I, aste, iste,
O, io-o-o,
Amos, imos, aron, ieron
El es preterito
Trigger Words:
Anteayer
Anoche
Ayer
La semanapasada
IRREGULARS
26
• Que
-Car
• Gue
-Gar
• Ce
-Zar
Must have accent over e in yo form only!
SPOCK VERBS
Ser/Ir
• Fui
• Fuiste
• Fue
• Fuimos
• Fuieron
27
Dar/Ver
• (D/V)i
• (d/v)iste
• (d/v)io
• (d/v)imos
• (d/v)ieron
Hacer
• Hice
• Hiciste
• Hizo
• Hicimos
• Hicieron