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Transcript of Grammar book
Nolan Rinderknecht
Mrs. Linares
Spanish 3
1st Period
Grammar Book
PresentStem ChangersIrregular “Yo”Saber vs. ConocerReflexives“Se” ImpersonalDipthongsVerbs like -uir/-guir –ger/-gir, -cer/-cirImperfectoHace ____ + que + _____Preterite-Regular Conjugation
Car, Gar, ZarSpockCucarachaSnake/Snakey
ComparativesSuperlativesFuture Tense
1st Semester Table of Contents
Subject Pronouns
Yo Nosotros, Nosotras
Tú Vosotros, Vosotras
Él, Ella, Usted Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes
PresentRegular Verbs (-er)
-o -emos
-es -éis
-e -en
Regular Verbs (-ir)
-o -imos
-es -ís
-e -en
Regular Verbs (-ar)
-o -amos
-as -áis
-a -an
Some stem changers include (e-ie) (o-ue) (e-i).
The stem changes only happen in the boot forms: yo, tú, él, and ellos.
Stem Changers
Some irregular “yo”s are: –go verbs, (g-j) (c-zc) (ver-veo) (saber-sé).
These transformations only happen in the yo form.
Irregular "Yo"
Saber vs. ConocerSaber means to
know a fact or to know how to do something. It is often followed by an infinitive or a subordinate clause.
Conocer means to know someone or to be familiar with someone, something, or somewhere. It can only be followed by the a direct object, never by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. Remember that if the direct object is a person, the preposition a must be used.
Reflexive Pronouns
Me Nos
Te Os
Se se
ReflexivesReflexive Verbs are verbs that require a reflexive pronoun when used. They can be identified by the –se suffix appended to the infinitive.
Impersonal expressions are used when the subject of a verb is unspecified (but is human). They are mostly used to make general statements and to express rules.
To form the impersonal se, verbs are always 3rd person singular and are commonly followed by a direct object.
"Se" Impersonal
1. For verbs that end in -cer and -cir, change the c to zc for the yo form.
2. For verbs that end in -ger and -gir, change the g to j for the yo form
3. For verbs that end in -guir, change the gu to g for the yo form
Verbs like -uir/-guir –ger/-gir, -cer/-cir
-ar
-aba -ábamos
-abas
-aba -aban
Imperfecto
-er
-ía -íamos
-ías
-ía -ían
-ir
-ía -íamos
-ías
-ía -ían
Ver
Veía Veíamos
Veías
Veía Veían
Ser
Era Éramos
Eras
Era eran
Ir
Iba Íbamos
Ibas
Iba Iban
Imperfect tense is used to express a past event that was ongoing for an intermediate length of time.
Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb
Ex: Hace diez que corro.
Hace + _____ + que + _______
-ar
-é -amos
-aste
-ó -aron
Preterit-Regular Conjugation
-er
-í -imos
-iste
-ió -ieron
-ir
-í -imos
-iste
-ió -ieron
Preterit tense is used to express a totally completed past action, a past determinate action, or an action that lased for a specific length of time.
-car -> -qué-gar -> -gué-zar -> -cé
Preterite-Car, Gar, Zar
Hacer: hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieronIr/ser: fui, fuiste, fue, fuemos, fueieronDar: di, diste, dio, dimos, dieronVar: vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron
Preterite-Spock
Yo tú él, ella, usted nosotros
ellos, ellas, ustedes
Andar anduve anduviste anduvo anduvimos
anduvieron
Conducir conduje condujiste condujo condujimos
condujeron
Decir dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijeron
Estar estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvieron
Hacer hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron
Poner puse pusiste puso pusimos pusieron
Poder pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudieron
Querer quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisieron
Saber supe supiste supo supimos supieron
Tener tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvieron
Traer traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajeron
Venir vine viniste vino vinimos vinieron
Preterite-Cucaracha
Comparatives are the comparison of one person or thing to another.
Comparatives
Superiority más... (que)more... than or ____er than
Inferiority menos... (que) less/fewer... than
Equality tan... como as... as
tanto... como as much/many as
Superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or worst of all.
Superlatives are formed with the definite article + noun + más or menos + adjective.
Superlatives
Future tense is used to express an action that will take place after the present moment.
Future Tense
-ar, -er, -ir
-é -emos
-ás
-á -án
Preterite vs. ImperfectFuture vs. ConditionalPorParaCommandsPresent PerfectsDouble Object PronounsAdverbsSubjunctiveSe ImpersonalProgressive w/ ir, andar, seguir
2nd Semester Table of Contents
Preterit vs. ImperfectThe preterite is used
for actions that can be viewed as single events, for actions that were repeated a specific number of times, for actions that were part of a chain of events, and to state the beginning or the end of an action.
The imperfect is used for actions that were repeated habitually, for actions that "set the stage" for another action, and for telling time and stating one's age.
Future vs. Conditional
Future
-é -emos
-ás -án
-á
Conditional
-ía -íamos
-ías -ían
-ía
The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.
The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.
Uses for PorExpressing movement along, through,
around, by or aboutDenoting a time or duration when something
occursExpressing the cause of an actionMeaning perMeaning supporting or in favor ofIntroducing the agent of an action after a
passive verbIndicating means of transportation
Por
Uses for ParaMeaning for the purpose of or in order toWith a noun or pronoun as object, meaning
for the benefit of or directed toMeaning to or in the direction of when
referring to a specific placeMeaning by or for when referring to a
specific time
Para
Tú – Simply drop the “s.” Los irregulares: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven.
Ud./Uds. – Put it in “yo” form and change to opposite vowel. Los irregulares: TVDISHES.
Affirmative Tú – Put it in “yo”
form and change to opposite vowel, add an “s.” Los irregulares: TVDISHES.
Ud./Uds. – Same as affirmative. Los irregulares: TVDISHES.
Negative
Commands
TVDISHES: tener, venir, dar/decir, ir, ser, hacer/haber, estar, saber
Present PerfectsThe present
perfect tense is first formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber."Haber
He Hemos
Has Han
Ha
You then add the past participle of the verb you want to use by adding –ado or –ido to the end.
When you have both a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in the same sentence, the indirect object pronoun comes first.
Whenever both pronouns begin with the letter "l" change the first pronoun to “se.”
In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the pronouns. Place them immediately before the conjugated verb or attach them directly to the infinitive.
Double Object Pronouns
Direct Object Pronouns
Me Nos
Te Los, las
Lo, la
Indirect Object Pronouns
Me Nos
Te Les
Le
Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective.
Adding –mente is similar to –ly at the end of English adverbs.
Adverbs
The subjunctive mood is used to express things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.
You will usually see it in sentences that contain a main clause which introduces a quality of uncertainty or subjectivity.
Subjunctive
Impersonal expressions are used when the subject of a verb is unspecified.
To form the impersonal se, verbs are always 3rd person singular and are commonly followed by a direct object.
Se Impersonal
Seguir + progressive = to continueAndar + progressive = to walkIr + progressive = to go
Progressive with Ir, Andar, and Seguir