Grammar book

43
Grammar Book Talia Bowen Spanish 3 Honors

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Transcript of Grammar book

Page 1: Grammar book

Grammar Book

Talia Bowen Spanish 3 Honors

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1) Pretérito 2) Trigger Words for the preterite 3) Car- Gar-Zar 4) Spock Verbs 5) Cucaracha Verbs 6) Snake 7) Snakey 8) Imperfect 9) Trigger words for Imperfect 10) Irregulars 11) Preterite Vs. Imperfect 12) Ser Vs. Estar 13) Verbs like gustar 14) Comparative/ Superlative15) Connecting Verbs 16) Future 17) Trigger Words for Future 18) Irregular 19) Por20) Para 21) Conditional/ Irregulares 22) Conditional/ Irregular

24) Perfect Tense -Present -Past- Present Perfect

irregular25) Subjunctive 26) Tanto & Tan 27) Impersonal “se”28) Saber vs Conocer 29)Los Mandatos 30)Informal/ Formal 31) Affirmative 32)Negative 33) Irregular 34)D.O.P/ I.O.P placement 35) Trigger Phrases36) Impersonal expressions 37)Expressions of Emotions38)Conjunctions of Time 39)Demonstrative Adjectives40)Demonstrative Pronouns.

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PRETÉRITO: the completed past tense action.For actions that were repeated a specific number of times. To state the beginning or the end of an action.For an action that occured during a specific period of time. For actions that can be viewed as single events. Specific.

• yo -• Tu -ASTE• El, ella -• Nosotros -AMOS • Ellos -ARON

É Í

Ó

- Í- ISTE- I Ó - IMOS- IERO

N

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TRIGGER WORDS

Ayer ………………….yesterdayLa semana pasada..last week Anoche ……………..last night

el mes pasado…….last month el otro día………….the other day

el año pasado……..last yearentonces…………….then

hace dos días, años…two days , years agoesta mañana……….this morning

ayer por la mañana………yesterday morning

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CAR GAR ZAR!• -car: qué

-gar: gué• -zar: cé• ONLY IN THE YO FORM!!

Sacar Saque Indicar indique Explicar explique

Pagar Pague Jugar jugue Llegar Llegue

Almorzar Almorce Cruzar Cruce Lanzar Lance

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Spock Verbs!!!!!

Non-similar Verbs:

Hacer

Similar Verbs:

dar/verDi vi Diste viste Dio vio Dimos vimos Dieron vieron

ir./serFui fuiste fuimos fue fueron

Hice Hiciste Hizo Hicimos hicieron

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Cucaracha Irregular Preterite • Andar -anduv• Estar-estuv• Poder-pud• Poner -pus• Querer-quis• Saber -sup• Tener-tuv• Venir -vin

E I Aste Iste O Io Amos Imos Aron Ieron

Ejemplos:

Anduve EstuvisteP

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Snake *Conjugation only changes when the verb is used in the

3rd person*Verbs changing from “E-I”:–Pedir –Preferir –Competir –Repetir –Servir –Sentir –Venir *Verbs changing from “O-U”:–Dormir –Morir

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Snakey

*Conjugation only changes when the verb is used in the 3rd person

*Verbs changing from “E-I”:–Leer–Creer *Verbs changing from “O-U”–Oir

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IMPERFECT: For Actions that were repeated habitually For actions that “ sell the stage” for another past action For telling time For Stating one’s age For mental states (usually) For physical sensations To describe the characteristics of people, things, or conditions

Yo aba Tu abasEl, Ella, Usted abaNosotros abamos Ellos,Ellas, Ustedes abanVosotros abais

iaiasianiaiamosiais

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TRIGGER WORDS FOR IMPERFECT

Menudo often

generalmente usually

a veces sometimes

muchas veces many times

cada día every day

siempre always

cada año every year

todo el tiempo all the time

de vez en cuando from time to time

varias veces several times

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IRREGULARES

• Ver !!• veia

• veias

• veia

• veiamos

• veiais

• Veian

• SER!!• Era • Eras• Era

• Eramos • Erais • Eran

•IR/Er•ia•ias•ia•iamos•iais•ian

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PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT

•Cuando era niña yo era muy descuidado pero siempre chulo.•Tenía un mascota.

Imperfect Verbs Preterite

•Talía habló dos horas.•Conocí a Alejandro hace cinco años.

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SER VS. ESTAR

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VERBS LIKE GUSTAR

Faltar

Molesta

r Encanta

r Fastidia

Fascinar

Importe

r Apetece

rGustar

The rule of Gustar: What would be considered the subject

in English turns into the indirect object (me, te, le, nos,

os, les) in Spanish. Therefore, the verb in Spanish must

agree with the subject of the sentence, not the indirect

object.

Ejemplos:•John is fascinated by cars. A John, le fascinan los coches•He likes Americans . Le caen bien los Americanos .

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COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

Adjective: Comparative: Superlative: ~ bueno ~Mejor que ~ el/ la mejor ~ malo ~peor que ~ el/la peor ~ viejo ~Mayor que ~ el/la mayor ~ joven ~ menor que ~el/ la menor

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CONNECTING VERBS

Aunque Mientras

Por lo tantoSin Embargo A pesar de

TambienPero

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FUTURO :I, you, he/she, we, you, they will YoNosotros Tu Vosotros El * Ella* Usted*

Ustedes Ellos Ellas

Infintive

e amos as eis

a

an

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Trigger words

Expressions that indicate FutureManana /Pasada mananaSemana/ mes/ ano que veine Ano pasado/ano proximo Es una/ tres/ hora dos

Trigger words for Subjuntive Cuando (when)en cuanto(as soon as)Hasta que (until)Tan pronto como (as soon as)

A menos que (unless)Con tal (de) que (in case)En caso de que (in case)Para que (so that)

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Irregulares

Decir …………………………………. Dir Hacer ………………………………... HarPoner………………………………….Pondr Salir …………………………………….Saldr Tener …………………………………..TendrQuerer………………………………….QuerValer……………………………………..ValdrVenir ……………………………………..VendrPoder …………………………………….PodrHaber……………………………………..HabrSaber……………………………………...SabrCaber…………………………………….Cabr

•H

appy f

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POR

Passing through…….. Pasa por tejas General rather than specific…Portugal How long something lasts……Forever The cause of something ……purpose An exchange….import/export Doing something instead of something else…pay

for me Transportation….car

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PARA

For whom something is done……surprise partyDestination(specific)…..paraguay The purpose for which something is done…To express an opinion.. Perdon me To compare and contrast…..To express an idea of deadline… para manana.

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CONDITIONAL

Hello íaíasíaíamosíaisían

Con frecuencia, la condición se traduce generalmente como sería, podría, debe tener o probablemente.

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PRESENT TENSE combinando el verbo auxiliar "tiene" o "tener"

con el participio pasado.He Past participle- used as an adjectiveHas * Talia le ha dado mucho Ha dinero a su hermanaHemos Habis Present Participle- Han

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Past participle

“had”

Habia HabiasHabia Habiamos Habian

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Present Perfect irregulares

• Hemos Puesto • Han Escrito • Ha Abierto • Ha muerto • Han visto • Ha dicho • Has vuelto • Hemos echo.

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Subjunctive Perfect

• Compound tense of the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.

Yo- haya hablado Tu- hayas hablado El/ella/ud- haya hablado Nosotros- hayamos hablado Vosotros- hayais hablado Ellos/ellas/uds- hayan hablado.

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TANTO Y TAN Tan + adjective/ adverb + comoForming comparison of equalities with adjectives

or adverbs

Ej: El libros tan bueno como la pelicula Tantos + noun+ como

Forming comparisons of equalities with nouns

Ej: Lola tiene tanto galleta coma Talia.

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Impersonal se

• Use “se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

When using se the verb is always in the 3rd person.Ejemplo: Aqui se habla espanol

Se can be used in all tenses.

Se hizo mucho Se habia hecho

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SABER VS CONOCER

Saber : To know: a fact info How to do something

Por ejemplo: Shakira Sabe un hecho.

Conocer: to know: to know a person

Place Literary Works

Por ejemplo: Conozco Lola.

Saber +Infinitive= know how

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Los mandatos

To command someone to do something.

Por ejemplo:

Lavarse las manos!No pegar tu hermano

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Informal/ Formal

In the tu form and can be affirmative or negative.

Ej: compra los dulces

In the ustedes form and can be affirmative or negative.

Ej: Compre la mochila.

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Affirmative/ Negative Affirmative:

RegularConjugate in the tu form and drop the “s” add pronoun

if nessessary Irregular

Di;haz;ve;pon;sal;se;ten;ven or put in the tu stem change and drop the “s”.

Negative: Regular

Put it in the yo form, change to the opposite vowel ending and add an “s”. Place pronoun before the verb.

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Dop/Lop placement

Place before verb Answer the questions of who and what?

Me Te Lo, La Nos Los, Las

Place before verbAnswer the question of to whom and from whom?

Me Te Le Nos Les

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Nosotros Commands

Used when a speaker is included, used to express lets+ verb

Opposite nosotros ending

Ej: Comamos Alli

For negative, just add no before verb for the negative

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Mono Verbs

With affirmative nosotros commands, the final “S” is dropped before adding the pronouns- nos or –se

Ej: sentemos + nos= sentemonos But with negative nosotros commands, the

pronoun comes before the verb Ej: no nos sentemos

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Trigger Phrases

A menos que Antes que Cuando Dudar que En canto Es bueno que Es imposible que Es malo que Querer que Sin que Negar que Hasta que En raro que Es mejor que Es posible que

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Impersonal Expressions

Allow you to clearly communicate many different ideas by using only a few words.

Es preciso que Es urgent que Es importante que Es malo que

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Expressions of Emotions

• Es bueno que- its good that • Es facil que- its easy that • Es una lastima que- it’s a pity that • Es malo que- its too bad that • Es peor que- its worse that

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Conjunctions of time

Asi que- as soon as Cuando- when Despues de- after Es cuanto- as soon as Hasta que – until Luego que- later

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Demonstrative Adjectives

Masculine:Singular: este Plural: estos

ese esos aquel aquellos

Feminine:Singular: esta Plural: estas

esa esas aquella aquellas

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Demonstrative pronouns

Masculine: Singular : éste Plural: éstos

ése ésos aquél aquéllos

Feminine:Singular: ésta Plural:

ésa aquélla

éstas ésas aquéllas

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EL Fin!