Grammar

Progressive\Continuous

To be in the middle of doing an action.

Progressive

(person) be (verb)+ing

Stative Verbs

be להיות hate לשנוא have יש hear לשמוע like לאהוב hope לקוות regret להצטער love לאהוב understand להבין see לראות wish לייחל want לרצות

Stative = Simple

Stative verbs are verbs without actions.

Stative = Simple

Stative verbs are verbs without actions.

Stative verbs cannot be Progressive, they will always be Simple.

TO BE

I was a baby

To Be

I will be an old man.

To Be

I am an adult.

TO BE

Pastwas / were

Presentam / is / are

Futurewill be

PastPresentFutureIwasamwill be

He/She/Itis

We/You/Theywereare

Helping Verbsam is arewas were

do does didhave has

hadcan couldwill would

shall shouldmay might

must

The dog is sleeping

This dog is not sleeping, he is rowing.

Questions

Is the dog sleeping?

Present Simple

What happens usually.

(person) (verb) = I eat

He\She\It (verb)s = He eats

Helping verbs are do and does.

Present Progressive

What is in the middle of happening now.

(person) am/is/are (verb)ing = I am eating.

Helping verbs are:

am is are

Present Simple - Progressive

Every day she goes to school at 8:20. She doesn’t like to be late.

Present Simple - Progressive

Every day she goes to school at 8:20. She doesn’t like to be late. However, today she is sick. She is not going to school, she’s staying home.

Question 1

I (see) __________ him now. He (smile)__________ at me.

Answer 1

I see him now. He is smiling at me.

Adding an ingFor most words we just add ing:


eat


eating


walk


walking

e Rule

If the verb ends with an e:

comejokedance

e Rule

If the verb ends with an e we delete the e and add ing:

comejokedance

e Rule


come

e Rule


com

e Rule


coming

e Rule


joke

e Rule


joking

CVC Rule

CVC Rule

C V C

CVC Rule

If the last three letters of a short word are

(consonant) (vowel) (consonant)

CVC Rule

If the last three letters of a short word are

(consonant) (vowel) (consonant)

We double the last letter, and then add ing.

CVC Rule

runplangethit

CVC Rule

runningplanninggettinghitting

ie Rule

If the word ends with ie:

ie Rule

If the word ends with ie:

tieliedie

ie RuleIf the word ends with ie, we

cross out the ie and add ying:

tieliedie

ie RuleIf the word ends with ie, we

cross out the ie and add ying:

tyinglyingdying

S Rules

With most words we just add an s:

S Rules

With most words we just add an s:eatdrinkwalkburp

S Rules

With most words we just add an s:eatsdrinkswalksburps

S Rules

If the word ends with an s:

kiss

S Rules

If the word ends with an s, we add an es:

kiss

S Rules

If the word ends with an s, we add an es:

kisses

S Rules

Also for:s, sh, ch, x, o

kisswashcatchboxgo

S Rules

Also for:s, sh, ch, x, o

kisseswashescatchesboxesgoes

S Rules

If the word ends with a y:


Words with a normal letter before the y:

flycrytry

Words with a vowel before the y:

playstayspray


Words with a normal letter before the y delete the y and add ies:

fliescriestries


Words with a vowel before the y, receive s as usual:

playsstayssprays

Past Simple

An action that happened in the past.

(person) V2walk = walked

cry = cried

go = went

Past Simple

For negatives and questions we use the helping verb did and the V1 form of the verb.

Did he eat the pizza?No, he didn’t eat the pizza.What did he eat?He ate the donut.

Past Progressive

An action that was in the middle of happening in the past.

(person) was/were (verb)ing

The helping verbs are:

was/were

Past Simple and Progressive

While Ray was sleeping the phone rang. He didn’t answer it.

Question 2

Barney (drive) ____ along the street and he (pay/not) _____ attention. Suddenly he (hit) ______ a traffic light.

Answer 2

Barney was driving along the street and he wasn’t paying attention. Suddenly he hit a traffic light.

Present Perfect

Actions that happened but not in the past.

(1) An action that happened and is still happening.He has delivered 450 letters so far today. He

delivered 800 yesterday.

(2) An action that could still happen.

The bus hasn’t come yet. Yesterday it came late as well.

3. An action that has just happened.

She has arrested Martin.

Time Words

Pastyesterday

last week/month/year

a week/month/year ago

in 1945

Present Perfectsince

for

this week/month/year

ever/never

just

so far

yet

Present Perfect Simple - Progressive

(person) have/has V3

(person) have/has been (verb)+ing

Present Perfect Simple - Progressive

Brian has been fishing for three hours and he’s finally caught a fish.

Present Perfect Simple

We use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about the result of the action:

Brian has caught a fish.

Present Perfect Progressive

We use the Present Perfect Progressive when the action is not finished or when we talk just about the action itself.

Brian has been fishing for three hours

Question 3 Present Perfect Simple - Progressive

Yesterday I (lose) ______ my cellular phone. This morning at 9:00 I (realize) ________ it was gone. I (search) _______ since then but I (find/not) ______ it yet.

Answer 3

Yesterday I lost my cellular phone. This morning at 9:00 I realized it was gone. I have been searching since then but I haven’t found it yet.

Past Perfect

We use the Past Perfect to describe an action that happened before another action, that itself happened in the past.

Past Perfect

George arrived at the harbor, but the ship had already sailed.

Past Perfect

Present = I’m telling the story.

Past = George arrived.

Past Perfect = The ship had gone.

Past Perfect Simple - Progressive

(person) had V3

(person) had been (verb)ing


Robinson didn’t know what to do. He had been trying to find his friends for hours and now it was clear that they had all drowned.


PresentPastPast perfectWe are telling the story.

didn’t know what to do.

He had been trying to find his friends for hours

it was clearthey had all drowned.


Past perfectHe had been trying to find his friends for hoursActionthey had all drowned.Result

Question 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive

I (get) _____ up this morning, (have) ____ a shower and (go)____ into the living room. I (take) ______ one look and (realize) ______ that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.


I (get) got up this morning, (have) ____ a shower and (go)____ into the living room. I (take) ______ one look and (realize) ______ that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.


I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go)____ into the living room. I (take) ______ one look and (realize) ______ that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.


I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) ______ one look and (realize) ______ that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.


I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) took one look and (realize) ______ that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.


I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) took one look and (realize) realized that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.


I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) took one look and (realize) realized that a thief (break) had broken in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.


I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) took one look and (realize) realized that a thief (break) had broken in during the night. He (take) had taken everything while I (sleep) _________.


I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) took one look and (realize) realized that a thief (break) had broken in during the night. He (take) had taken everything while I (sleep) had been sleeping.

Answer 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive

I got up this morning, had a shower and went into the living room. I took one look and realized that a thief had broken in during the night. He had taken everything while I had been sleeping.

The Passive Voice

A Firing Squad

The soldiers shot the spy. The spy was shot by the soldiers.

The soldiers shot the spy. Active

In an active sentence the subject does the action.

The spy was shot by the soldiers. Passive

In a passive sentence the subject does not do the action, but he is the one to whom the action is done.

Passive

(person) be V3 (by agent)

Passive

(person) be V3 (by agent)

PastPresentFuturePerfectModals

waswere

amisare

will behave beenhas been

had been

can becould be

Bob and Arthur caught the big fish.

Bob and Arthur caught the big fish.

personbev3by agent

The big fishwascaughtby Bob and Arthur.

The Passive Progressive Voice

Harry is catching a fish.

Harry is catching a fish.

A fish is being caught by Harry.

The Passive Progressive Voice

To write a passive progressive sentence, we build in like a normal passive sentence but add the word being.

Future Tenses

Future Simple/ Progressive

be going to

Present Simple/ Progressive

Future Perfect Simple/ Progressive

Future Simple/Progressive

Future Simple

An action that will happen in the future.

(person) will (verb)

Future Progressive

An action that will be in the middle of happening in the future.

(person) will be (verb)ing

Can I call you at 5:00?

No, at 5:00 I’ll be eating.

Okay, I’ll call you at 6:00.

be going to

(person) am/is/are going to V1

An action that will happen in the future.

be going to or will

Harry: What are you going to eat for dinner tonight?Bob: I'm going to eat pizza again.Harry But I told you that pizza is not healthy.Bob: Okay, I'll eat salad.

Present Progressive

(person) am/is/are (verb)ing.

An action that is soon and definite.

Present Simple

(person) (verb)

He/She/It (verb)s

An action that is connected to a schedule.

Present Simple and Progressive

He is leaving soon. His plane takes off at 9:00.

Future Perfect

By the time he is twenty Harry thinks he will have been working for Microsoft for two years and he will have made his first million.

Future Perfect

An action that will have happened by some time in the future.

Future Perfect

(person) will have V3

(person) will have been (verb)ing

Modals

What are Modals?

?

1. (person) MODAL v1

A modal is a word that we put between the subject and the v1. Its job is to change the meaning of the sentence.

No modal

I see you.

Modal

I can see you.

No modal

I might see you.

No modal

I must see you.

No modal

I will see you.

(person) MODAL v1

A modal is a word that we put between the subject and the v1. Its job is to change the meaning of the sentence.

After the modal there is no to!

I must to see you.

2. Modals are also helping verbs.

I can see you.

I can’t see you.

Can I see you?

3. Most modals have more than one meaning.

Modals

cancouldwillwouldshallshouldmaymightmust

(person) SEMI-MODAL v1

A semi-modal is a phrase that we put between the subject and the v1. Its job is to change the meaning of the sentence.

The last word of semi-modals is to.

2. Modals are not helping verbs.

I have to see you.

I don’t have to see you.

Do I have to see you?

3. Most semi-modals have only one meaning.

Semi-modals

have toought tobe able to

Gerunds and Infinitives

There are times when we have two verbs, one after the other:

I enjoy dancing.

I agree to dance.

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds

I enjoy dancing.

Infinitives

I agree to dance

Some verbs are followed by gerunds and some by infinitives

admit avoid consider delay deny enjoy fancy finish imagine involve mind miss postpone practice regret risk stop suggest

afford agree appear arrange attempt dare decide fail forget hope learn (how) manage offer pretend promise refuse seem tend threaten

There are three uses of gerunds.After certain verbs.

I suggest going now.

At the beginning of sentences.

Swimming is my hobby.

After prepositions after at before between by during from in into on since with

Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns are used:To combine two sentences.To add more information on a noun.

who

A man lives next door. The man is very friendly.

who


The man who lives next door is very friendly.

who


The man who lives next door is very friendly.

We use who to replace he\she\they.

Which

I bought a computer yesterday. The computer is already broken.

Which


The computer which I bought yesterday is already broken.

Which


The computer which I bought yesterday is already broken.

We use which to replace it\they.

That

The man that lives next door is very friendly.

The computer that I bought yesterday is already broken.

That

The man that lives next door is very friendly.

The computer that I bought yesterday is already broken.

We use that to replace he\she\it\they, but not in every case.

That

In these cases we don't use that. Yesterday I met John, who told me that he's

getting married.

Last night we went to Ann's party, which we enjoyed very much.

Whose

Brian doesn't have a TV.

Brian's children are very clever.

Whose



Brian whose children are very clever, doesn't have a TV .

Whose



Brian whose children are very clever doesn't have a TV .

We use whose to replace he\she\they and also show possession.

When

Oh, it's Friday today! On Fridays I study English.

Oh, today is Friday, when I study English.

Where

This is Maale Adumim. I live in Maale Adumim.

This is Maale Adumim where I live.

When, Where

We use "when" to say when an action happens.

We use "where" to say where an action happens.

Adjectives

An Adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.

Adjectives

There are two typical place where adjectives appear:

1.Before the noun.

2.After the verb be or other linking verbs.

Adjectives

1. Before the noun.

Look at the tall basketball player.

Adjectives

…..the tall basketball player.

Adjectives

1. After certain verbs.

Brian is very tall.

Adjectives

Sometimes we want to compare two nouns.

Adjectives

Harry is taller than Joe, but Joe is more intelligent.

Adjectives

Harry is taller than Joe,..

To compare between two nouns, we add “er” to the adjective and often add the word “than”.

Adjectives

but Joe is more intelligent.

If the adjective is long, to compare between two nouns, we use the word “more” (instead of “er”)

Adjectives

Sometimes we want to compare more than two nouns.

Adjectives

Bao Xishun is the tallest man in the world, but he is not the most attractive.

Adjectives

Bao Xishun is the tallest man in the world..

To compare between more than two nouns, we add “est” to the adjective and often add the word “the”.

Adjectives

but he is not the most attractive.

If the adjective is long, to compare between more than two nouns, we use the word “most” (instead of “est”)

Adjectives

Sometimes we want to talk about equality:

Brian is as tall as his mother.

Adjectives

We express equality with “as Adjective as”

Brian is as tall as his mother.

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that qualify verbs, adjectives or adverbs.

The ugly woman sings beautifully.

The word beautifully is an adverb. It describes a verb.

It describes the way the lady sings.

The very ugly woman sings beautifully.

The word very is an adverb. It describes an adjective.

It describes how ugly the lady is.

The very ugly woman sings extremely beautifully.

The word extremely is an adverb. It describes an adverb.

It describes how beautifully the lady sings.

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that qualify verbs, adjectives or adverbs.

Usually we make an adverb by adding “ly” to an adjectivenice = nicely

quick = quickly

happy = happily

extreme = extremely

There are a few exceptions:

AdjectiveAdverb

goodwell

fastfast

hardhard

latelate

earlyearly

dailydaily

Conditionals

If he studies, he will succeed.

Conditionals


(condition), (result).

Conditionals

He will succeed if he studies .

(result) (condition).

First Condition


(Present Simple), (will) V1.

It will probably happen.

Second Condition

If he studied, he would succeed.

(Past Simple), (would/might/could) V1.

It will probably not happen, hypothetical.

Third Condition

If he had studied, he would have succeeded.

(Past Perfect), (would have) V3.

The time of possibility has passed.

Third Condition Inverted

Had he studied, he would have succeeded.

(Past Perfect), (would have) V3.

It will probably not happen, hypothetical.

Zero Condition

If you freeze water , it turns to ice.(Present Simple), (Present Simple).

Definite Probability.

Nouns

A noun may be a person, a place or a thing:

Nouns

A noun may be something that you can see and feel: A giraffe

Nouns

A noun may be something that you can’t see or feel: Anger

Count Nouns

Count Nouns are nouns that we usually count.

Non-count Nouns

Non-count Nouns are nouns that we usually don’t count.

CountNon-Count

Singular

Plural

Count

SingularEvery singular count-noun must have a words before it:the cat, one cat, my cat

a cat

a/an

In cases where there is nothing special about the noun we use “a” or “an”.

Looking for a parking spot.

a or an

aana manan applea universityan hour

Count

PluralPlural count-nouns might have words before them:the cats, two cats, my cats, some cats, any cats, a lot of cats, a few cats, few cats,

some

We use some to talk about a number, without saying if it is a lot or a little.

Some books could be three or three million.

any

We use the word any instead of some for questions and negatives.

any or some

Do you have any potatoes?

No, I don’t have any potatoes but I have some tomatoes.

a lot of


No, I don’t have any potatoes but I have a lot of tomatoes.

many


No, I don’t have any potatoes but I have many tomatoes.

NOTHING

Do you have potatoes?

No, I don’t have potatoes but I have tomatoes.

a few or few

A few means enough.

Few means not enough.

few

I have few friends here. I’m lonely!

Non-Count

Non-count nouns might have words before them:

the water, my water, some water, any water, a lot of water, a little, little water,

some

We use some to talk about an amount, without saying if it is a lot or a little.

Some water could be three or three million liters.

any

We use the word any instead of some for questions and negatives.

any or some

Do you have any whisky?

No, I don’t have any whisky but I have some water.

NOTHING

Do you have whisky?

No, I don’t have whisky but I have water.

a little or little

A little means enough.

Little means not enough.

a little

Marlene drank a little water. She felt fine.

little

Sheila drank little water on a hot day. She dehydrated.

Reported Speech

Reported Speech

Joe said, “I am tired now.”

Joe said that he was tired then.

Reported Speech

Joe said, “I am tired now.” – Direct Speech

Joe said that he was tired then. – Indirect Speech

There are three possible changes that we make if we wish to convert a sentence from DIRECT to INDIRECT speech.

Changes

If the reporting verb (say, shout, write, answer, whisper, think, mean etc) is in its past form then the verb(s) in the sentence change.



Changes in Tenses

Present simplePast simplePresent ProgressivePast ProgressivePresent Perfect SimplePast Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect Progressive

Past SimplePast Perfect SimplePast ProgressivePast Perfect Progressivewillwouldshallshouldcancouldmaymightmusthad to

Changes

Pronouns sometimes change especially I, we and you.



Changes

Time Expressions often change:



Time Expressions

agobeforelastthe previousnextthe followingnowthenthisthattodaythat daytomorrowthe following day

Example

Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”

Example


Smith said…

Example


Smith said they…

Example


Smith said they had elected…

Example


Smith said they had elected him

Example


Smith said they had elected him three years before

Example


Smith said they had elected him three years before, he

Example


Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working

Example


Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us

Example


Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and

Example


Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped

Example


Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped he could count

Example


Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped he could count on our vote

Example


Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped he could count on our vote the following day.

Reporting Questions

Reporting Questions

The detective said, “Are you John Smith?”

The detective asked if he was John Smith.

Changing Questions to Indirect Speech If the reporting verb (say, shout, write, answer,

whisper, think, mean etc) is in its past form then the verb(s) in the sentence change.

Pronouns sometimes change especially I, we and you.

Time Expressions often change:

Also

We add either “if” or “whether” in yes/no questions.

In Wh questions we add the Wh word.

The question takes the form of a normal sentence. Not a question.

Reporting Questions



We add either “if” or “whether” in yes/no questions.

Reporting Questions



The question takes the

form of a normal sentence. Not a question.

Reporting Questions

The detective said, “What is your name?”

The detective asked what his name was.


Reporting Instructions


The teacher said, “Be quiet”

The teacher told us to be quiet.




We usually use words like “told” instead of “said”.




We usually change the reporting verb to told, ordered etc.

We add the word to before the verb.

Tag Questions

We use tag questions:

1. When we think we know the answer.

2. For rhetorical questions.

Tag Questions

We’re lost, aren’t we?

You don’t know where we are, do you?

Tag Questions

Every tag question has two parts:

The statement

You don’t know where we are,

Tag Questions

Every tag question has two parts:

The statement, the tag


The statement and the tag are opposites.

StatementTag

PositiveNegative

NegativePositive

The tag is always TWO words.

We’re lost, aren’t we?


Grammar

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