Gramática Inglesa I

Gramática Inglesa I

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GRAMÁTICA INGLESA I


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ÍNDEX

Pág.

UNIDAD I: PARTE DE LA GRAMÁTICA Y SUS FUNCIONES 4

INTRODUCTION 4 NOUNS 4 THE PLURAL OF NOUNS 4 PROPER NOUNS 4 THE POSSESSIVE OF NOUNS 5

PRONOUNS 5

OBJECT PRONOUNS 6 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 6 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 6 RELATIVE PRONOUNS 7

ARTICLES 7

INDEFINITE ARTICLES 8 DEFINITE ARTICLES 8

ADJECTIVES 9 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 10 DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES 10

VERBS 11 A SHORT LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS 11 A SHORT LIST OF RREGULAR VERBS 12

ADVERBS 14

PREPOSITIONS 15 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 15 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION 16

GERUNDS AFTER PREPOSITIONS 16

CONJUNCTIONS 17

UNIDAD II: TIEMPOS SIMPLES, CONTÍNUOS Y PERFECTOS 18

THE SIMPLE PRESENT 18

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 19

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE 21

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE 22

THE FUTURE TENSE 23

TAG QUESTIONS 23

THE CONDITIONAL TENSE 25

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 26

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE 26

UNIDAD III: LENGUAJE DIRECTO E INDIRECTO 28

REPORTED SPEECH 28


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SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – SIMPLE PAST TENSE 28

REPORTED SPEECH AND MODAL VERBS 29

SIMPLE PAST TENSE – PAST PERFECT TENSE 30

INDIRECT REQUESTS 30

UNIDAD IV: VOZ PASIVA 32

PRESENT PASSIVE VOICE 32

PAST PASSIVE VOICE 33

PASSIVE VOICE WITH MODALS 34

THE PERFECT PASSIVE VOICE 34

UNIDAD V: VERBOS FRASEADOS 36


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UNIDAD I: PARTE DE LA GRAMÁTICA Y SUS FUNCIONES

INTRODUCTION Grammar is the study of the structural relationship of words combined in a sentence, and the system of rules that governs this relationship.

NOUNS

A noun refers to person, place, thing or idea. Everything that exists and has a name is a noun.

THE PLURAL OF NOUNS

Nouns usually form their plural by adding an ‘-s’ at the end of the word, but there are some exceptions:

1. Words that end in ‘s, ch, sh, x’ add ‘-es’ Class – classes church – churches fax – faxes flash –

flashes

2. Words that end in ‘-y’ preceded by a consonant change into ‘-ies’ Body – bodies copy – copies salary -salaries

3. Words that end in ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ change into ‘-ves’

Calf – calves wolf – wolves knife - knives Irregular cases man – men goose – geese mouse – mice child - children woman -.women foot - feet louse - lice

tooth – teeth Make sentences using the plural of the nouns 1. exercise – easy The exercises are easy. 2. goose – yard ………………………………. 3. policewoman – street ………………………………. 4. scarf – warm ………………………………. 5. peach – delicious ………………………………. 6. mouse – awful ………………………………. 7. bus – comfortable ………………………………. 8. foot – small ………………………………. 9. child – noisy ………………………………. 10. documentary – interesting ……………………………….


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THE POSSESSIVE OF NOUNS

When we use nouns in the Possessive, the structure is like this: My father’s name is Robert When the nouns are in plural, we just add an apostrophe: My parents’ house is very old. Complete these exercises with the possessive of nam es. 1. The secretary of Mr. Cruise. ………………………………………………………….. 2. The book of Louis. …………………………………………………………... 3. The teacher of my brothers. …………………………………………………………… 4. The boyfriend of Jenny. …………………………………………………………… 5. The calculator of my professor. …………………………………………………………… 6. The husband of Mary. …………………………………………………………… 7. The children of Nick. …………………………………………………………… 8. The computer of my friends. …………………………………………………………… 9. The apartment of my sister …………………………………………………………… 10. The bedroom of my cousins ……………………………………………………………

PRONOUNS Pronouns are words that are used in the place of a noun and have the same function and position. Here is a list of the main pronouns used in English:

Subject pronouns

Object pronouns Relative pronouns Reflexive pronoun s

I me = me, a mi mine = Mío Myself = Mi mismo You you = te, a ti yours = Tuyo Yourself = Ti, tu,

mismo He him = lo, a él his = Suyo Himself = El mismo She her = la, a ella hers = Suya Herself = Ella misma

It it = lo, (impers.) its = Suyo Itself = A si mismo We us = nos ours = Nuestro ourselves = Nosotros

mismos You you = su, de uds. yours = De uds yourselves = Uds,

mismos They them = su, de ellos theirs = suyo themselve

s = Ellos

mismos


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OBJECT PRONOUNS

Object pronouns replace nouns when they are used as objects, that is to say, they go after the verb. Complete these exercises with the corresponding obj ect pronoun 1. I love my brother ……………………………………………………… 2. I need my money ……………………………………………………… 3. They know Lucy ……………………………………………………… 4. They lost their keys …………………………………………………….. 5. Give my regards to your mother …………………………………………………….. 6. He is with my sisters ……………………………………………………... 7. The professor helped you and me …………………………………………………….. 8. I don’t have your pencil ……………………………………………………... 9. Look at my dogs ……………………………………………………… 10. I love my father and my mother ………………………………………………………

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

They also have the function of a noun and they can be used as subjects and objects. My house is bigger than yours . (object) Ours is bigger but more expensive (subject) Rewrite these statements using possessive pronouns 1. My father is younger than her father = My father is younger than hers . 2. Why don’t you take our car? …………………………………………………………………………….. 3. I’d rather live in your apartment. …………………………………………………………………………….. 4. My job is really hard. …………………………………………………………………………….. 5. I used to live in their neighborhood. …………………………………………………………………………….. 6. I like his answer better than my answer. …………………………………………………………………………….. 7. I’d rather live in your world than live without you in my world ……………………………………….…………………………………….

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Reflexive pronouns are used in the following situations: 1. When the subject and the object are the same: She washes herself 2. After a preposition when talking about the subject: He bought it for himself. 3. To emphasize the importance of the subject: I wrote it myself .


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Complete these exercise with reflexive pronouns 1. We were doing the homework by …………………………………. 2. The little cat was washing …………………………………………. 3. My friends went into the kitchen and helped …………………….. 4. You must learn to do your things by ……………………………… 5. I said to ……………………….that I was doing the right thing. 6. My mother doesn’t like to look at ………………….into the mirror 7. Robert is going to be all by …………………………………………

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Relative pronouns are used to connect a relative clause to the rest of the sentence:

The house that is on the corner is very old ‘that is on the corner’ is a relative clause, and the pronoun ‘that’ is used to connect it to the rest of the sentence: The house is very old. Some relative pronouns: That (que) Who (que, quien) Where (donde) Whom (a quien, con quien) Which (que, el cual) Complete these statements with the appropriate relative pronoun: 1. That is the place …………..I used to live. 2. Michael is the guy to ………….she was married. 3. I am going to tell you ………is in charge here. 4. The book ………….is on the table. 5. That was the car ………..was on sale. 6. You must talk to the secretary ………is on the corner. 7. Send the letter to …………..it may concern. 8. You must leave the files …….you found them.

ARTICLES Articles are used before nouns , and they are used to express the kind of noun we are talking about. Position : They usually go before a noun, or before an adjective that is modifying a noun. The girl in a white dress.


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INDEFINITE ARTICLES

A – an : They are called Indefinite articles, because we use them to refer to something that is not specific or known :

A car (which car?) A girl (which girl?) These articles are only used in the singular form:

I saw a movie last year (Which movie did you see?)

DEFINITE ARTICLES

The: Definite articles refer to something specific or unique , something we know about, or something we have mentioned before.

The car (we know this car) The sky is blue (unique thing) ‘The’ is also used with geographical locations and terms: the Atlantic Ocean, the floor, the air. These articles can be used both in singular and plural form. Give me the documents that are on the table. I signed the document yesterday morning.

Insert definite or indefinite articles 1. I saw ……..accident on ……….street yesterday 2. …….car that was on sale was very expensive 3. There is ….new kid on …….. block 4. Give me …….kiss before you go 5. Astronauts on ……….spaceship can see ………….earth from ……….sky 6. When I went to …………..beach, ………….sea was very calm. 7. There was ……lot of traffic and …………air was very polluted. Remember that the article ‘the’ is used when we refer to something unique and specific .

• I love the coffee that mother prepared (we refer to our mother’s coffee, not any coffee) • There are some clouds in the sky (sky is unique)

We don’t use any article:

1. When we refer to things in general , or as a group: • I don’t like coffee

2. With proper nouns, countries and cities . • I told John that I’d like to live in London, but he’d rather live in North America. Exceptions: the United States, the United Kingdom

3. With days and months . • I was born in March. • I love Mondays.


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Insert ‘the’ where appropriate. 1. I think love is a mental disorder 2. words you told me were very cruel 3. she is visiting Michael in Europe 4. planes fly like birds fly in sky 5. doctor that lives next door is very good

ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun. A great party A wooden chair An old guy

Position : Before the noun they are describing:

A nice boy An intelligent girl After some verbs: to be, seem, become, get, grow, go, taste, look

My father is sick After indefinite pronouns — such as something, someone, anybody — something horrible , someone nice Some characteristics of adjectives 1. They are dependent , that is, they cannot stand on their own. 2. They don’t have a plural form, or a masculine or feminine form. 3. Adjectives never change. 4. They can be used in the comparative and superlative forms . Underline the adjectives. Then translate the senten ces. 1. A blunt challenge to the United States’ closest allies in the Arab world. 2. The ethnic food I tried yesterday tasted awful. 3. The Senate neared a crucial vote on John R. Bolton today. 4. By releasing political prisoners and allowing free expression. 5. The new legislation is really modern. 6. The fact that no new western movies have been made lately is really disappointing. Rearrange these sentences 1. seemed – secretary – very - new – the – efficient

1. The new secretary seemed very efficient 2. amazing – had – manager – performance – the – sales - an 3. very - present – unfriendly – my – looked – boyfriend 4. seen – good – we – everything - have 5. realized – was – I – reliable – then – he – really – that 6. creative - offices – need – people – many –


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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

I my mi, mis you your tu, tus he his su, de él she her su, de ella It its su, de animal o cosa we our nuestro, nuestra they their su, de ellos o ellas

Complete with possessive adjectives according to th e subject 1. I am in ............................classroom. 2. Patrick lives in .................own house. 3. We study in .....................room. 4. Mother has lunch in ................office. 5. The secretaries talk to ............boss. 6. This is Mr. Truman and this is .............wife. 7. The boys are playing in .................garden. 8. The cat is sleeping in ....................little house. 9. You are a student and this is ................institute. 10. We are happy to be with ......................family.

DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES Adjectives can express degrees of modification : • Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie is the richest woman

in town.

Positive Comparative Superlative rich richer the richest lovely lovelier the loveliest beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful

Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees:

Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms

good better the best bad worse the worst little less the least Much Many Some

more the most

far farther the farthest The as — as construction is used to create a comparison expressing equality: • He is as strong as his father. • She isn’t as intelligent as her mother.


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Complete these sentences using the comparative or s uperlative form of adjectives 1. Which car do you like …………. (good), the blue one, the red one or the white one? 2. I like the white one ………………….(good) the blue one. 3. I think that playing truant is .........................(bad) thing a good student should do 4. This class isn’t ……………………....(interesting) the previous one 5. Which is the …………………….....(crowd) place in Santiago? 6. Today, I feel .................................(happy) yesterday 7. This is one of ........................................(expensive) areas in town 8. Next week, you will have to get up .......................(early) usual 9. The Antarctic is the ...........................(cold) place in Chile. 10. And the Atacama desert is ......................(dry)

VERBS Verbs express action. It is almost impossible to build a meaningful statement without the use of verbs. Roughly, verbs are divided into two groups: regular verbs and irregular verbs. Regular verbs form their past tense and past participles by adding the ending ‘-ed’ to the root: Live – lived indicate – indicated play – played Irregular verbs don’t follow any rule to form their past tense and their past participles:

put – put eat – ate begin – began write – wrote go - went

A Short List of Irregular Verbs in English Base form Past tense Past participle Spanish be (am-is-are) was-were been = ser, estar begin began begun = empezar, comenzar bring brought brought = traer buy bought bought = comprar choose chose chosen = elegir come came come = venir cost cost cost = costar cut cut cut = cortar do did done = hacer drink drank drunk = beber drive drove driven = conducir, manejar eat ate eaten = comer fall fell fallen = caer feel felt felt = sentirse find found found = encontrar fly flew flown = volar, viajar en avión forget forgot forgotten = olvidar get got gotten = obtener, conseguir


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give gave given = dar go went gone = ir grow grew grown = crecer, cultivar have had had = haber, tener, servirse hear heard heard = oir, saber de keep kept kept = mantener, guardar know knew known = saber, conocer lose lost lost = perder make made made = hacer, fabricar meet met met = conocer, encontrarse con pay paid paid = pagar put put put = poner quit quit quit = dejar, abandonar, renunciar read read read = leer ride rode ridden = andar en, cabalgar run run run = correr, administrar see saw seen = ver sell sold sold = vender set set set = fijar, establecer sit sat sat = sentarse sleep slept slept = dormir speak spoke spoken = hablar spend spent spent = pasar (tiempo), gastar (dinero) take took taken = tomar, llevar teach taught taught = enseñar, hacer clases de tell told told = decir a alguien think thought thought = pensar, creer, opinar wake woke woken = despertar wear wore worn = usar (ropa, lo que se lleve en el

cuerpo) welcome welcame welcome = dar la bienvenida write wrote written = escribir

A Short List of Regular Verbs Base form Past tense Past participle Spanish accept accepted accepted = aceptar advise advised advised = aconsejar answer answered answered = responder apologize apologized apologized = disculparse arrive arrived arrived = llegar ask asked asked = preguntar, pedir book booked booked = reservar call called called = llamar change changed changed = cambiar check checked checked = chequear, revisar, constatar check-in checked-in checked-in = registrarse al ingresar check-out checked-out checked-out = registrarse al irse confirm confirmed confirmed = confirmar


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cry cried cried = llorar, gritar decide decided decided = decidir enjoy enjoyed enjoyed = disfrutar, pasarlo bien exercise exercised exercised = ejercitar, hacer ejercicio hate hated hated = odiar (gente), detestar (cosas) help helped helped = ayudar introduce introduced introduced = introducir, presentar a alguien invite invited invited = invitar like liked liked = gustar listen listened listened = escuchar live lived lived = vivir look looked looked = mirar, parecer, verse love loved loved = amar (personas), encantar (cosas) manage managed managed = administrar, arreglárselas move moved moved = mover, conmoverse notice noticed noticed = notar, darse cuenta, fijarse offer offered offered = ofrecer order ordered ordered = pedir, ordenar organize organized organized = organizar pack packed packed = empacar, embalar plan planned planned = planear, planificar play played played = jugar, tocar un instrumento,

representar prefer preferred preferred = preferir realize realized realized = darse cuenta recommend recommended recommended = recomendar refuse refused refused = rechazar, negarse a remember remember remembered = recordar repeat repeated repeated = repetir request requested requested = solicitar, pedir reserve reserved reserved = reservar return returned returned = retornar, volver start started started = comenzar, empezar stay stayed stayed = permanecer, quedarse study studied studied = estudiar suggest suggested suggested = sugerir talk talked talked = conversar taste tasted tasted = probar, saborear (comida) travel traveled traveled = viajar treat treated treated = tratar, invitar y pagar try tried tried = tratar, intentar, hacer el esfuerzo type typed typed = escribir a máquina, tipear, digitar use used used = usar visit visited visited = visitar walk walked walked = caminar want wanted wanted = querer, desear wash washed washed = lavar watch watched watched = observar, mirar, ver work worked worked = trabajar, funcionar


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ADVERBS Adverbs are words that modify • a verb (He drove slowly . — How did he drive?) • an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?) • another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?) Adverbs tell us when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Position Some adverbs can move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard. • Perfectly, the professor explained his class. • The professor speaks perfectly well. • The professor taught his class perfectly . Others have a more definite position in the sentence, such as the adverbs of frequency : • Before the main verb : I never get up before nine o'clock. • After an auxiliary verb : I have rarely attended church. . Adverbs are often derived from adjectives and they frequently end in –ly: Slow – slowly particular - particularly However, not all words ending in –ly are adverbs. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives

That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

Special cases: Adjective adverb Good well Bad bad, badly Fantastic fantastically Fast fast Hard hard Kinds of Adverbs: Adverbs of Manner (How?) She moved slowly and spoke quietly . Adverbs of Place (Where?) She has lived on this neighborhood all her life. She still lives there now.


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Adverbs of Frequency (How often?) She takes the boat to the mainland every day . She often goes by herself.

Adverbs of Time (When?) She goes home before dark . It's starting to rain now . She finished her job first . She arrived early .

Discriminate between adjectives and adverbs 1. I took a slow bus yesterday 2. The driver was driving very slowly 3. I used to write awfully bad . 4. The plane was flying terribly high . 5. This homework was hard to do. 6. I can hardly understand what you say. 7. She seemed to be very friendly.

Complete these statements with the appropriate alte rnative 1. It was a very ……………….. movie (good-well) 2. My hand was moving …………… (fast – fastly) 3. I don’t speak very …………………….( good-well) 4. She did it …………………………….. (fantastic – fantastically) 5. Yesterday I felt ……………………… (awful – awfully) 6. She answered ……………………….bad (terrible – terribly)

PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are words that are used to connect a noun with other words. Prepositions are used to express relations of time, place, manner, purpose and others.

The problem with prepositions is that they can be used for different purposes and have different meanings. For example:

I studied for the test (purpose) I studied for an hour (time)

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

about: about noon after: after the show at: at five o'clock after class at last (finally) after two by: by midnight (no later than) for: for an hour from: from Monday to Friday in: in the evening on: on Monday (day of the week) in 2007 on April 12th (date) in seven days on time (punctual) in time (early enough) past: a quarter past three to: a quarter to six


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PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION around: He went around the corner. at: We were at home. down: The library is down the hall. I ate at a restaurant. from: The new boss is from Brazil She smiled at me. . The port is two miles from here in: He lives in a nice place. inside: The boy was inside the room We stayed in Canada. of: My house is north of yours on: We sat on the roof. through: She walked through the forest. She slept on the train. to: We went to school. up: He went up to the second floor. with: He travelled with me. Complete these exercises with prepositions

1. I am going to be there …………..time. I love to be punctual. 2. Classes started ……………….March 30th. 3. I will arrive there………..four, no later than that. 4. I had to walk three floors …………….to the first floor. 5. When I got there, everybody was ……………..the classroom 6. I love to run …………..the trees in a forest. 7. Classes are………….Monday ……Wednesday. 8. I’ll be there ………..one thirty, that is, ………….for lunch. 9. My house is far…………..here. 10. The institute is at the center ………….the city.

GERUNDS AFTER PREPOSITIONS

When a verb is used after a proposition , it takes the function of a noun . Consequently, it is used as a gerund. Thank you for coming Write these verbs as gerunds

1. She could make it by …………..faster (drive) 2. The boss insisted on……………….(type) the letter himself. 3. You should have lunch before………………. (come) 4. I am tired of ………………..up early every day (get) 5. We look forward to ………………. from you soon (hear). 6. She was punished for ………………late (be) 7. They had a drink after …………..……the game (watch) 8. We have tried everything, from …………(read) to ……………(write) 9. She was afraid of …………………another mistake (make) 10. Are thinking about ……………..married? (get)


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CONJUCTIONS They are words that are used to connect two parts of a sentences. For example: Mr. Ross is the manager of the enterprise and he is also the owner. There are two kinds of conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect two sentences that are grammatically equal. Some of these conjunctions are: and, but, or, for, yet, so: I wanted to be a lawyer, but my father had a different opinion. Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect two sentences when one of them is dependent on the other. Some of these conjunctions are: although, because, since, as I tried to call you, although I knew you were not there. Discriminate between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions 1. I looked for a new job because the pay was very bad. 2. The job was good, but it was a little too far. 3. As you were never at home, it was impossible to find you. 4. She got up earlier, since she had to take the bus. 5. The manager gave me your address, so I was able to contact you.


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UNIDAD II TIEMPOS SIMPLES, CONTÍNUOS Y PERFECTOS

THE SIMPLE PRESENT This verbal tense is used to express something that is done on a regular basis, that is, something habitual, recurrent.

I go to school in the mornings. He She It

works sleeps studies plays

I We You They

have get up go to school go to bed

in a restaurant until noon. English soccer and volleyball a new friend early in the afternoon late

Complete these sentences 1. My father ……………in a hospital (work) 2. We……………………English in college (study) 3. My friends ………….. soccer on weekends (play)

4. I ……… …………..Spanish at home (speak) 5. Julia ……… …………in the park (walk) 6. My husband …….with the housework (help)

Wh-questions

does

he she it

What Where How What time

do

I we you they

do in the evenings? go on vacation? get to work? get up on Saturdays? study at INSEC? go to school? like school?

Complete these sentences 1. What……………your father……………….? (do) 2. Where………….you………………………..? (study) 3. When……………your sister………………..? (get up)

4. Where………..your parents…………? (work) 5. How…………you…………..…English? (like) 6. What time ………..Mr. Miller……………..? (leave)

Short answers Yes, I do Yes, he does. Yes, we do. No, I don’t No, he doesn’t. No, we don’t.


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Reading passage Hello. My name is Judy Garland. I go to high school. My brother Joe takes an English class with me and my sister Helen works in a travel agency. We live alone, because our parents live in another city. We all help with the housework: I make the beds and I like it, my brother sets the table and my sister cooks dinner, but they don’t like it very much. Complete these answers and answer these questions 1. ……….Judy………to high school? Yes, …………………………………………………………………. 2. What ……..her brother do? He …………………………………………………………………… 3. Where …….her sister…………..? She ………………………………………………………………. 4, ……….they………….alone? …………., they…………………………………………………….. 5. Where……….their parents…………….? They………………………………………………………………… Translation exercises 1. Me sirve de experiencia este trabajo. 2. ¿Dice dónde proviene la consulta? 3. Los bancos son instituciones que le prestan dinero a quienes no lo necesitan. 4. La forma en que el jefe te habla me desagrada. 5. A él le encanta la forma en que trabajas. 6. Esta calculadora científica no funciona muy bien. 7. ¿Tiene que trabajar de noche el gerente de ventas? 8. A la secretaria administrativa le carga manejar la correspondencia. 9. El nuevo proyecto no lo dirige el gerente de personal 10. El acta la tiene que leer la secretaria

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE This verbal tense is used to express an action that is happening at the moment of speaking; it is also used to express a temporary action, something that is done as an exception, not as a rule.

I am living in Santiago now. I am working now He She It

Is

We You They

Are

sleeping walking eating

in this moment at present right now these days this week this semester


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Complete these sentences 1. My father ……………travel……………now 2. We…………………study…….……English this year. 3. My friends …………play…………in the yard

4. I …………write…………..these exercises now 5. Julia and Fred………walk…………in the park 6. My husband ……….help………with the housework

Wh-questions

am I is

he she it

What Where

are

we you they

doing? studying? going? living?

Complete these sentences 1. What……………your father……………….? (do) 2. Where………….you………………………..? (study) 3. What……………your sister………………..? (write)

4. Where………..your parents…………? (work) 5. What…………you………………….for? (wait) 6. Where ………..Mr. Miller……………..? (go)

Short answers Yes, I am Yes, he is. Yes, we are. No, I’m not No, he isn’t No, we aren’t. Reading passage Hello. My name is Judy Garland. I am going to high school now. My brother Joe is taking an English class and my sister Helen is working in a travel agency. We are living alone now, because our parents are travelling abroad. They are staying in Thailand these days. I am helping with the housework and my sister is cooking dinner. Complete these answers and answer these questions 1. Is Judy………to high school? Yes, …………………………………………………… 2. What ……..his brother doing? He ……………………………………………………… 3. Where …….sister…………..? She …………………………………………………… 4, ……….they………….alone? …………., they…..…………………………………… 5. What……….their parents……….? They …………………………………………………… 6. Where……they…………these days? They ..…………………………………………………


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7. Who……helping with the …………? ….…… ……………………………………………… 8. What ….her sister…………………? Her……………………………………………………… Exercises on translation: 1. Las pruebas las están tomando en el segundo piso ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Estamos contestando este ejercicio ahora.

….……………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. ¿Qué está haciendo el profesor? ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. Está chequeando nuestras respuestas

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. En la calle está lloviendo ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE Verbs are used in the past tense only in the affirmative form.

We studied English yesterday (study)

Complete these sentences with these verbs in the pa st tense: 1. We ……………..a party yesterday (have) 2. My friends really……………………..it (enjoy) 3. Most of my friends …………………..over (come) 4. They …………………….some good CDs (bring) 5. We ……………………to he music (listen) 6. Some of my friends ……………………….(dance) 7. Others……………………….something to eat (make) 8. We …………………………hot dogs and hamburgers (eat) 9. Paul and my brother ……………..out shopping (go) 10. They …………………..some beer and Coke (buy) To make questions, you use the auxiliary verb ‘did’ and the verb returns to its basic form.

Did you study for the test? Where did you go last Sunday? For negative statements, use the negation ‘did not’ or ‘didn’t’ . We didn’t say that. My father did not go to work yesterday. Complete the following sentences in the past tense with the verbs in parentheses: 1. Last vacation, we……………….a good vacation (have) 2. We…………………….(go) to the beach. My father ……………….(drive) and we

……………….(watch) our CDs and video games in our notebooks. 3. …………….you ………………….a good time? (have)


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4. Yes, we …………………… When we …………………….(get) to the beach, we ………………….(go) walking, and in the afternoon some of us ……………………. (swimming)

5. I ………………….(not – want) to go swimming because it was very cold. In the afternoon, we …………………..(use) to go to a small town. There we ……………….(see) a lot of people.

6. I ……………….a good time (have), but my sister …………………(have) a boring time. 7. She …………………..(not like) to go out, so she ………………………(stay) at home and

………(not want) to go out. She……………….(speak) on the phone. 8. My mother ……………………….her (tell) that she …………….too much (talk). 9. My sister ………………………..(answer) that she ………………….(miss) her boyfriend,

and my mother ……………….(laugh) 10. What……………..my brothers …………..? (do) Translation exercises 1. La semana pasada tuve que ir a una reunión de consejo. 2. ¿Con quien fuiste? 3. Fui con el gerente de ventas y su asistente. 4. ¿Qué te pareció la reunión? 5. Me pareció interesante, pero mi jefe se aburrió. 6. Ayer llegué tarde al trabajo 7. ¿Qué te dijo tu jefe?

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE The Past Continuous Tense refers to an action that was in progress in a specific time in the past, or when another action interrupts it. I was living in my old house when I got married.

I He She It

was

We You They

were

reading working writing walking eating

Complete these statements with ‘past continuous ten se’ or ‘simple past tense’

1. I ………………….(answer) the phone when my boss ……………………….(arrive) 2. When we ……………..(go) out in the street it ……………………(rain) very heavily. 3. We ……………….(get) completely wet because we ……………………(not-use)

umbrellas. 4. As I ……………(not-feel) very well, I ………………..(have) to leave the meeting in

the middle of it. 5. My assistant …………….(sit) next to me, so she ………………….(offer) to help me. 6. I ………….(feel) embarrassed because our visitor ………………..(wear) a suit

identical to mine.


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THE FUTURE TENSE There are two ways how to express future. By using the auxiliary verb ‘will’ , or by using the expression ‘going to’ When to use ‘will ’. 1. When there is no certainty about the future: I will probably be here at five. 2. Forcing someone to do something: You will get here tomorrow before six. 3. When something is inevitable: We’ll all die sometime. 4. To express a decision that is made without previous consideration: I will prepare

dinner. When to use ‘Going to’ . a) To express something that has been planned or decided beforehand: I’m going on

vacation with my husband next week. Change these sentences into the appropriate future according to its use. 1. Tomorrow is another day. …………………………………………………………………….. 2. You must stay here for one more hour. …………………………………………………………………….. 3. I get married next year. …………………………………………………………………….. 4. We go to the beach next week. …………………………………………………………………….. 5. Winter starts on July 21st ……………………………………………………………………... 6. Maybe she has a baby next year ……………………………………………………………………...

TAG QUESTIONS We use Tag questions when we want to receive a confirmation from the person we are talking to:

Tomorrow is Tuesday, isn’t it? You can also use Tag questions when we are not certain about what we are saying.

You live around here, don’t you?

The format of Tag questions consists on using the corresponding auxiliary of the original statement but in the opposite form, positive if it is negative and negative if the original is positive. Alex was studying, wasn’t he? And at the end of the Tag, we have to use the corresponding personal pronoun.


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Exercises on verb to be 1. Your father isn’t working, ……………………………………… 2. The books are on the table, ……………………………….. 3. You were in class, ……………………………………………. 4. These exercises aren’t easy, ………………………………… 5. The cat was playing on the sofa, ……………………………. 6. Miss Lucy is the new secretary, ………………………….. 7. Our neighbors weren’t very nice , ………………………………. 8. The cell phone was not receiving messages, …………….. Exercises on simple present 6. I don’t speak very fast, …………………………………… 7. Your mother lives around here, …………………………….. 8. Doctors work very hard, ……………………………………… 9. Some people do it better, ……………………………………. 10. My husband doesn’t drive well,……………………………… Exercises on simple past tense 1. The manager left early, ……………………………………….. 2. The suppliers didn’t send it back, ……………………………. 3. We didn’t receive the quotation, ……………………………... 4. You had to pay cash, ………………………………………….. Exercises on future and conditional 1. We will have to do it again, ……………………………………… 2. It won’t happen again, …………………………………………… 3. Mary would appreciate it, ……………………………………….. 4. Robert wouldn’t like that, ………………………………………... Exercises with modals 1. Miss Grant should be back by now, ……………………………… 2. You can’t do that, …………………………………………………... 3. The boys couldn’t have answered it alone, ……………………… Compound tenses 1. Sheila has called abroad many times, ……………………………. 2. The letter was dispatched on time, ……………………………….. 3. The supplier had forgotten the order, …………………………….. Mixed exercises 1. We used to live together, ……………………………? 2. The manager will not be in his office, ……………….? 3. You could help me a little, ……………………………? 4. Maria has always wanted to live alone, ………………….? 5. Sonia doesn’t work here anymore, ……………………….? 6. Chile is always being affected by earthquakes, …………………….?


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THE CONDITIONAL TENSE For the conditional tense, we use the auxiliary verb ‘would’ . This verbal tense is used to express an idea that has not been decided yet and that depends on other circumstances. I would love to play soccer, but … “Would ” is also used to make polite requests, the same as will . Will you please send me a mail? Would you please send me a mail? Would you mind sending me a mail? Make polite requests 1. I need a digital camera (will - lend) 2. Will you please lend me your camera? 3. I have to get home early (would – take – home)

……………………………………………………………. 4. I cannot answer the phone (would – mind – answer)

……………………………………………………………. 5. I need two dollars to make a phone call (would – lend)

……………………………………………………………. 6. I need to write a letter of complaint (will – write)

…………..…………………………………………………… 7. You must come tomorrow at five (would – mind –

come)………………………………………………………….. “Would ” is also used in the following expressions: ‘I would rather’ , meaning, I prefer . “I’d better ”, meaning ‘It would be better’ Rewrite these sentences 1. It would be better that you go home = You’d better go home.

I prefer to stay home= I’d rather stay home 2. It would be better if I finish my job soon

……………………………………………………………….. 3. I prefer to take a taxi home

……………………………………………………………….. 4. It would be better that you put it in writing

……………………………………………………………….. 5. I prefer to take it easy

……………………………………………………………….. 6. It would be better if we say it in English

……………………………………………………………….. 7. I prefer to get early to work

………………………………………………………………..


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THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE We use the Present Perfect Tense to refer to an action that started in the past and that continues into the present: I have studied English for three years.

I We You They

have

He She It

has

studied English lived here worked in this place been an assistant gone to the beach

very often. many times. since last year. for two years a few times. for a while. since this morning.

In this verbal tense, we are not worried about dates, but about the amount of time we have performed the activity. The Simple Past Tense, on the contrary, always states the date or the place when or where the action took place: I studied English in 2008. I studied it at INSEC. Complete these statements with either the simple pa st tense or the Present Perfect Tense: 1. I ………(start) to work right after school and I ……………………..(work) in the same place

for a long time. 2. My boss ………(buy) his apartment last year and ……………………(live) there since then. 3. We………………(be) married for a long time, since we ………………(meet) in 1991. 4. Laura ………..(to) to the beach at six , and …………………..(stay) there all the morning. 5. Lucy ………….(take) the phone after class and ………………(not –stop) talking. 6. It …………….(begin) to rain last night and it………………(rain) until now. 7. My father ………..(leave) work at seven and ………………(not-get) home yet.

Exercises on translation 1. Esta empresa (estar) en el mercado de la fruta por 10 años 2. (Comenzar) con 10 empleados y una sucursal 3. Durante los últimos 5 años (crecido) hasta convertirse una de las más importantes en el

área 4. Especialmente desde que (firmar) un acuerdo comercial con los países de Asia 5. Sus exportaciones (aumentar) desde que los países asiáticos (interesarse) en hacer

negocios con nuestro país 6. ¿Cuánto tiempo (trabajar) en esta empresa?

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE We use the Past Perfect Tense to refer to an action that started some time in the past and that finished in a moment before now. I had tried to find a new job many times before I got this one.


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The Past Perfect is usually used in combination with the Simple Past to contrast an action that took place in the past before another action: I had bought my house when I got married. The action of buying a house happened before the action of getting married . Complete these statements with either the Simple Pa st Tense or the Past Perfect Tense 1. He……..……(start) to work in a good place when he ……………..(decide) to move to

another city. 2. The class ………………..(begin) when my friend Susan…………….(enter) into de

classroom. 3. I ……………………….(send) a lot of CVs when I finally ………………..(receive) a good job

offer. 4. When Jonathan ……………….(get) to the bus stop, the bus ………………………(already –

leave) 5. When the airline ………………(call), our boss ………………………(take) another flight 6. The exchange rate …………….(go) up when we ………………..(try) to change our money. 7. The passengers ………………..(be) a long time at the bus station, when the bus finally

……………(appear) Exercise on translation 1. La señora Amalia (sentarse) en el escritorio y (prepararse) para tipear la carta que su jefe

(dictarle) el día anterior. 2. Para sorpresa suya, (descubrir) que alguien (usar) su computador antes que ella y

(borrar) toda la información que ella (tener) en su carpeta. 3. Como el jefe (decirle) que la carta (ser) de mucha urgencia, ella buscar las notas que

(tomar ) el día anterior. 4. Afortunadamente, (recordar) donde (guardarlas) así que no (tener) problemas para

imprimir el documento tal como su jefe (pedírselo). 5. Yo no (ver) a mi ex secretaria por un largo tiempo.


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UNIDAD III LENGUAJE DIRECTO E INDIRECTO

REPORTED SPEECH This structure is used when we want to say what other person said , but using our own words . We are not repeating what he or she said, but we are reporting his or her words. When the reporting verb is in the past tense, (she said, told me…), then the statement reported is usually changed into the past tense, too.

Direct statement Indirect statement

Anne said, “I am feeling fine” Anne (She) said that she was feeling fine.

Mind that the personal pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns must also change accordingly.

• Mike said, “My father is very angry with me” • Mike said that his father was very angry with him .

Time expressions also change:

Now then, at the time, immediately Today, tonight that day, that night Yesterday the day before, the previous day Two days ago two days before Last month the month before, the previous month Last night the night before, the previous night This week that week Tomorrow the following day, the day after Next month the following month, the month after,

Alice told me, “I am happy today ” Alice told me that she was happy that day .

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PAST TENSE My father said, “The music is too loud” My father said that the music was too loud. Exercises.

1. Miss Ross said, “My students love my classes” 2. Some students said, “Our professor repeats the same exercises” 3. Mr. Thomas said, “My students make me so happy with their translations” 4. Mrs. Collins said, “My new student writes in English very well”. 5. Some of my classmates told me, “We are very pleased to be in class with you” 6. Johanna told his boyfriend, “My mother doesn’t cook as well as your mother”. 7. The Clerks told me, “We are going to use your car to take our child to the Zoo”. 8. Mrs. Jones said, “Our son looks like me and I am very pleased for that”. 9. James said, “I usually eat at home but sometimes I just have a glass of milk”. 10. My mother told me, “I am going to ask your father about my future”.


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REPORTED SPEECH AND MODAL VERBS These modal verbs change in this way when they are used in reported sentences.

Is was Are were Can could Must should, had to Will would May might

Exercises.

1. Michael said, “My mother will come tomorrow.” 2. My father told me, “You must study more.” 3. Jennifer told me, “I can help you now if you want to.” 4. Alice said, “I may go with my boyfriend.” 5. Harry said, “There will an office party next week.” 6. My uncle said, “I can’t come home without my wife.” 7. Judith said, “My father will take me home next month.” 8. Jack said, “I am taking my mom to a TV talk show tomorrow.” 9. My parents said, “We will live with you for ever.” 10. Charles said, “I must meet my wife at home.”

Exceptions The reported sentences may keep its original verbal tense in the following situations: a) When the reporting verb is in the present tense.

Peter says, “I like English.” Peter says that he likes English. b) When the action has happened very recently and i t is still going on.

Alice said, “There is food in the refrigerator.” Alice said that there is food in the refrigerator c) When it refers to universal laws.

Einstein said, “Energy is the heart of the universe.” Einstein said that energy is the heart of the universe.

Exercises:

1. Mr. Eggs said, “Two and two are four.” 2. My mother said, “The food is ready” 3. Albert said, “My house is near your house.” 4. My sister said, “Your clothes are in your room”. 5. My teacher said, “The sun rises from the East.” 6. My father says, “I am so proud of you.” 7. The students said, “Summer is hot in Chile”.


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SIMPLE PAST TENSE PAST PERFECT TENSE

Alice said, “I took a trip to Florida” Alice said that she had taken a trip to Florida

1. Mary said, “I learned just a little last semester”. 2. My brother said, “I saw my girlfriend with another guy yesterday”. 3. My neighbors said, “We bought our house last year”. 4. Diane said, “I found a new apartment downstairs”. 5. Mrs. Clinton said, “I did everything and I got nothing in return”. 6. My girlfriend’s father told me, “I was very angry with my daughter when I saw her with

you”. 7. I said to my mother, “Your food was delicious last night”. 8. My mother said to me, “I prepared it very carefully for you and your boyfriend”. 9. My sister told me, “My professor promised to help me but he never did”.

Exercises on Reported Speech. 1. Laura said, ‘After I finished high school, I took a travel through South America’. 2. Mike said, ‘I was very selfish with you last week.’ 3. My father told me, ‘You don’t understand that life is just beginning’. 4. My friends said, ‘We are not going to give up’. 5. Alice said, ‘There are only a few people in the meeting’. 6. My boyfriend told me. ‘I will never leave you alone if you never betray me.’ 7. I answered, ‘I cannot believe in your words because you betrayed me with my best

friend.’ 8. He replied. ‘It was your friend who started everything. I asked her to leave me alone.’ 9. I finally said to him, ‘You are responsible of your actions. I will never forgive you for

that.’ 10. Our professor told us, ‘You are good students, but you must be more careful with your

English, because that is good for you.’

INDIRECT REQUESTS You use indirect requests when you ask someone to give a message to another person . Indirect requests are considered polite, as we usually say :”Can you, Could you, etc.” Direct Request: Michael, can you help me? Indirect request: Can you ask Michael if he can help me? There are four main ways how to make indirect requests:

a) Statement: b) Imperatives c) Yes/no questions d) W/h questions.

a) Statements:

There’s a party on Saturday. Could you tell Patrick that there’s a party on Saturday?


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b) Imperatives: Speak in English. Can you ask the students to speak in English?

Don’t speak in Spanish. Would you mind telling your students not to speak in Spanish?

c) Yes/no questions:

Are you coming tomorrow? Would you please ask Sophie if she’s coming tomorrow?

d) Wh-questions:

Where do you work? Why don’t you ask Brian where he works?

Mind that the indirect requests keep the same verba l tense of the direct request.

Change into indirect requests the following requests and statements:

1. How much does it cost? (the salesman) a. Can you ask the salesman how much it costs?

2. Is your mother at home? (Mary) 3. Don’t forget your promise. (your boyfriend) 4. This class is boring. (Michael) 5. Where is the supermarket? (the policeman) 6. Do you live alone? (your brother) 7. Turn off your phone. (your students) 8. What time did you get home last Thursday? (my sister) 9. Can you help me? (the professor) 10. Where does your brother go to school? (Jazmin)


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UNIDAD IV VOZ PASIVA The Passive Voice is formed with the verb “be” + the past participle of the main verb. The Passive Voice is used when the action is more important than the person who performs it: English is spoken everywhere When we mention the agent, this is placed at the end preceded by the preposition ‘-by’ . Commercial English is used by companies that deal with foreign trade. The Eiffel Tower was designed by G..Eiffel.

PRESENT PASSIVE VOICE

Soccer is played around the world Soccer players

are admired by their fans

Change the following statements into passive voice 1. Many people access Facebook everyday.

………………………………………………………… 2. They speak English and French in Canada

………………………………………………………… 3. Chile exports wood, fish and copper

…………………………………………………………. 4. They change foreign money at foreign exchange offices

……………………………………………………….. 5. Commercial banks grant loans at low interest.

………………………………………………………….. 6. They close shops and stores on Sundays.

………………………………………………………….. 7. The receptionist answers many phone calls during the day.

………………………………………………………….. 8. Some secretaries use Internet translators to finish their work.

………………………………………………… 9. They sell illegal copies of movies and songs on some streets.

…………………………………………………. 10. The chief of personnel assigns the personnel to his job

stations…………………………………...………………….. Translation exercises 1. En este lugar se practican muchos deportes 2. Este es el libro que se usa en clases 3. A la secretaria la necesitan en recepción 4. En voz pasiva, los verbos se usan en pasado participio y el sujeto se le considera sin

importancia 5. La mayoría de los artículos electrónicos que usan en Chile se importan desde Asia


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6. En esta oficina se hacen muchas llamadas al exterior y se reciben muchas consultas. 7. Me necesitan en la recepción 8. Después que se redacta un contrato, este es revisado y firmado por el gerente 9. A ti te consideran muy bien en tu trabajo 10. En el verano se compra y vende muchas frutas y verduras

PAST PASSIVE VOICE In the Past Passive Voice, the original sentence is the simple past tense , and when it is changed into passive voice, the verb to be is also used in the same tense, that is, in the past: was – were . This mail was received yesterday. Change these sentences into the past passive voice 1. Columbus discovered America in 1492

…………………………………………………………... 2. They used the radio in many places before TV came over.

…………………………………………………………... 3. John Travolta starred Grease in the 80s.

…………………………………………………………... 4. The native Indians spoke many dialects before the Spaniards arrived

……………………………..………………………………………………... 5. The Spanish conqueror destroyed many beautiful cities and towns.

…………………………………………………………………………. 6. Bill Gates created the system Windows before he was thirty.

…………………………………………………. 7. Ships transported most of goods from one continent to the other in the 19th

century………………………………... 8. The Asian goods invaded the western markets in the 80s.

…………………………………………………………. 9. The yen, the pound and the euro surpassed the value of the dollar in the world markets

…………………………………………………………………….…………………………... 10. Asian countries exported cars and electronics after the middle of the 20th century.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Translation exercises 1. ¿Cuando se inventó el automóvil.? 2. En América se cultivaban verduras que no se conocían en Europa 3. La forma en que hombre solía viajar fue modificada después que se inventó el avión. 4. Al comienzo, todos los artículos electrónicos se producían en Europa. 5. Ahora se fabrican y se arman en Asia 6. Durante muchos años, se consideró a Marilyn Monroe como el símbolo de la mujer

Norteamérica 7. Al comienzo, los aviones se utilizaban para fines o propósitos militares 8. Durante el siglo 19, a muchos trabajadores no se les pagaba con dinero. 9. Les daban tickets que se cambiaban por alimentos o mercaderías 10. Al pasajero se le pidió que dijera su nombre y su actividad


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PASSIVE VOICE WITH MODALS We can use Passive Voice with modals, such as can, may, might, will , etc. Commercial English must be used in foreign trade. The structure in this case is like this: English

can could may might will would must should

be

used learned taught read written

through practice.

Change these statements into passive voice using mo dals 1. They could repeat the same exercise tomorrow.

………………………………………………………… 2. They will repair the road during the summer

………………………………………………………… 3. The professor must correct our exercises in the following class

………………….……………………………………………………… 4. The manager should direct the meeting

………………………………………………………… 5. They might answer the questions in English

………………………………………………………… 6. They will send the quotations by mail

………………………………………………………… Translation exercises 1. El cheque debe ser cobrado antes del lunes 2. De lo contrario, el dinero será retirado de la cuenta 3. Se pueden prometer muchas cosas, pero pocas se pueden cumplir 4. No se deberían algunas tantas cosas sin hacer 5. Se podría incluir una nueva persona al directorio 6. La oficina sería arrendada antes de fin de año 7. Se debe pagar un mes de arriendo por adelantado 8. Puede que esta factura se cancele de inmediato 9. Las mercaderías no serán despachadas a tiempo 10. Los documentos de embarque deben ser adjuntos con la orden

THE PERFECT PASSIVE VOICE The structure of the Perfect Passive Voice is the following:

This printer has been used for many years Those envelopes have been printed in the same way.


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Change these sentences into perfect passive voice 1. The secretary has sent the inquiry letters since last Monday ………..………………………………………. 2. They have written the contracts in both languages for years. …………………………………………………. 3. They have used this office as a reception for a long time. …………………………………………………. 4. They have packed the goods in crates with extra padding. …………………………………………………. 5. The general accountant has checked the balance of the year. …………………………………………………. 6. They have signed the reports without comments. …………………………………………………. 7. They assigned the personnel manager a new position. …………………………………………………. 8. The secretary has left the order forms on the manager’s desk. …………………………………………………. Exercises on translation 1. Se han construidos muchos caminos los últimos cinco años. 2. Se han inventado una gran cantidad de artículos eléctricos desde que se descubrió la

electricidad 3. El jefe necesita todas las cartas que se han recibido hoy en la mañana 4. Los proveedores recibirán mucho dinero por las mercaderías que se han producido y

exportado este año 5. Al jefe y su asistente los han visto juntos en todas las reuniones de directorio. 6. Se han escrito muchas palabras acerca de la libertad y la justicia, pero poco se ha hecho

al respecto. 7. Esta carta la han modificado como 5 veces esta mañana 8. A los océanos los han contaminado desde comienzos del siglo pasado 9. Cuando empezó la campaña publicitaria los nuevos computadores ya habían sido

lanzados al mercado. 10. La información que se había perdido ya ha sido recuperada


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UNIDAD V VERBOS FRASEADOS Phrasal verbs are verbs made up of a verb plus a preposition or an adverb: The plane took off at five o´clock. ‘Take off’ is a phrasal verb made up of the verb ‘take’ and the preposition ‘off’ . Its meaning is completely different from the original verb ‘take’ . Find the meaning of the following phrasal verbs in the following statements:

1. I was passing by and I decided to call on you for a while. 2. As it was getting dark, we had to call off the second set of the tennis match. 3. Take your phone and don’t forget to call me up . 4. The idea of the party came about after dinner. 5. As I am going to be near your house, I will probably come by after lunch. 6. The new manager came up with the idea of rising salaries. 7. Everybody has to fill in the blanks of the test. 8. If you want to know the answer, you have to find it out for yourself. 9. Get on the bus now, before it’s too late. 10. We have to get off at the next bust stop. 11. Get out of the car, we are at home. 12. You have to continue trying, don’t give up so fast. 13. When you get to the hotel, you have to check in at the counter. 14. Don’t forget to pay your stay before you check out. 15. Look at the sky, it is raining. 16. What are you looking for? My glasses, I don’t know where they are. 17. Look out… ! There is a dog on the street… 18. Pick up your book. It is on the floor. 19. It’s very cold outside. You should put on your coat. 20. The meeting was put off until tomorrow. 21. This book is so interesting that I can’t put it down. 22. This woman is so unpleasant that I can’t put up with. 23. Take off your coat if it is not too cold. 24. You must take the cat out of your room. It stinks.

El presente texto ha sido preparado para el C.F.T. INSEC en el Año 2009 por el profesor Sr. Igor Arriagada González.

Se faculta al C.F.T. INSEC, para inscribir el presente texto en el Derecho de Autor.

Edición corregida, Santiago abril de 2012.

Gramática Inglesa I

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