Grain Export Systems

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Australian Grain Industry

• Australia produces over :

o >20 million tonnes of wheat

o >2.5 million tonnes of pulses (chickpeas, lentils, peas, etc); and

o >4.9 million tonnes of oilseeds (canola and cotton seed) annually

o > 8 million tonnes of barley

Australian grain production areas

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Australian Grain Exports

• Australia exports over 70% of grain, pulses and oilseed it produces

• Australia is considered a supplier of high quality grains, as reflected in the international demand for Australian produce

• Key trading partners include, Asia & Middle East

Australian major wheat exports

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Legislation

• Australia’s export system is supported by the Export Control Act (1982) and underlying orders, including:

o Export Control (Prescribed Goods – General) Order 2005o Export Control (Plants and Plant Products) Order 2011

• These orders define Australian grain export requirements, and ensure compliance with the requirements of importing countries.

Australia’s Three Tick Process of Phytosanitary Inspection

• Registration of export establishment and maintenance of hygiene and pest control measures–Regular audit

• Inspection of transport units (vessel holds, containers, conveyors, etc) prior to loading export compliance goods

• Inspection of goods with nil tolerance for live injurious insects

Export Registered Establishment

• The Export Control Act (1982) and its subordinate legislation enable the Australian Government to register premises that prepare goods for export, subject to compliance with defined requirements.

• Prescribed goods must be prepared and presented for inspection by Authorised Officers at an export registered establishment.

• The purpose of registering an establishment is to:• ensure that the facilities are fit for purpose for the preparation and

inspection of prescribed goods for export• ensure that appropriate hygiene and pest control measures are

maintained, and• enable effective sanctions if an establishment fails to meet the required

standards through suspension or revocation of registration or through suspension of export operations at an establishment.

Inspection of Transport UnitsInspection of Empty Containers

Authorised Officers inspect empty containers before they are load with compliant prescribed goods to assure that the container will not alter the pest or disease status of the goods during transit.

Inspection of Empty Bulk Vessels

Similar to containers, Authorised Officers inspect bulk vessels, in particular the empty holds, to detect any infestations, residues or other faults that could change the state of compliant prescribed goods in transit.

Inspection of Conveyors

The Authorised Officers inspect conveyors used to transport grain from the point of inspection to the point o loading into containers or vessel holds

Inspection of Goods• All prescribed goods must be inspected and certified by an Authorised

Officer at a registered establishment.

• The exporter must present export compliant goods for inspection. Live injurious insects in inspected samples are not tolerated and infested goods are not be permitted to leave Australia unless the presence of pests are below specific importing country tolerance levels.

• Prior to inspection, the exporter must apply for an export permit by completing a Notice of Intention to Export Prescribed Goods or a Request for Permit and providing supporting documents.

• Once the Authorised Officer has inspected the goods and is satisfied they meet the requirements of Australian export legislation and the importing country, the officer will sign and stamp the export permit at the bottom of the Notice of Intention or authorise the Request for Export Permit and send an inspection record to the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources

Outline of Phytosanitary inspection requirements

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• The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) places responsibility on the National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs) for the inspection of consignments of plants and plant products moving in international trade, particularly with the object of preventing the introduction and/or spread of pests” Article IV.2c of the IPPC,1997.

• The results of inspection allow an inspector to decide whether to accept, detain or reject the consignment, or whether further analysis is required..

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Objectives of Sampling

The objective of sampling for phytosanitary inspection is toobtain a sample:• of a size suitable for analysis; • from locations in which probability of a constituent being

present is determined only by its level of occurrence in the lot and

• to validate importing country’s requirements by inspection of representative sampling.

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Assumptions made during inspection• Inspection of entire consignments is often not feasible, so

phytosanitary inspection is usually based on representative sampling (ISPM No 31).

• The use of inspection as a means to detect the presence of pests is based on the following assumptions:o the pest of concern, or the signs or symptoms they cause, are

visually detectableo inspection is operationally practicalo some probability of pests being undetected is recognized

• When inspection is used as a risk management option, there is a certain probability that a pest present in a consignment or lot may not be detected.

Review of inspection system and Transparency

Review: NPPOs should conduct periodic reviews on import and export inspection systems to validate the appropriateness of their design and determine any adjustments needed to ensure that the are technically sound. Audits should be conducted in order to review the validity of the inspection systems. An additional inspection may be a component of audit.

Transparency: As part of the inspection process, information concerning inspection procedures for a commodity should be documented and made available on request to parties concerned –in application of the transparency principle –ISPM 1 Principles of plant quarantine as related to international trade.

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Sampling for Phytosanitary Certification

• For diseases not detectable by sight, phytosanitary certificates are issued based on laboratory test results, area freedom certificates, crop inspection reports or a combination of these.

• The IPPC allows for the inspection of packaging and mode of conveyance.

• Australia requires mandatory inspection and approval of shipping containers, bulk vessels and conveyors before loading export compliant goods.

Australian Grain Supply Chain and Sampling

Grain Sampling by Packer

Grain Sampling by Farmer

Phytosanitary Sampling and Inspection Nil Tolerance for: Live insects Live or dead Mouse

Containers are sealed prior to loading on trucks

Containers must be exported within 28 days of inspection

Grain sampling Apparatus and Techniques

• Manual Sampling: Double tube compartment probe, one inside the other, equipped with spiralled ports that open sequentially from bottom to top.

• Vacuum or Pneumatic Probe: An alternative to the manual sampling probe and consisting of a hand held or remotely controlled probe which retrieves grain through the use of a vacuum or other air movement system.

• Continuous flow sampling: Bulk grains can be sampled automatically while moving on a conveyor. 10kg samples are taken at an interval of 30-40 seconds. The samples go through dividers and a 2.25L/33.33T is diverted to the AO for inspection.

Comparison of Australia’s Sampling Rate with other countries

Country Samplingrate,kg/33.33tonne

Australia ≈1.70Canada GrainStream:0.33

Railcars:1.00Japan Holds:0.85

Hatch:2.90NewZealand Class2Imports:0.02

Class1Imports:1.32UnitedKingdom Stores:1.65

Lorries:3.33USA Grainstream:0.30

Railcars:0.90China Holds:1.53

Hatch:4.05ISO BulkandBagged:1.33or1kg/25tlotISTA 1.33kgor1kg/25tlot

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Sampling Rates to detect various levels of insects infestation in Grains at 95% confidence level

• The current Australian sampling rate has the potential to detect the presence of 3 insects per tonne at the 95% confidence level

No of insects/tonne Sampling Rate, kg/33.33 tonnes

0.1 5000.5 101.0 53.0 1.655.0 1.010.0 0.5

DepartmentofAgricultureandWaterResources

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