Graduate Program of Management and...

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4 Metode Pengambilan Contoh 4 Metode Pengambilan Contoh Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc Graduate Program of Management and Business Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 1

Transcript of Graduate Program of Management and...

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4 Metode Pengambilan Contoh4 Metode Pengambilan Contoh

Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc

Graduate Program of Management and Business

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 1

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4. Sampling Design

Gathering information from a subset toGathering information from a subset to gain understanding of a larger group.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 2

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SamplingSamplingWhat is Sampling?p g

The study in detail of a small number of respondents drawn from a larger p gpopulation.

The results from the sample are usedto calculate the results that would haveto calculate the results that would have been obtained had a census been taken

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 3

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Census and SamplingCensus is the inclusion of every member of the defined target population into the research study.S li i th l ti f ll b f l t fSampling is the selection of a small number of elements from a larger defined target group of elements.Samplings main objective is to allow researchers to makeSamplings main objective is to allow researchers to make informed decisions on the basis of limited information about a total population.o a popu a o

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 4

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The One and Only Goal inThe One and Only Goal in Sampling!!

Select a sampleSelect a sample that is asthat is as representative

iblas possible.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 5

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Sampling IssuesSampling Issues

SAMPLE DESIGNH h ld li i b l dHow should sampling units be selected

SAMPLE SIZEHow many sampling units should be selectedHow many sampling units should be selected

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 6

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Development of a Sampling Plan

1 Define the Target Population

p p g

1. Define the Target Population

2. Select the Data Collection Method

3. Identify the Sampling Frame(s) Needed

4. Identify the Appropriate Sampling Method5. Determine the Necessary Sample Sizes and Overall Contact Rates

6. Create an Operating Plan for Selecting Sampling UnitsSampling Units

7. Execute the Operational Plan

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 7

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A Classification of Sampling Techniques

Sampling TechniquesSampling Techniques

Non probability Sampling Techniques

Probability Sampling Techniques

Simple Random Sampling

Other Sampling Techniques

Convenience Sampling

Judgmental Sampling

Cluster Sampling

Systematic Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Quota Sampling

Snowball Sampling

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 8

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Types of Probability Sampling Designs

•Every sampling unit making up the defined target population has a known equal non zero chance of being

Simple Random Samplingequal, non-zero, chance of being

selected into the sample.•Similar to simple random sampling, but requires that the defined target

Systematic Random Samplingbut requires that the defined target population be naturally ordered in some way, i.e customer list.

R i th ti f th•Requires the separation of the defined target population into different subgroups (strata), and the selecting of samples from each stratum

Stratified Random Sampling

of samples from each stratum.

•Clusters are the mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive Cluster Sampling

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 9

subpopulation groupings that are then randomly sampled.

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Pengambilan Contoh Acak Sederhana

Pengambilan contoh acak sederhana ini didasarkan pada pemilihan suatu kelompok dari n unit pengambilan contoh, dimana tiap contoh dari n contoh mempunyai peluang/kesempatan yang sama untuk dapat dipilih, dengan catatan bahwa contoh mempunyai latar belakang (sosial ekonomi) yang

frelatif sama.

Pengambilan contoh acak sederhana dapat dilakukan sebagai berikut: g p gsetiap elemen/anggota populasi diberi nomor, kemudian contoh yang kita ingini diambil dengan menggunakan tabel bilangan acak sampai jumlah contoh yang diinginkan tercapai

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 10

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PENGAMBILAN CONTOH

ACAK (random)Sifat populasi relatif homogen

pendidikand tpendapatan

umurproduktivitas dstproduktivitas dst

Ada dua carawith replecement (diambil dimasukan lagi) sehingga tiga sampel punyawith replecement (diambil dimasukan lagi) sehingga tiga sampel punya peluangwithout replecement (diambil satu persatu terus menerus) sehingga tiap sampel maik lama punya peluang yang makin besarp p p y p g y g

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 11

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Probability Sampling TechniquesProbability Sampling Techniques

Si l R d S liSimple Random SamplingEach population member, and each possible sample,h l b bilit f b i l t dhas equal probability of being selected

Stratified SamplingThe chosen sample is forced to contain units fromeach of the segments or strata of the population

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 12

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Simple Random pSampling (SRS)

1 Select sampling frame1. Select sampling frame

2 Assign each element a number2. Assign each element a number

3. Generate n (sample size) random numbers

4. The numbers generate denote the elements that are to be included in the sample

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 13

that are to be included in the sample

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Probability Sampling Techniques (Contd.)

Systematic SamplingInvolves systematically spreading the sample through y y p g p gthe list of population members

Commonly used in telephone surveysy p y

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 14

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Systematic Samplingy p g

1 Select sampling frame1. Select sampling frame2. Each element is assigned a number

3. Determine the sampling interval or fraction

N i l i (N) 500 000(N) 100No. in population(N) eg. 500,000(N) = 100No. desired in sample(n) 5000(n)

4. Select a random number between 1 and 100 eg. 505. Select element number 50, add sampling interval (100)p g ( )

for second sampling unit (150), then repeat eg. 250,350,450......

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 15

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Probability Sampling TechniquesProbability Sampling Techniques

Stratified Samplingp gThe chosen sample is forced to contain units fromeach of the segments or strata of the population

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 16

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Pengambilan Contoh Acak Berstrata

Pengambilan contoh acak berstrata ini didasarkan pada pembagian elemen-elemen/anggota populasi kedalam strata-strata/group menurut latar belakang (sosial gg p p g p g (ekonomi) dan memilih secara acak contoh dari setiap strata/group yang dibuat.

Pada prinsipnya, dasar yang digunakan untuk stratifikasi adalah sifat atau variabel yang p p y y g g y gmenjadi perhatian khusus dalam analisa. Kompleks tidaknya stratifikasi tersebut tergantung dari jumlah/banyaknya sifat atau variabel yang menjadi perhatian dalam analisa.

Pengambilan contoh acak berstrata ini relatif lebih efisien daripada pengambilan contoh acak sederhana dan sistematik. Selain itu, contoh yang diambil dapat mewakili populasipopulasi.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 17

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Probability Sampling TechniquesProbability Sampling TechniquesTypes of Stratified SamplingTypes of Stratified SamplingProportionate Stratified Sampling Number of objects/sampling units chosen from each group is proportional to number in populationCan be classified as directly proportional or indirectly proportional stratified samplingDisproportionate Stratified SamplingSample size in each group is not proportional to the respective group sizesg pUsed when multiple groups are compared and respective group sizes are small

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 18

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Stratified Samplingp g1. Select sampling frame

2. Select stratification factor closely related to survey purpose

3 Divide sampling frame into strata3. Divide sampling frame into strata

4. Take a SRS or systematic sample from each stratum.

Size of sample selected in each stratum can be

• proportionate - to size of stratum relative to population

• disproportionate - reflecting variation in stratump p g

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 19

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Disproportionate Stratified SamplingDisproportionate Stratified Sampling

11 8Ch i 11.8

6.0

Large Chains

Large Independents

45.4

17.0

g p

Small Chains 17.4

9.5

65.2

27.7Small Independents

POPULATION SAMPLE

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 20

POPULATION SAMPLE

Source: Nielsen Marketing Research

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Probability Sampling Techniques (Contd.)

Cl t S liCluster SamplingInvolves dividing population into subgroups Random sample of subgroups/clusters is selected and all members of subgroups are interviewed Very cost effectiveUseful when subgroups can be identified that are

t ti f ti l tirepresentative of entire population

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 21

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A Classification of Cluster SamplingA Classification of Cluster Sampling CLUSTER SAMPLINGC US S NG

ONE-STAGE SAMPLING

MULTISTAGE SAMPLING

TWO-STAGE SAMPLING

Simple Cluster Sampling

Probability Proportionate

to Sizeto Size Sampling

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 22

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Cluster Sampling(Multi-stage)1. Costs of SRS too high where face to face interviews

involved - need to cluster interviews

2. For national political opinion polls, take SRSof constituencies - STAGE 1of constituencies STAGE 1

3. For each constituency selected, take SRS of polling districts - STAGE 2

4 For each polling district selected take SRS of4. For each polling district selected, take SRS of electors for interview - STAGE 3

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 23

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Pengambilan Contoh BertahapPengambilan Contoh Bertahap

Dalam teknik pengambilan contoh bertahap ini contoh yang diinginkanDalam teknik pengambilan contoh bertahap ini, contoh yang diinginkan diperoleh melalui beberapa seleksi (2 atau 3 tahap seleksi), misalnya, pekerjaan pada tahap pertama ialah menyusun nama-nama desa yang d di k t dit liti k di ik d t hada di kecamatan yang diteliti, kemudian menarik desa contoh

sebanyak yang diinginkan. Pada tahap kedua, pekerjaan dimulai dengan membuat daftar nama nelayan yang ada di tiap desa contoh, kemudian menarik nelayan contoh untuk desa-desa tersebut. Ilustrasi diatas merupakan contoh dari pengambilan contoh kedua.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 24

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Ada beberapa keuntungan dari pengambilan contoh bertahap, p g p g p,antara lain: menghemat waktu perjalanan dan biaya wawancara, apabila penelitian mencakup daerah yang luas; tidak memerlukan pembuatan kerangka pengambilan contoh yang lengkap.pembuatan kerangka pengambilan contoh yang lengkap.

Namun, pengambilan contoh bertahap ini mempunyai kelemahan sebagai berikut : pelaksanaannya agak rumit; memrlukan perhitungan-perhitungan yang lebih sukar dibandingkan dengan cara lainnya.y

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 25

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Nonprobability SamplingNonprobability sampling is the sampling process where the probability of selection of each sampling unit is unknown.Data results can’t be used to makeData results can t be used to make predictions about the defined target population; it is limited to just the people whopopulation; it is limited to just the people who provided the raw data in the survey.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 26

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Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling

Costs and trouble of developing sampling frame are eliminated

Results can contain hidden biases and uncertaintiesuncertainties

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 27

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Types of Nonprobability Sampling Designs

•Drawn based on the convenience of the researcher or interviewer of when and where the study is being conducted

Convenience Sampling(Accidental Samples)

where the study is being conducted.

•Participants are selected based on an experienced individual’s belief

Judgment Sampling(P i S li ) an experienced individual’s belief

that the prospective respondent will meet the requirements of the study.

(Purposive Sampling)

•Selection of prospective participants based on prespecified quota requirements.

Quota Sampling

•Practice of identifying and qualifying a set of initial prospective respondents who can help the researcher identify Snowball Sampling

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 28

p yadditional people to be included in the study.

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Pengambilan Contoh Tanpa PeluangCara ini dapat digunakan hanya apabila pengambilan contoh dengan peluang tidak dapat dilakukan. Beberapa g p g p pcara pengambilan contoh tanpa peluang ialah pengambilan contoh secara sengaja (purposive sampling or judgemental sampling), pengambilan contoh secara kebetulan (accidental sampling or convenience sampling) dan pengambilan contoh kuota (quota sampling)

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 29

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Non-probability Sampling Techniques (Contd.)JudgmentalJudgmental"Expert" uses judgement to identify representative samplesSnowballForm of judgmental samplingAppropriate when reaching small specializedAppropriate when reaching small, specialized populationsEach respondent, after being interviewed, is asked to

fidentify one or more others in the appropriate group

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 30

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Non-probability Sampling Techniques (Contd.)

ConvenienceUsed to obtain information quickly and inexpensively

QuotaMinimum number from each specified subgroup in the populationOften based on demographic data

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 31

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Nonprobability SamplesNonprobability Samples

CONVENIENCE - sample elements are included because theyCONVENIENCE sample elements are included because theyhappen to be where the study is being conducted when it being conducted.

JUDGEMENT - sample elements are hand-picked because they are expected to serve the research purpose.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 32

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Nonprobability SamplesNonprobability Samples

QUOTA - the proportion of sample elements possessing a certainQUOTA the proportion of sample elements possessing a certaincharacteristic is approximately the same as the proportion with the characteristic in the population.

SNOWBALL li th h bilit t l t i iti lSNOWBALL - relies on the researchers ability to locate an initialset of respondents with the desired characteristics;these individuals are then used as informants tothese individuals are then used as informants to identify still others with the desired characteristics.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 33

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Pengambilan Contoh Secara Sengaja

Dengan teknik ini, peneliti menentukan/memilih dengan sengaja contoh yang akan diteliti dengan tujuan menyajikan atau menggambarkanyang akan diteliti dengan tujuan menyajikan atau menggambarkan beberapa sifat didalam populasi

Pengambilan Contoh Secara Kebetulan

Dalam teknik ini, peneliti memilih/mendapatkan contoh dari orang-orang yang secara kebetulan dijumpai atau diingat. Teknik ini merupakan suatu yang dilakukan apabila kerangka pengambilan contoh tersediasuatu yang dilakukan, apabila kerangka pengambilan contoh tersedia, atau dapat dibuat dan waktu yang tersedia cukup.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 34

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Pengambilan Contoh Secara KuotaPengambilan Contoh Secara Kuota

P bil t h k t i i d tPengambilan contoh secara kuota ini dapat digunakan untuk meminimumkan bias didalam

bil t h t l Dpengambilan contoh tanpa peluang. Dengan teknik ini, kuota contoh dapat ditentukan untuk k l k l i S t l h it dkelompok populasi. Setelah itu, dengan cara kebetulan atau sengaja, pengambilan contoh dil k k i j l h t h di l kdilakukan sampai jumlah contoh yang diperlukan untuk tiap kuota terpenuhi.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 35

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Quota Sampling An ExampleQuota Sampling An Example

P l ti S l C itiQuota Control PopulationComposition %

Sample Compositionn=1000

GENDERGENDERMaleFemale

4852

480520

AGEAGE18-3031-45

2739

270390

46-6061+

1618

160180

SEGSEG.ABC1C2DE

4060

400600

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 36

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Sample Sizep

How large is large enough?How large is large enough?Why go larger?

Why go smaller?

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 37

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Methods of Determining Sample g pSize

Si th t ‘ k d’ i iSize that ‘worked’ in a previous survey

Cost per interview method

Statistical methods

Analysis of sub-groups method

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 38

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Typical Sample SizesTypical Sample Sizes

PEOPLE OR HOUSEHOLDS INSTITUTIONSNUMBER OF

National Regional/Special National Regional/SpecialNUMBER OF SUBGROUPS

ANALYSIS

None or few 1000 - 1500 200 - 500 200 - 500 50 - 200

Average 1500 - 2500 500 - 1000 500 - 1000 200 - 500

Many 2500+ 1000+ 1000+ 500+

(Source: Sudman, 1976)

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 39

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Determining Appropriate Sample SizeDetermining Appropriate Sample Size

Variability of the Population Characteristic Under Investigationy p ggreater the variability of the characteristic, the larger the size of the sample necessary.

L l f C fid D i d i th E ti tLevel of Confidence Desired in the Estimatehigher the level of confidence desired, the larger the sample size needed.

Degree of Precision Desired in Estimating the Population Characteristicmore precise the required sample results, the larger the necessary sample sizenecessary sample size.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 40

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What Should Determine Sample Size?What Should Determine Sample Size?

Variation within population.Only variation that matters is area of interest.

How important is it that you be right?Confidence and precision.Confidence and precision.

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 41

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What Often Does Effect Sample Size

BudgetWhat if the budget is not large enough? Should the project be canceled?project be canceled?

Rules of ThumbWhat if client requests a size that is too large or small?What if client requests a size that is too large or small?

Number of Sub-groupsMay need to treat each as an individual sampleMay need to treat each as an individual sample.When?

Metode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 42

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Ukuran Sampel PopulasiUkuran Sampel PopulasiUntuk menentukan ukuran sampel dari populasi, kita

k Sl i (1960) b i b ikmenggunakan rumus Slovin (1960) sebagai berikut :

Nn = ukuran sampel

n NNe

=+1 2n = ukuran sampel

N = ukuran populasie = nilai kritis (batas ketelitian) yang diinginkan (persen

Ne+1 2e nilai kritis (batas ketelitian) yang diinginkan (persen

kelonggaran ketidak telitian karena kesalahan pengambilan sampel populasi

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UKURAN SAMPEL UNTUK BATAS-BATAS KESALAHAN YANG DITETAPKAN

POPULASIBatas_batas Kesalahan

± 1 % ± 2 % ± 3 % ± 4 % ± 5 % ± 10 %500 * * * * 222 83

1 500 * * 638 441 316 941 500 638 441 316 942 500 * 1 250 769 500 345 963 000 * 1 364 811 517 353 974 000 * 1 538 870 541 364 985 000 * 1 667 909 556 370 986 000 * 1 765 938 566 375 987 000 * 1 842 959 574 378 998 000 * 1 905 976 580 381 999 000 * 1 957 989 584 383 999 000 * 1 957 989 584 383 99

10 000 5 000 2 000 1 000 588 385 9950 000 8 333 2 381 1 087 617 387 100

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PERENCANAAN SURVAIAgar survai dari suatu penelitian dapat memberikan hasil yang optimal, maka kita harus memperhatikan hal-hal sebagai berikut :

1. Pernyataan Tujuan.Tujuan survai harus dinyatakan secara padat dan jelas serta cukup mudah untuk di

mengerti oleh orang yang melaksanakan survai.2. Target Populasi

Secara cermat kita harus mendefinisikan populasi, dimana dari popullasi tersebut kita akan mengambil contoh/sampel.3. Kerangka (frame)

Seleksi kerangka (frame) yang terdapat dari unit-unit pengambilan contoh/sampel (sampling units). Kerangka (frame) ini dapat kita peroleh dan kita

susun dari lembaga lembaga pemerintah dan swastasusun dari lembaga-lembaga pemerintah dan swasta.4. Rancangan Contoh (sample design)

Pilihlah rancangan contoh, termasuk didalamnya jumlah elemen-elemen contoh, sehingga contoh/sampel yang kita peroleh memberikan informasi yang cukupsehingga contoh/sampel yang kita peroleh memberikan informasi yang cukup sesuai dengan tujuan

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5. Cara/Metode PengukuranTentukan cara/metode pengukuran yang akan dipakai misalnya :Tentukan cara/metode pengukuran yang akan dipakai, misalnya : wawancara personal, wawancara melalui telepon, kuesioneir lewat surat, observasi langsung

6. Instrumen PengukuranDalam hubungannya dengan langkah ke 5 diatas, kita harus menentukan bagaimana dan ukuran-ukuran apa yang akan diperoleh. Jika suatu bentukbagaimana dan ukuran ukuran apa yang akan diperoleh. Jika suatu bentuk kuesioneire digunakan, maka pernyataan-pernyataan yang akan diajukan harus direncanakan sedemikian rupa, sehingga dapat minimisasi

perrnyataan yang tidak mendapat respon/tanggapan yang benar dan salahperrnyataan yang tidak mendapat respon/tanggapan yang benar dan salah7. Pemilihan dan Pelatihan Pekerja Lapang

Secara cermat kita memilih dan melatih pekerja-pekerja lapang, yang akan membantu tugas-tugas survai. Pelatih-pelatih tersebut dirasakan penting, terutama jika wawancara dilakukan secara personal maupun lewat telepon.. Hal ini karena tingkat respon/tanggapan yang diberikan dan ketepatan g p gg p y g pdalam memberikan respon/tanggapan dipengaruhi sikap/cara dan atau

suara pewawancara.

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8 Uji Pendahuluan8. Uji Pendahuluan.Uji pendahuluan (terhadapm ukuran contoh/sampel yang kecil) ini penting untuk mengetahui aplikapabilitas dan ketetapan kuesionaire yang dirancang atau alat-alat pengukuran yang lain yang digunakan, sehingga kita dapat memodifikasinya sebelum dilakukan pengambillan contoh yang sesungguhnya sesuai dengan ukuran yang kita

ingini.9. Pengorganisasian Pekerjaan Lapang.

R k k i t l k dil k k t d i i H l i iRencanakan kegiatan lapang yang akan dilakukan secara matang dan rinci. Hal ini sangat penting terutama jika survai skala besar diperlukan. Deskripsi pekerjaan dan organisasi kerja harus secara jelas dipaparkan dan didefinisikan.10. Pengorganisasian Manajemen Datag g j

Dalam hal ini, kita harus membuat kerangka bagaimana setiap set data ditangani untuk keseluruhan tahapan survai (khususnya untuk survai berskala besar. Dalam hal ini, perlu

dimasukan langkah-langkah untuk pengolahan data sampai dihasilkan analisis khiakhir.

11. Analisis Data.Buat kerangka analisis yang akan dilakukan. Tahapan ini sebenarnya erat hubungannya dengan langkah 10 di atas Dalam hal ini kita menentukan spesifikasi yang rinci daridengan langkah 10 di atas. Dalam hal ini, kita menentukan spesifikasi yang rinci dari

analisa apa yang dilakukan. Kita juga dapat membuat topik-topik apa yang dapat dimasukkan dalam laporan akhir. Karena kalau kita sudah memperkirakan bentuk laporan akhir sebelum survai dilakukan, maka akan dapat lebih efisien dan tepat memilih hal-hal yang perlu diukur

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didalam survai tersebut.

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Sumber Kesalahan Dalam SurvaiBentuk kesalahan yang timbul sehubungan dengan survai yang dilakukan adaBentuk kesalahan yang timbul sehubungan dengan survai yang dilakukan ada dua macam, yaitu kesalahan pengambilan contoh (sampling error) dan non-sampling error.

K l h bil t h/ li ti b l k tKesalahan pengambilan contoh/sampling error timbul, karena suatu sampel/contoh tidak dapat memberikan informasi lengkap tentang karakteristik populasi. Hal ini dapat dikontrol dengan memilih rancangan survai contoh/sampel secara hati-hati.

Bentuk kesalahan lain yang mungkin terjadi dalam survai ialah non-sampling error. Bentuk kesalahan ini terutama disebabkan oleh pertanyaan yang tidak mendapat respon/tanggapan respon/tanggapan yang tidak tepatmendapat respon/tanggapan, respon/tanggapan yang tidak tepat.

Non-sampling error dapat dikontrol dengan memberikan perhatian yang cermat pada penyusunan kuesionaire dan rincian pekerjaan di lapangan.p p y p j p g

Non-sampling error dapat diperkecil dengan beberapa cara sebagai berikut:pengulangan kembali terhadap contoh/sampel yang pernah terpilih (callbacks)pemberian hadiah/insentif bagi respondenmemakai pewawancara yang terlatih

l k k k d tMetode Riset: 4 SAMPLING Prof Dr Ir Ujang Sumarwan, MSc 48

melakukan pengecekan data

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ELEMENT SAMPLING N POPULATIONELEMENT SAMPLING N POPULATION

El t li bj k t dElement sampling, objek atau responden yang menjadi sumber informasiperusahaan lembaga konsumen siapapun sebagaiperusahaan, lembaga, konsumen, siapapun sebagai responden, benda (dokumen tertulis/printed, digital: laporan tahunan, iklan cetak, iklan di media lainnya),

d k kproduk, kemasan, Population: kumpulan dari anggota element sampling yang didefinisikan dengan kriteria keanggotaanyang didefinisikan dengan kriteria keanggotaan tertentu, misalnya kumpulan laporan tahunan perusahaan publik dari tahun 2000-2005. Contoh l i P d d k J k t t h 2007 C t hlainnya: Penduduk Jakarta tahun 2007. Contoh lainnya: Konsumen yang tinggal di Bogor.

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UNIT SAMPLING N SAMPLING FRAMEWORKUNIT SAMPLING N SAMPLING FRAMEWORK

U it li El t li dUnit sampling: Element sampling dengan kriteria tertentu yang akan dipilih sebagai contoh/responden Contoh:contoh/responden. Contoh:Element sampling: KonsumenP l ti K di BPopulation: Konsumen di BogorUnit sampling: Konsumen yang berusia

t 18 40 t hantara 18 -40 tahun.Sampling frame: daftar nama anggota

l i k di k i t kpopulasi yang akan dipakai untuk pengambilan contoh.

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a Tuliskan judul artikel dan penelitia. Tuliskan judul artikel dan penelitib. Jelaskan metode penelitiannya (disain

penelitian)penelitian)c. Jelaskan metode pengambilan datanyad. Jelasakan metode pengambilan contohnyae. Berapa jumlah sampelp j pf. Elemen samplinhg?g Populasi?g. Populasi?h. Uniit samplingi. Sampling frame

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