Grade Nine ScienceGrade Nine Science

Unit 1- MatterUnit 1- Matter

What is matter?What is matter? MatterMatter is anything that has mass and takes is anything that has mass and takes

up space.up space.

Can matter change?Can matter change? Provide examples. (Snow melting, water Provide examples. (Snow melting, water

boiling)boiling)

1.2 Properties of Matter 1.2 Properties of Matter

What do we mean by the properties of an What do we mean by the properties of an object? object? A A propertyproperty is simply a characteristic that we is simply a characteristic that we

can use to describe something.can use to describe something. There are There are physical propertiesphysical properties and and

chemical propertieschemical properties..

1.2 Physical Properties of 1.2 Physical Properties of Matter Matter

A physical property does not involve a A physical property does not involve a substance becoming a new substance. substance becoming a new substance.

There are many types of physical There are many types of physical properties that you may want to describe:properties that you may want to describe: Colour - red, green, blue…?Colour - red, green, blue…? Texture - smooth, fine, coarse…?Texture - smooth, fine, coarse…? Taste - sour, salty, sweet, …? Taste - sour, salty, sweet, …?

1.2 Other Physical 1.2 Other Physical Properties of Matter Properties of Matter

States of matterStates of matter at room temperature at room temperature solid, liquid, or gas.solid, liquid, or gas.

HardnessHardness is the measure of the resistance of a is the measure of the resistance of a solid to being scratched or dented.solid to being scratched or dented.

MalleableMalleable is the opposite of brittle. Glass and is the opposite of brittle. Glass and dried clay are examples of things that are brittle. dried clay are examples of things that are brittle. Aluminum foil is malleable. Gold is malleable Aluminum foil is malleable. Gold is malleable since it can be hammered into thin sheets. since it can be hammered into thin sheets.

1.2 Other Physical 1.2 Other Physical Properties of Matter Properties of Matter Copper is Copper is ductileductile since it can be pulled into since it can be pulled into

wires. wires. Melting and boiling pointsMelting and boiling points. .

What is the boiling point of water? The melting point What is the boiling point of water? The melting point of ice?of ice?

Crystal formCrystal form. Example, salt.. Example, salt. SolubilitySolubility is the ability of a substance to is the ability of a substance to

dissolve in a solvent such as water. Salt is dissolve in a solvent such as water. Salt is soluble while pepper is not.soluble while pepper is not.

1.2 Chemical Properties 1.2 Chemical Properties of Matter of Matter A chemical propertyA chemical property describes the behaviour of describes the behaviour of

a substance as it becomes a new substance. a substance as it becomes a new substance. Combustibility Combustibility describes the ability of a describes the ability of a

substance to react with oxygen to produce substance to react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy. If a carbon dioxide, water and energy. If a substance is combustible or flammable, it will substance is combustible or flammable, it will burn when exposed to a flame. A substance that burn when exposed to a flame. A substance that will not burn is described as nonflammable.will not burn is described as nonflammable. List some materials that are combustible. List some materials that are combustible. List some materials that are nonflammable.List some materials that are nonflammable.

1.2 Chemical Properties 1.2 Chemical Properties of Matter of Matter Reaction with acid. Reaction with acid. The ability of a The ability of a

substance to react with acid is a chemical substance to react with acid is a chemical property. property. Name some substances that react with acids such Name some substances that react with acids such

as vinegar.as vinegar. Would you drink acid?Would you drink acid? Look at the side of a Coke can.Look at the side of a Coke can.

Hand out WHMIS Hand out WHMIS TableTable

Assignment #1Assignment #1

Create a simple map of your home and Create a simple map of your home and indicate where you would have found indicate where you would have found products with some of the hazardous products with some of the hazardous household product symbols that we have household product symbols that we have discussed.discussed.

1.5 Density1.5 Density

Which is heavier: a 12 inch bar of gold or Which is heavier: a 12 inch bar of gold or a pillow full of feathers?a pillow full of feathers?

A 12 inch bar of gold weighs more than a A 12 inch bar of gold weighs more than a pillow full of feathers even though the pillow full of feathers even though the pillow takes up more space. Why?pillow takes up more space. Why?

Gold is more dense. It has more matter Gold is more dense. It has more matter per unit volume.per unit volume.

1.5 Density1.5 Density

DensityDensity is the amount of matter per unit is the amount of matter per unit volume of that matter.volume of that matter.

Density(D) = Mass(m) / Volume(V)Density(D) = Mass(m) / Volume(V) If you know any two of the three variables If you know any two of the three variables

(D,m, or V), you can solve for the third.(D,m, or V), you can solve for the third.

m = D x V V = m / Dm = D x V V = m / D

Sample density question Sample density question #1#1

If a rock has a mass of 49 g and If a rock has a mass of 49 g and occupies a volume of 7 cmoccupies a volume of 7 cm33, what is the , what is the density?density?

D = m / V D = m / V

= 49 g / 7 cm= 49 g / 7 cm3 3

= 7.0 g/ cm= 7.0 g/ cm33

Solve these sample Solve these sample density questions density questions

1.1. An object has a mass of 250 g and occupies a volume An object has a mass of 250 g and occupies a volume of 14.5 cmof 14.5 cm33, what is the density?, what is the density?

2.2. A piece of wood occupies a volume of 46 cmA piece of wood occupies a volume of 46 cm3 3 and it and it has a mass of 100 g. What is the density of the has a mass of 100 g. What is the density of the wood?wood?

3.3. An unknown metal has a density of 2.6 g/cmAn unknown metal has a density of 2.6 g/cm33 and a and a mass of 15 g. How much volume does this piece of mass of 15 g. How much volume does this piece of metal occupy?metal occupy?

4.4. A sample of a particular liquid has a density of 6.85 A sample of a particular liquid has a density of 6.85 kg/L and it occupies a volume of 3.4 L. How much kg/L and it occupies a volume of 3.4 L. How much does this particular sample weigh?does this particular sample weigh?

Answer to question #1Answer to question #1

D = m / VD = m / V

= 250 g / 14.5 cm= 250 g / 14.5 cm33

= 17.24 g/ cm= 17.24 g/ cm33

Answer to question #2Answer to question #2

D = m / VD = m / V

= 100g / 46 cm= 100g / 46 cm3 3

= 2.17 g/ cm= 2.17 g/ cm33

Answer to question #3Answer to question #3

D = m / VD = m / V

V = m / D V = m / D

= 15 g / 2.6 g/cm= 15 g / 2.6 g/cm33

= 5.77 cm= 5.77 cm33

Answer to question #4Answer to question #4

D = m / VD = m / V

M = D x VM = D x V

= 6.85 kg/L x 3.4 L= 6.85 kg/L x 3.4 L

= 23.29 kg= 23.29 kg

**** Note that volume can be expressed as Note that volume can be expressed as cmcm33, m, m33, ml or even L. , ml or even L.

Approximate Densities of Approximate Densities of Some Common MaterialsSome Common Materials

SubstanceSubstance DenDen sitysity

kg/mkg/m33 g/cmg/cm33

GoldGold 1930019300 19.319.3

SilverSilver 1050010500 10.510.5

AluminumAluminum 27002700 2.72.7

IceIce 920920 .92.92

Wood (birch)Wood (birch) 660660 .66.66

Distilled WaterDistilled Water 10001000 1.01.0

Water is more dense than Water is more dense than ice!ice!

Why is this so important?Why is this so important? It means that ice floats in water instead of It means that ice floats in water instead of

sinking. Think of the poor fish if this was the sinking. Think of the poor fish if this was the not the case.not the case.

Why is ice less dense than water?Why is ice less dense than water? When water freezes, it expands which When water freezes, it expands which

means that the same mass of water is means that the same mass of water is spread over a greater volume. spread over a greater volume.

HomeworkHomework

Answer questions 2,3,4 on page 25 of Answer questions 2,3,4 on page 25 of the text.the text.

Physical and Physical and Chemical ChangesChemical Changes

A burning candle – what A burning candle – what happens?happens?

As the candle burns, the wax melts ( a As the candle burns, the wax melts ( a solid becomes a liquid), and then it solid becomes a liquid), and then it hardens (a liquid becomes a solid). hardens (a liquid becomes a solid). These are physical changes.These are physical changes.

The wax also combusts producing heat The wax also combusts producing heat and light. This chemical change involves and light. This chemical change involves the wax becoming carbon dioxide, water the wax becoming carbon dioxide, water and energy.and energy.

What is a physical What is a physical change?change?

In a In a physical changephysical change, the substance , the substance involved remains the same substance, involved remains the same substance, even though it may change state or form. even though it may change state or form. When candle wax melts, it is still wax. When candle wax melts, it is still wax.

Changes of state – melting, boiling, Changes of state – melting, boiling, freezing, condensation, and dissolving – freezing, condensation, and dissolving – are physical changes .are physical changes .

Most physical changes are easy to Most physical changes are easy to reverse.reverse.

What is a chemical What is a chemical change?change?

In a In a chemical changechemical change, the original substance is , the original substance is changed into one or more different substances that changed into one or more different substances that have different properties. have different properties.

As candle wax melts, some of the wax particles As candle wax melts, some of the wax particles combine with oxygen to produce water vapour, combine with oxygen to produce water vapour, carbon dioxide, heat and light.it is still wax.carbon dioxide, heat and light.it is still wax.

Chemical changes always involves the production Chemical changes always involves the production of new substances. Examples include burning, of new substances. Examples include burning, cooking and rusting.cooking and rusting.

Most chemical changes are difficult to reverse.Most chemical changes are difficult to reverse.

Clues That a Chemical Clues That a Chemical Change Has HappenedChange Has Happened

A colour appears.A colour appears. Heat or light is given off.Heat or light is given off. Bubbles of gas are formed.Bubbles of gas are formed. A solid material forms in a liquid.A solid material forms in a liquid. The change is difficult to reverse.The change is difficult to reverse.

HomeworkHomework

Answer questions 2 and 3 on page 30.Answer questions 2 and 3 on page 30.

CorrosionCorrosion

What is corrosion?What is corrosion?

CorrosionCorrosion is the slow chemical change is the slow chemical change that occurs when a metal reacts with that occurs when a metal reacts with oxygen from the air. This chemical oxygen from the air. This chemical reaction forms a new substance called an reaction forms a new substance called an oxide.oxide.

Different kinds of corrosion:Different kinds of corrosion: RustingRusting Aluminum corrosionAluminum corrosion Silver tarnishSilver tarnish

RustingRusting

Rusting Rusting is a chemical change that is a chemical change that involves iron, oxygen from air and water, involves iron, oxygen from air and water, and salt or other minerals that may be in and salt or other minerals that may be in dissolved in the water.dissolved in the water.

Where do we normally see rust?Where do we normally see rust? What can we do to prevent rust?What can we do to prevent rust?

Aluminum CorrosionAluminum Corrosion

Aluminum has a chemical property Aluminum has a chemical property similar to iron in that it reacts with oxygen similar to iron in that it reacts with oxygen to form an oxide. to form an oxide.

The The aluminum oxidealuminum oxide that forms is strong that forms is strong and it is unaffected by water. and it is unaffected by water.

Silver tarnishSilver tarnish

Unlike iron and aluminum, silver does not react with Unlike iron and aluminum, silver does not react with oxygen but it does react with sulphur. oxygen but it does react with sulphur.

Sulphur is found inSulphur is found in MustardMustard EggsEggs Acid rainAcid rain

Silver sulphideSilver sulphide causes silver to develop a black causes silver to develop a black coating. coating.

The black layer is annoying but it can be removed The black layer is annoying but it can be removed by polishing the silver.by polishing the silver.

Preventing CorrosionPreventing Corrosion

There are many ways to prevent There are many ways to prevent corrosion:corrosion: Painting metal prevents oxygen from getting Painting metal prevents oxygen from getting

at the metalat the metal Use plastics instead of steelUse plastics instead of steel Cathodic protection – using one metal to Cathodic protection – using one metal to

attract corrosion(oxygen) from anotherattract corrosion(oxygen) from another

CombustionCombustion

In In combustioncombustion, a substance reacts , a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and releases energy.rapidly with oxygen and releases energy.

The energy may be in the form of heat The energy may be in the form of heat and light.and light.

Many substances can act as fuels. Many substances can act as fuels. Eg. Wood, diesel oil, and keroseneEg. Wood, diesel oil, and kerosene

CombustionCombustionThe Fire TriangleThe Fire Triangle

The fire triangle is a convenient way to The fire triangle is a convenient way to remember the three components of any remember the three components of any combustion reaction. combustion reaction.

Removing any one of these makes the Removing any one of these makes the triangle incomplete and puts out the fire.triangle incomplete and puts out the fire.

Oxygen

Heat

Fuel

CombustionCombustionFossil FuelsFossil Fuels

Fossil fuelsFossil fuels were formed from plants, were formed from plants, animals, and micro-organisms that lived animals, and micro-organisms that lived millions of years ago.millions of years ago. Include coal, oil, natural gas and gasolineInclude coal, oil, natural gas and gasoline

Fossil fuels are made up of hydrocarbonsFossil fuels are made up of hydrocarbons The main products of burning fossil fuels is The main products of burning fossil fuels is

carbon dioxide and water vapourcarbon dioxide and water vapour

CombustionCombustionFossil FuelsFossil Fuels

Hydrocarbon + oxygen => carbon dioxide + Hydrocarbon + oxygen => carbon dioxide + waterwater

reactants reactants productsproducts

CombustionCombustionPollutionPollution

Under ideal conditions, the combustion of Under ideal conditions, the combustion of hydrocarbons produces only carbon dioxide hydrocarbons produces only carbon dioxide and water.and water.

What happens if there is not enough oxygen What happens if there is not enough oxygen or if the hydrocarbons are not pure?or if the hydrocarbons are not pure? Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and

nitrogen oxides may be produced.nitrogen oxides may be produced. These are all pollutants.These are all pollutants.

HomeworkHomework

Answer questions 1-5 on page 39Answer questions 1-5 on page 39