ESSENTIALS OF BODY CHEMISTRY MATTER, ELEMENTS, AND ATOMS MATTER-anything that occupies space and has...
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Transcript of ESSENTIALS OF BODY CHEMISTRY MATTER, ELEMENTS, AND ATOMS MATTER-anything that occupies space and has...
ESSENTIALS OF BODY CHEMISTRY
MATTER, ELEMENTS, AND ATOMSMATTERMATTER-anything that -anything that
occupies space and has massoccupies space and has massMASSMASS-the amount of matter -the amount of matter
in an objectin an object
MATTER, ELEMENTS, AND ATOMSELEMENTSELEMENTS-chemical -chemical
substances that cannot be substances that cannot be broken downbroken down
ATOMSATOMS- smallest unit of an - smallest unit of an element that retains the element that retains the chemical characteristicchemical characteristic
ELEMENTS
Represented by either one-Represented by either one-or-two-letter symbol. Ex. or-two-letter symbol. Ex. H,O,NaH,O,Na
106 elements106 elements
ELEMENTS
92 occur naturally92 occur naturally24 found in living organisms24 found in living organisms
ATOMS
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
NUCLEUSNUCLEUS-- PROTONS-PROTONS- positively charged particles positively charged particles NEUTRONSNEUTRONS- uncharged particles- uncharged particles ELECTRONSELECTRONS- negatively charged particles- negatively charged particles
ATOMIC NUMBER AND WEIGHTATOMIC NUMBERATOMIC NUMBER- # of - # of
protons in the nucleus (same as protons in the nucleus (same as # of electrons)# of electrons)
ATOMIC WEIGHT- ATOMIC WEIGHT- the the number of protons plus the number of protons plus the number of neutronsnumber of neutrons
ELECTRON SHELLS
ELECTRON SHELLS(energy ELECTRON SHELLS(energy levels)- levels)- concentric circles lying concentric circles lying around the nucleusaround the nucleus
First energy levelFirst energy level- can hold no - can hold no more than two electronsmore than two electrons
ELECTRON SHELLS
SecondSecond-maximum of eight-maximum of eightThird-Third- when atomic number is when atomic number is
less than 20 it can hold eight less than 20 it can hold eight electronselectrons
ThirdThird- if is more complex, it - if is more complex, it can hold up to 18can hold up to 18
HOW ATOMS COMBINE MOLECULES-MOLECULES- when two or more when two or more
atoms combine. EX. Oatoms combine. EX. O2 2
COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS- a molecule that - a molecule that contains at least two different kinds contains at least two different kinds of atoms. Ex. COof atoms. Ex. CO22 NaCl NaCl
CHEMICAL BONDSCHEMICAL BONDS- atoms that - atoms that are held together by forces of are held together by forces of attractionattraction
IONIC BONDS ION-ION- when an atom gains or loses when an atom gains or loses
electrons and acquires an electrical electrons and acquires an electrical chargecharge
CATIONCATION- when an atom loses one - when an atom loses one or more electrons and becomes or more electrons and becomes positivepositive
ANIONANION- when an atom gains one - when an atom gains one or more electrons and becomes or more electrons and becomes negativenegative
IONIC BOND
IONIC BONDIONIC BOND- when an ion or - when an ion or group of ions becomes attracted group of ions becomes attracted to an appositively charged ion to an appositively charged ion or group of ionsor group of ions
IONIC BONDING
COVALENT BONDS
Covalent bondCovalent bond- when atoms - when atoms share electrons with other atomsshare electrons with other atoms
COVALENT BOND
WATER AS A SOLVENT
SOLUTIONSOLUTION- combination of - combination of solvent plus solutesolvent plus solute
SUSPENSIONSUSPENSION-suspended -suspended material mixes with the liquid or material mixes with the liquid or suspending medium, but will suspending medium, but will eventually settle out of the eventually settle out of the mixturemixture
ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS
IONIZATION (dissociation)IONIZATION (dissociation)- - when molecules of inorganic when molecules of inorganic acids, bases, or salts are acids, bases, or salts are dissolved in water in the body dissolved in water in the body cells. ex. electrolytescells. ex. electrolytes
ACID
ACIDACID- substance that - substance that dissociates into one or more dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions. more negative ions. HCl --HCl -- H H++ + Cl + Cl--
BASES
BASEBASE- dissociates into one or - dissociates into one or more hydroxyl ions and one or more hydroxyl ions and one or more positive ions. more positive ions. NaOH--NaOH-- Na Na++ + OH + OH--
SALTS
SALT-an acid reacts with a SALT-an acid reacts with a base. base. HCl+ NaOH --HCl+ NaOH --NaCl+ HNaCl+ H22OO
Ph SCALE
It runs from 0-14, with neutrality It runs from 0-14, with neutrality at 7, and indicates the at 7, and indicates the concentration of free hydrogen concentration of free hydrogen ions in water.ions in water.
Each whole number on the ph Each whole number on the ph scale represents a 10-fold change scale represents a 10-fold change in acidityin acidity
Ph of common substances
Stomach juices- 1.4Stomach juices- 1.4 Lemon 2.2Lemon 2.2 Soft drinks- 3.0Soft drinks- 3.0 Coffee 5.0Coffee 5.0 Urine 5.0--8.0Urine 5.0--8.0 Distilled water 7.0Distilled water 7.0 Blood 7.4Blood 7.4
CONTROLLING PH WITH BUFFERSHomeostasis can be maintained Homeostasis can be maintained
only if there is a relatively only if there is a relatively constant pH of blood and other constant pH of blood and other body fluidsbody fluids
BUFFERSBUFFERS-chemicals that change -chemicals that change strong acids or bases into weak strong acids or bases into weak onesones
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Molecules that contain Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygencarbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Ex. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Ex. Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteinsand Proteins
CARBOHYDRATES
Molecules that includes Molecules that includes sugars and starchessugars and starches
Form structural unitsForm structural units
CARBOHYDRATES
Convert to proteins and fatsConvert to proteins and fatsFood reserve (glycogen)Food reserve (glycogen)Main function- provide Main function- provide
energy to sustain lifeenergy to sustain life
MONOSACCHARIDES
Simple sugars containing 3-7 Simple sugars containing 3-7 carbon atomscarbon atoms
DISACCHARIDES
Two monosaccharides Two monosaccharides
DISACCHARIDES
Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis- when two - when two monosaccharides combine to monosaccharides combine to form a dissaccharide molecule form a dissaccharide molecule and a molecule of water is lost. and a molecule of water is lost. C C66HH1212OO66 +C+C66HH1212OO66CC1212HH2222OO1111 + H + H22OO
HYDROLYSIS
Hydrolysis(digestion)Hydrolysis(digestion) breaking of disaccharides by breaking of disaccharides by adding wateradding water
POLYSACCHARIDES
Three or more Three or more monosaccharides joined monosaccharides joined together through dehydration together through dehydration synthesissynthesis
Can be broken down into Can be broken down into simple sugars by hydrolysissimple sugars by hydrolysis
POLYSACCHARIDES
Plants store energy in starchPlants store energy in starchAnimals store energy in Animals store energy in
glycogenglycogen
LIPIDS
Most are insoluble in waterMost are insoluble in waterFat molecule (triglyceride) Fat molecule (triglyceride)
includes one glycerol and three includes one glycerol and three fatty acidsfatty acids
TRYGLYCERIDES
LIPIDS
Saturated fatSaturated fat- saturated with - saturated with hydrogen- occur in animal hydrogen- occur in animal foods high in cholesterolfoods high in cholesterol
Unsaturated fatUnsaturated fat- olive oil and - olive oil and peanut oilpeanut oil
PROTEINS
They are the structure of body They are the structure of body cellscells
Amino Acids are the Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteinsbuilding blocks of proteins
FUNCTION OF PROTEINS
MOVEMENTMOVEMENT- ACTIN/MYOSIN- ACTIN/MYOSIN STRUCTURESTRUCTURE- COLLAGEN- COLLAGEN REGULATIONREGULATION- ENZYMES- ENZYMES TRANSPORTTRANSPORT- HEMOGLOBIN- HEMOGLOBIN DEFENSEDEFENSE- ANTIBODIES- ANTIBODIES
ENZYMES
Proteins produced by living Proteins produced by living cells to catalyze reactions in cells to catalyze reactions in bodybody
CatalystCatalyst- chemical substance - chemical substance that alters the speed of a that alters the speed of a chemical reactionchemical reaction
ENZYMES
CoenzymesCoenzymes non protein non protein molecules that help enzymes molecules that help enzymes functionfunction. Ex. Vitamins