Gonda, J._the Original Value of Gr. -Δε_Mnemosyne, 10, 2_1957!97!102

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THE

ORIGINAL

VALUE

OF

GR.

-de

BY

J.

GONDA

The

question may

arise

whether

Wackernagelx)

and

other

scholars

2)

are

right

in

contending

that the Greek enclitic

post-

position

-de,

which

joined

mainly

to

names of

places

and

persons

in the

accusative

helps

to

express

the idea of "motion towards5'

("changement

de

lieu5') 3),

originally

conveyed

the

sense

of "in

that direction"

(German

"in

der

Richtung"):

"und

zwar

mit

dem

Akkusativ,

'in

der

Richtung

auf etwas

hin',

mit

dem Ablativ

'in

der

Richtung

von etwas

her'

"

:

hence the

Latin

preposition

de.

The

selfsame

particle

is,

according

to the Swiss

savant

and

others4),

also found

in

Lat.

inde,

unde.

Being

equivalent

to

ab eo

or de

eo,

inde

can

be

explained

as

having

arisen

from *im-de. Since

Lat.

illim,

Mine

means

"from

there,

since",

istim,

istinc "from

there", hinc

(<*him

+

c)

"from here, hence, from now", *im alone,

deriving

from the

pronominal

stem

i-

(Latin

is,

Skt.

ayam,

idam

etc.),

must

have

meant

"from

here"

5).

If this conclusion

be

right,

-de

probably

was

an

emphatic

particle,

not a

marker

of

direction.

A

similar sense

is

conveyed

by

the Arm.

-t,

which

can be derived

from

*-?l,

in

adverbs

signifying

a

point

of issue

or

departure:

anti

"from

there",

andust

"from

there" etc.

The element

-do

in

Lat. endo

"in"

6)

(endogredi

=ingredi),

which

may

be

considered

to contain the

particle

in

the

o

grade,

does

not

indicate a

direction

(towards or from) either: this endo corresponds exactly to Hitt.

anda

(adv.)

"in, between,

under,

near" and

(postposition)

"in

(mostly

in

expressing

position

within,

sometimes

however

direction

?)

J.

Wackernagel,

Vorlesungen

?ber

Syntax

II2,

209.

2)

Cf.

also

P.

Chantraine,

Grammaire

hom?rique,

II

(1953), 46:

"particule

'lative' ".

3)

P.

Chantraine,

Morphologie

historique

du

grec2

(1947),

?24?

4)

See

e.g.

Walde-Hofmann,

Lat.

etym.

Wtb.,

I,

692;

cf. also Ernout-

Meillet,

Diet.

?tym.

de

la

langue

latine2,

I,

562.

5)

See also

F.

Skutsch,

Glotta

1, 316.

6)

See

F.

Sommer,

Handbuch

der

lat. Laut- und

Formenlehre2, 145;

Walde-

Hofmann, o.e., I, 694.

Mnemosyne,

?







98 THE ORIGINAL VALUE OF GR. -de

towards)",

which seems

to

represent

*en

+

do

*)

;

as

these

meanings

belong

to I.E.

en,

we are

fortified

in

our conclusion

that

the

post-

position

was added

mainly

for

the

sake of

'emphasis'.

The

Latin

quamde

and

the

Umbrian

pane< *pam-de2),

which

are

'stronger'

duplicates

of

quam, (Ose.) pan, point

in the

same direction.

The

element

under discussion is

generally

identified with the

last

syllable

of

????de3).

This

adverb however is

not

only

used

in

connection with movement: o 492 . . . ????e??? ????d' ?????,

''wandering

....

I

have

come

hither",

but

also

with

verbs

of

rest:

Arist.

V.

765

????de

a?t??

?????.

In

contradistinction to those who

seem

to

hold

that ????de

primarily,

and

in

Homer

exclusively,

meant

"hither",

and

only

after the

epics

"here"

4),

it

must

be

maintained that

in ?

296 ?

???

d'

e??at??

?st?

pe??t??p???

???a?t??

/

????de

??????tess?,

"for us is

the ninth

year

at its

turn,

while

we

abide

here";

?

51

ot

????de

?'

e?s??

???st??;

e

2?8,

the sense

of

"here"

is

indisputable.

Now ???a

likewise stands

for

"there"

and,

with

verbs of motion, "thither", and this trait must be regarded as

'originar

because

it

also

belongs

to

the

equivalents

in

other ancient

I.E.

languages:

Skt.

tatra,

Lit. ten

etc. mean

"in

and

to

that

place",

"there"

and

"thither",

the

Av.

iSa,

ida

"here,

hither". In

part

of

the

Slavonic

languages

the

local adverb

k^de

represents

"where"

as well as "to what

place,

where

to".

We further

find,

beside

???e?

"thence",

?????de

"hence",

which

not

only

occurs

with verbs of

motion,

but

also

in

phrases

such

as

Eur. Or.

1278

?a???

t?

?5

?????de,

"all is

well on

this

side". Here

d? marks

proximity, conveys

'ich-deixis'

:

Eur.

Suppl. 695

6

?????de

st?at??,

"the

army

from this

place".

This

is also the case

in

dde

"this",

which

is formed from

?

which

in

Homer

has,

to

a

large

extent,

its

original

demonstrative

force: Skt. sa

"that";

Goth, sa

"that"

:

*so etc.

5)

: in

its initial

stage

the

phrase

? d?

????

may

have

?)

See also

H.

Pedersen,

Hittitisch

und

die

anderen

IE.

Sprachen

(1938),

166. For other words

which must not be

compared,

see

J. Pokorny, Indogerm.

etym. Wtb.,

182.

2)

CD.

Buck,

A

Grammar

of

Osean and

Umbrian,

137.

3)

Schwyzer-Debrunner,

o.e., I,

624;

628;

Boisacq,

Diet,

etym.2, 253:

"????de

?????de

d'apr?s

les

rapports

??t??:

dde:

?".

4) Schwyzer-Debrunner, o.e., II, 158: "????de und ??ta???? sind zun?chst

Richtungsadverbien".

5)

For

particulars

see

E.

Schwyzer,

Zur

Auffassung

der

zusammengesetzten







THE ORIGINAL VALUE OF GR. -de 99

been

comparable

to

oi ???

?????p??.

Schwyzer

drew,

in

this

con-

nection,

attention to

English

dialectic

phrases

such as "this here

house" instead

of

"this house

here"

*)

;

a

more

interesting

parallel

is,

in

S.

Afr.

Dutch,

hierdie

man,

lit.

"here

that

man",

i.e.

"this

man".

The

Dutch

pronoun

deze "this"

(mase,

and

fern.) 2)

is

usually

explained

as

originating

in

a

combination of the

pronominal

stem

I.E.

Ho-,

Germ.

*?a- (which

is retained in

the

definite article de

and the

demonstrative

pronoun

die

"that")

and

a

particle which

is

mostly

identified with the

Goth,

sai

"see

look ",

and the

OHGerm.

se

"ecce".

The same

origin

was

proposed

with

regard

to the German

dieser

"this",

etc.

3). According

to the

most

probable

explication

of Lat.

iste,

this

pronoun

is a

Compound'

of

the above stem

*to-

and a fossilized

is,

sg.

nom. of

*i-

"this",

and

its

Sanskrit

synonym

esa-

"this"

containing

these

same

stems must likewise have

meant

"this,

that"

4).

In

favour

of the

above

explication

may

also

be adduced

the

Arc.-Cypr.

???

"hic",

t?

?? "hunc" with an

element

?? which

has,

with

probability,

been identified

5)

with

Anc.

Ind.

nu

"now,

now

actually, just,

at

once, indeed,

surely, certainly",

which

is also

used

to

lay

stress

upon

a

preceding

word

6)

;

in

Greek

itself

??

is

mostly

a

particle

of

emphasis,

sometimes also

a

synonym

of its German and

Lithuanian relatives

{nu,

nu)

which

express

the idea

of

"now";

in

other

languages

nu

means

"however,

and"

etc.

(Toch.

Hitt.):

thus ???

may originally

have meant

something

like

"that

now,

that then". The

element

ne,

contained

in

the

Thess.

d?e "this"

has

been

compared

to Anc.

Ind. n?n?

"variously, differently",

which

Demonstrativpronomina,

Donum Nat.

Schrijnen (1929),

364

ff.

;

Schwyzer

-

Debrunner, o.e., I,

611 f.?After

having

written this article

I

see that P.

Persson,

Indog.

Forsch. 2

(1893),

218,

?.

4,

identified de

in

?de

and in

d????de

attributing

to

it

the

original

sense

of

"here,

there".

1)

See

W.

Horn,

Sprachk?rper

und

Sprachfunktion

(1923),

56.

2)

See

Franck-van

Wijk,

Etymol.

Woordenboek

der

?

ederlandsche

?

aal2

(1929), 114;

M.

Sch?nfeld,

Hist.

Gramm, van het Nederlands*

(1947),

135.

3)

F.

Kluge-A.

G?tze,

Etymol.

W?rterbuch

der

deutschen

Sprache15

(1951),

136;

E.

Prokosch,

A

Comparative

Germanie Grammar

(1939), 272.

4)

For

details see

Walde-Hofmann,

Lat.

etym.

Wtb.,

I,

721

;

Wackernagel

-

Debrunner,

Altind.

Gramm., Ili,

544

f.

5) See Schwyzer-Debrunner, o.e., I, 612.

6)

For

the

use of

nu see

Delbr?ck,

Altindische

Syntax,

514

ff.;

?.

?.

Macdonell,

Vedic Grammar

for

Students,

238

f.








no

doubt

stands

for

a

double

na

in

the sense

of

"thus"

;

it

may

be

a

nearer

relative

of

the

Av. na in

yaQa-na

"(exactly)

as" beside

yaQa

"as"

i).

The

evidence of

the above

etymologies,

and

in

the

first

place

of the Greek words

containing

-de,

may

induce us to

regard

this

element

essentially

as

a more or less deictic

and

certainly emphatic

particle.

It

is therefore

probable

that

such

was

its

original

value

also in ?????de etc. : it seems to have emphasized the idea of

"

(exact-

ly)

on the

spot,

here,

reaching

destination"

etc.,

the

accusative

by

itself

expressing

only

a

vague

and

general

relation between

the

verbal

and nominal

concepts 2).

The

same

remark

of

course

applies

to the Avestan

-da

in

va?smdnda "homewards"

(Yt.

io,

86).

The

(actual

reaching

of

the)

destination

is

often

clearly

expressed

or

implied

in the

context:

?

159

?????de

??es?a?

(a girl),

"bring

home

(as

a

bride)",

Germ,

"heimf?hren",

?

448

e????e??? p??e???de,

"going

to

the

war".

If

this

explication

be

correct,

the

particle acquired only

in the

course of

time,

in

connection with accusatives

accompanying

verbs

of

motion,

the

character

of

a

marker of the so-called accusative

of

direction.

The

remarkableness

of

phrases

such as

?

351

e??

??ade;

a

88

??????d' ?se?e?s??a?

loses

by

this. With

regard

to the

phrase

d?de

d????de

the

proleptic

internal

5 in

the

Dutch

adverbs

ondershands

"privately";

binnenskamers

"in

the room"

may

be

quoted

in

illustration

of a double occurrence of 'adverbial term-

inations'.

The curious

incompatibility

of -de and

plural

forms

?

T??asde

and

???a?e

do not

refer to

ordinary

plurality3)

?

is

perhaps

also

more

intelligible

if

-de

did not

belong

to the

category

of

prepositions

or

local

adverbs,

but

conveyed

the sense mentioned

before

:

an exact determination of a

place

seldom

concerns

a

plur-

ality

of

houses,

towns,

persons,

plains

etc.

Compare

the often

more or less fixed

phrases

in

which

it

actually

occurs: p????de

?)

See also Chr.

Bartholomae,

Altiranisches

W?rterbuch,

1030

f. There

is

some

uncertainty

about

the

mutual relations

of

the other

particles

of

this

form,

enumerated

by Walde-Pokorny, Vgl.

Wtb.

II,

337.

2)

See

a

paper

'The

character

of

the Sanskrit accusative'

in

'Estructura

-

lismo e historia', miscel?nea homenaje ? A. Martinet, La Laguna (Can.),

1956.

3)

See P.

Chantraine,

Grammaire

hom?rique

I

(1948),

247.







THE ORIGINAL VALUE OF GR. -de ???

"to

town";

?????de

"home";

??d?sde

"to

earth";

??????de; ?????de;

a?ade;

???at??de;

????sde

"to bed"

(G

447

?? one

person, ?

294

of

a

plurality

of

people)

;

f???de

etc.

In

using

one of

these

phrases

the

speaker

had a definite

town, house, market,

ship,

bed

etc.

in

view

x).

Some

words

may

be added

on

those

particles

in the

related

languages

which are

usually

identified

or

connected

with the

above

Greek

particle.

The

Lat.

quando

"when?,

ever"

may

be considered as

containing quam which appears to correspond to Gr. p??- < *ku?m in

p????a

"at what

hour?",

?

cf. *t?m

in

Gr.

t????a

(i.e. t??-?-?a,

cf.

d-?a)

"at that

time,

then"

?

and

*d?,

which

also

occurs

in

donee

"as

long

as, till,

until

(at last)" 2).

There is

however no reason

to

feel,

with

Hofmann3),

distrust

concerning

this

etymology,

merely

because

quando

does not

mean

"till when"

("bis wann"),

for the

use of the nearest relatives of

-do,

the German

group

O.H.D.

zuo,

Mod.H.G.

zu,

Dutch

te, toe,

Engl.

to

etc. :

Orig.

Germ, t?

4)

is

not

limited to the

expression

of motion either.

In

connection with

verbs

of movement the

O.Engl. t?,

like the modern

to, expressed

the

idea

of

"towards,

in

the direction

of",

with verbs

expressing

rest it indicated the

place

where

or

time

when:

this

function has

been

taken over

by

at which

is

etymologically

identical with Lat.

ad. The Old Saxon

to,

te

meant

"to,

towards, in,

at etc."

With

regard

to

the German

zu

Paul5)

observed:

"es bezeichnet

urspr?nglich

r?umliche N?he ohne R?cksicht

auf

die

besondere

Lage

oder Stel-

lung,

wie sie

f?r

vor,

hinter,

?ber,

unter

usw.

charakteristisch ist.

Als

Pr?p. regiert

zu

den

Dat.,

ohne R?cksicht

darauf,

ob es sich

um

Ruhelage

oder

Bewegung

handelt".

In

High

German he latter

function

has become

predominant,

in

contradistinction to Dutch

te,

which has

specialized

to the former use. As an

adverb

it

survives

in

die T?r

ist zu "the

door

is

shut"

(in

Dutch:

de

deur

is

toe).

It

also

occurs

as a

postposition:

nach Hause

zu,

auf

jemand

zu\

similarly

?)

Cf.

such

likewise

self-determined

phrases

as,

in

Dutch,

naar

huis,

huiswaarts,

naar

school, schoolwaarts,

in

Engl.

to

church;

to death.

2)

See

also

Walde-Hofmann,

o.e.,

I,

371;

Ernout-Meillet,

II,

974,

and

especially

O.

Szemer?nyi,

Glotta

35

(1956),

inff.

3)

Hofmann,

Lat.

Gramm.,

741.

4) See e.g. F. Kluge-A. G?tze, Etym. Wtb. der deutschen Spr.lb (1951),

907.

5)

H.

Paul,

Deutsches

W?rterbuch,

s.v. zu.








in

Dutch naar

huis

toe,

and in

Medieval Dutch

we find

such

phrases

as: dus

quamen

si

den

Rijn

toe "thus

they

came

to

the

R.";

trecken

te Vilvoorden

toe

"go

(travel)

to

V."

x).

In

general

this

toe indicates

that

the

end or

goal

of the

process

is

actually

reached:

cf. also

toe-slaan in

the

sense of "hit home".

The

form *do is

commonly

considered the

origin

of

O.Ch.Slav.

do,

which as a

preposition

means

"up

to,

as far

as, till",

expressing

the limit unto which a process or an object extends, often inclusive

of that

limit,

?

sometimes the direction

itself

is indicated

?

and as

a

prefix,

not

only

fulfills a

parallel

function,

but also

denotes the

completion

of

a

process

2).

Other words such

as the

Latin

preposi-

tion

de,

which is

by

no means

universally

regarded

as

belonging

to

Gr. -de

3),

appear

therefore to be

?

at least

for

the

practical

purposes

of

semantics

?

foreign

to

it. The

emphatic d? 4) may,

on the

other

hand,

belong

to -d?.

The

original

analysis

of the

Ancient

Indian

group

tad?

"then",

kad? "when" etc.

which

was

often

considered

as

containing *d?,

*d?

5) may

rather have

been:

Had-?,

-d?

developing

into a suffix

(sarvad?

"always")

6).

It

is not clear

to

the

present

author

how -de and the

well-known

connective

particle

d?

?

the derivation of which is

usually

considered

entirely

obscure

?

could

be

identified

by

Hofmann

7)

without

any expla-

nation.

Utrecht,

van

Limburg

Stirumstraat

17.

?)

See

also

E.

Verwijs-J.

Verdam,

Middelnederlandsch

Woordenboek

Vili

(1916),

106.

2)

See

also

W.

Vondr?k-O.

Gr?nenthal,

Vergi.

Slavische

Grammatik2

II

(1928),

301

f.;

A.

Vaillant,

Manuel

du

vieux slave

I

(1948),

183.

3)

Cf.

e.g.

Ernout-Meillet,

Diet,

?tym.9 I,

295.

4)

See

J.

D.

Denniston,

The Greek

Particles,

203

ff.

5)

See

e.g. Ernout-Meillet,

o.e.,

974;

Walde-Hofmann,

I,

326;

Pokorny,

o.e.,

182.

6)

Cf.

also T.

Burrow,

The Sanskrit

Language

(1955), 279.

7) J.

B.

Hofmann,

Etym.

Wtb.

d.

Griechischen

(1950),

52.

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Gonda, J._the Original Value of Gr. -Δε_Mnemosyne, 10, 2_1957!97!102

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