Goal achivement matrix

RATIONALITY TYPE IN EVALUATION TECHNIQUES

IN THE FIELD OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

التصميم الحضرياسس

األهداف مسح تحليل�

تصني

ف األهدا

ف

ناام

ط م

ن المعلومات

ائالبدل

توليد األفكار

تقييم

طريقة التقيي

م

ن

ظريه تعتمد عل

ى ال�اقت

صاد

goal achive

met

matrix

التكالي

ف والفوائد

تحلي

ل التكلفة المنفعة

تحلي

ل فعالية التكالي

ف

nor

malisation based

mehod

رسم خمال

اططت

مراقبة



This method was used by Morris Hill in 1968 in the field of transport and evaluation of land Used in Britain

And in seventies was used by land use planners to determine optimal locations for housing and public development and developed by a number of specialists.



THE CORE IDEA is to view costs and benefits always in terms of achievement of objectives.

USED IN operational rather than abstract sense. For each goal that can be identified.

USED IN developing stage evaluating stageWhich brings to light how a particular planning scenario

performed AGAINST local and state planning policies and objectives?

Because it's instrumental orientations IN TERMS of quantitative if possible, otherwise in qualitative

terms. Applicable unit of measurement is established for each goal. GAM performs the benefits and the costs across sectors per

objective. It is quite capable to express complexity of decision

problems.

THE MAIN PURPOSE CONVINCE THE POLITICIANS AND THE PUBLIC THAT THE RECOMMENDED PLANS COMBINE AND USE INCOMES SO AS TO MAXIMISE OR AT LEAST SATISFICE THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ENDS .

The calculation versus politics is important Shows the tensions between instrumental and

communicative in public decision-making . There is a COMMUNICATIVE, DEMOCRATIC, and DIALOGICAL side to the planning activity Procedure1.Set general goals and give weights2.obtain objectives from each goal and give order of

importance.3.Distribute the weight of the goal on the objectives

according to their relative importance4.Multiply each order of importance by the weight of the

objective and sum up5.The higher the scores summed by an alternative the more

the suitability to be adopted as a plan.


IN THE FIELD OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNINGgoal achivemet matrix

-identify and formulate previously goals General goals should Specified before proposal the

alternatives or analysis of the results and their implications

Detailed goals identifying the general goals in order to measure the degree of convergence

between these various objectives basis of the specific benefits and costs. identifying the appropriate measure to measure

each goalyou can identifying the costs and benefits of the same units expressed the objectives

specified in the matrix.give weights to the objectives

expression of the relative importance

determine weights

evaluate extent achievement study the possibility of the success of this

alternative from other alternatives to achieve all of the goals or a larger proportion of them, and give weights to the hierarchy of

the degree of achievement or failure to achieve a specific goal for each of the

alternatives.

choose the best alternative

conducting a sensitivity analysis give a more objective in identifying the relative

importance of the goals

division

exp lan ation

goal achivemet matrixسابقا - األهداف وصياغة تحديد

العامة األهداف األهداف تحديد يجبواآلثار للنتائج تحليل أو بدائل اقتراح قبل

عليها المترتبةالتفصيلية العامة األهداف األهداف تحديد

هذه مختلف بين التقارب درجة قياس أجل منوالتكاليف علئ األهداف المنافع أساس

.المحددةهدف كل لقياس المالئمة التدابير الوحدات تحديد نفس من والمنافع التكاليف تحديد يمكنك

المصفوفة في المحددة باألهداف عنها أعرب .التيهدف لكل وزن اعطاء

النسبية ال األهمية عن تعبيرا

األوزان تحديد

اإلنجاز مدى تقييماألخرى البدائل من البديل هذا نجاح إمكانية دراسة

منهم، كبيرة نسبة أو األهداف جميع لتحقيقلدرجة الهرمي التسلسل إلى األوزان وإعطاء

من لكل محدد هدف تحقيق في اإلخفاق أو اإلنجاز.البدائل األفضل البديل اختيار

الحساسية تحليل إجراءلألهداف نكون النسبية األهمية تحديد في موضوعية أكثر



An evaluation method provides a technique for analysis and grade of different available alternatives for achieving a certain goal or objective.

the main reason for the development of this method is to balance between

the stage primary studies survey possible regional development the final stages of evaluating alternatives choose the best alternative common feature of the methods developed in trying

to determine the degree of the possibility Alternatives plans to achieve pre-defined objectives

You can identify the costs and benefits of the same units expressed the objectives specified in the matrix

CASE 1 PLANNING SCENARIOS FOR THE GROWING COASTAL AREA IN AUSTRALIA GROWTH OF

HERVEY BAY


HERVEY BAY

Area 2,340 square kilometers for Hervey Bay Hervey includes North Fraser Island. (World

Heritage area) 1,010 square kilometers. Urban settlement began in the 1870s as Residential The area developed an economy on agriculture

(sugar cane) Tourism with the world heritage whale watching Today the economy dependent upon the tourism industry Settlement driven by retirees. strong population growth high unemployment rate close to 20% in 1999


HERVEY BAYWhat they want

support the growth of the area Provide a balanced socio-economic climate. Future development that protects the environmental

quality of the area which consistent with 1. tourism industry 2. Sustainable development perspective. 3. The environmental issues and the costs of urban

expansion. Special case Special big area owned to Business persons he use it

as1. Building holiday homes,2. Hotels 3. Guest houses


HERVEY BAYHOW CAN

1. Demographic (a particular sector of a population)2. Socio-economic 3. Land-use4. Physical and environmental Information models may be used to efficiently plan for

future urban growth? A case study approach is undertaken using WHAT-IF

planning scenarios for a rapidly called Hervey Bay. The town and surrounding area require CAREFUL

planning of future urban growth between competing land-uses.

This includes predictions and tactical planning for land-use change based on

1. projections from existing trends,2. optimizing socio-economic output, 3. Decision trade-offs on a variety of factors.


HERVEY BAY The first scenario is a future trends

scenario,Future plans trend Based upon 1. existing regional and urban plans 2. Maximize employment3. Sustainable development Scenario planning focuses upon Map representations developed through4. what-if’ functions5. spatial GIS modeling


HERVEY BAY Methodology Scenarios 1 future trend 1st stepThe input data used in the study

The environmental data The physical data General data

1. Remnant vegetation

national parks2. riparian vegetated

areas3. coastal wetland4. areas of prime

agricultural land5. existing open

space by City Council

1. Cadastral land parcels2. building footprints3. road4. sewer5. water6. Land-use zoning by

City Council.

1. Population projections

2. industry employment projections

3. household average size projection

4. dwellings projection


HERVEY BAY2nd step

Formulate possible ‘what-if’ land-use scenarios. Three land-use planning scenarios1. Make predictions of land-use change based upon

existing trends. 2. do-nothing’ scenario that takes a business as usual

approach based upon existing regional and urban trends.

3. The future trends scenario is developed using a model of disaggregation

Involving two steps: A. disaggregating data on socio-economic trends to

predict future land use requirements B. Forecasting patterns of change using land-use

transition rules and accessibility indices.


HERVEY BAY

THE SECOND SCENARIO Maximizing employment opportunities.The main objective Reduce unemployment through maximizing the most

Labor-intensive organization of existing and future land-uses.

The scenario utilizes linear programming to 1. maximize the objective2. minimize possible constraints which include,

A. ecologicalB. technicalC. Financial considerations.

It will be based on Integrate linear programming and GIS for land-use

modeling.


HERVEY BAY

THE THIRD SCENARIO Sustainable development Takes into account areas of both

environmental and economic significance, allows trade-offs to occur between these sometimes conflicting areas.

Use What-if?’ Collaborative planning support system

development’ scenario for Hervey Bay will be implemented using the What-if? PSS in collaboration with the Wide Bay202 project team and the Hervey Bay City Council planning division


HERVEY BAY The evaluation of each of the three land-use

scenarios is undertaken using the core objectives These objectives are used in evaluating the efficiency

of each proposed land-use scenario. They tried many techniques likeCOST BENEFIT ANALYSIS (CBA) It is a limited technique,1. Because all costs and benefits are expressed mainly in financial

terms, it fails to incorporate intangible items in the actual calculations of a study area

2. Not ability to handle equity considerationsplanning balance sheets (PBS)3. Lack of reference to community objectives

THE DECISION WAS TO USE THE GOALS-ACHIEVEMENT MATRIX

(GAM) EVALUATION

Disadvantages

Advantages

objective Technique Scenario

Top-down Good yard stick

Make predictions of land use change based on existing socio-economic trend

Disaggregation equations ,

Accessibility Index

future trends scenario

Top-down Proven Management Decision technique

establish the optimal land-allocation for each of the competing land-uses within the Shire of Hervey Bay

Linear programming ,

Accessibility Index

Maximizing employment opportunities.

Limited Real World Application

Bottom-up ,flexible

takes into account areas of both environmental and economic significance and allows trade-offs to occur between

Multiple Criteria Analysis

(WLC )

Sustainable development

Comparison of ‘What-if’ Planning Scenarios


HERVEY BAY The planning issues for Hervey Bay are to support the growth of the area to provide a balanced socio-economic

climate. Future development that protects the

environmental quality of the area is1. consistent with the tourism industry 2. consistent with desirable from a sustainable

development perspective. The framework developed to evaluate

planning techniques and future growth scenario are sensitive to environmental issues and costs of urban expansion


HERVEY BAY Model of Disaggregation ((تقسيمTechnique A regional analysis shows future grow in the next TWENTY

YEARS . There are patterns of land-use change Depend on predictions of future expansion from existing trends.1. Regional POPULATION growth 2. Regional EMPLOYMENT growth by industry sector To achieve it they used model of disaggregation. The model involves two steps: 1. land-use requirements analysis to predict the future demand

of land required for particular land-uses, 2. land-use allocation(distribution) model that uses transition

rules and spatial analysis to predict the pattern of land-use change.

Allocation استخدام في التغير نمط للتنبؤ المكاني والتحليل التحول قواعد يستخدم نموذجاألراضي.


HERVEY BAYLand-use Requirement AnalysisThe main inputs. regional population employment growth which will be disaggregated and related to land-uses. 1. PARAMETERIZE the demand for land in terms of population-

employment and existing land usage,2. Extrapolate(estimate) this to future demands. The formulation for projected land required for commercial and

industrial purposes is shown in Figure 3. الصلة ذات أو كاملة للمواصفات الالزمة المؤشرات وتعريف تحديد عملية هي

parameterize لنموذج

Projected requirements for commercial and industrial land


HERVEY BAY THE COMPONENT OF THE MODEL which deals with the number of additional dwelling units required to accommodate the

predicted increase in population requires regional datasets including; population projections household projectionsaverage household size. Disaggregated data required in calculating additional residential land is

based upon average residential land parcel size. The formulation for projected land required for thedifferent residential land-use categories (medium density, low density, park, and rural) are shown in Figure 4.

Projected requirements for residential land


HERVEY BAYRegional data used in this part of the model includes. projected employment growth figures by industry

sector. disaggregated inputs in the formulation of the

commercial and industry land formulation is Land parcel and building footprint data provide

important. A GIS is used to calculate the average coverage

ratio for each of the industrial and commercial land-use categories. Combined with the industry sector growth figure components, the total additional land required for industrial and commercial land-use has thus been determined – See Figure 5

Figure 5Land use requirement


HERVEY BAY


HERVEY BAY

The final land-use requirements established through PROJECTED LAND-USE REQUIREMENTS ARE shown in Figure 5 RESIDENTIAL land-use increase around 75-85% BUSINESS & COMMERCIAL increase by 17.3% LIGHT & GENERAL INDUSTRY increase 40-50%

allocate future land-use specifying each land-use by the following input parameters :

the total required land. the minimum land parcel size. a ranking of importance for each land use. a proximity restriction (outer limit for which a particular land-use could be located

from similar existing development). The associated parameters entered into the land-use model

for the Hervey Bay future trends scenario are specified below in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Land use allocation parameters


HERVEY BAYThe final parameter incorporated into the allocation model was1. the land-use 2. zoning compatibility matrix which allows us to two perform. FIRSTLY as the future based upon existing land-use trends and as these trends are subject

to local planning instruments then the zoning plan is used to assist in the allocation of future land. SECONDLY we can use the existing zoning data layer to measure if

sufficient land for each land-use is available within the present zoning scheme.

Using the overlay functionality from a GIS the spatial data layer defining the existing zoning strategy for Hervey Bay is overlayed with the land parcel data layer

thus assigning a specific zoning attribute to each of the 24,000 land parcels located within the Shire.

The land use allocation script then consults the matrix of compatible land-use when deciding upon suitable land-use parcels to be allocated for urban future development.


HERVEY BAY


HERVEY BAY

evaluated criteria to show The efficiency of the future trends scenario The three scenarios have been developed, each will be assigned appropriate value weights for each of the objectives so that a comparative analysis can be undertaken within a GAM.

land serviced by an existing road networkland within close proximity of existing water mains land in close proximity to existing sewer mains


HERVEY BAYGIS using the following available or created data layers :

prime agricultural landsignificant remnant vegetationnational parkscoastal wetlandsriparian vegetationexisting open space.The results for each of the criteria with respect to the land-use categories has been calculated in Figure 10


HERVEY BAY


HERVEY BAY GAM results show that

POSITIVE the efficiency of future trends for urban growth scenario are positive for most of the criteria .

NEGATIVES there is a significant gap with respect to water infrastructure and sewer infrastructurebetween 30-45% of proposed urban growth WILL NOT BE SUFFICIENTLY serviced by the respective infrastructure networks .

NEGATIVES they didn’t respect or measure well the water infrastructure criteria for.

1. proposed general industry2. park residential3. rural residential land-uses. When analyzing the breakdown of land-use performance with respect to the sewer infrastructure criteria it can be seen that significant additional infrastructure will be needed to service projected general industry, low residential, and park residential development .

CONFLICTS ARE BROUGHT TO LIGHT. THESE PROBLEMS CAN THEN BE ADDRESSED THROUGH APPROPRIATE PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING BODIES THROUGH THE FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SUITABLE POLICIES AND PLANS. CONCLUSIONSfocused upon the development of a methodology for investigating how demographic (socio-economic) land-use (physical and environmental) information models be used to efficiently plan for future urban growth? So far A FUTURE TRENDS SCENARIO has been formulated for Hervey

Bay, based upon a model of disaggregation which used transition rules accessibility index GIS spatial processing functionality. Preliminary evaluation of the scenario has been undertaken using a

GAM planning technique. Further work to be undertaken will concentrate on the calibration of the model of disaggregation technique, and the development of the ‘maximize employment’ and ‘sustainable development’ scenarios. Once the final two scenarios have been developed a comparative analysis will be undertaken to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of all three scenario and the efficiency of the planning techniques employed to formulate each scenario.

CASE STUDY 2

CASE STUDY 2KAOHSIUNG PORT

KAOHSIUNG PORT USING A GOALS ACHIEVEMENT METHOD

the Port of Kaohsiung was the third largest container port in the world before 1999.sixth largest port by 2003. In order to increase the port’s competitiveness, this research outlines six goals & twenty-seven strategiesThis research uses the goals achievement measurement for strategic planning effectiveness, and it was undertaken to develop the GOALS ACHIEVEMENT EVALUATION MODEL (GAEM) to cope with the problems of a large number of strategies and ambiguity in strategic definition. The GAEM uses a two-stage Delphi questionnaire bysimplifying the quantity of responses on the survey. 1. The weights of the goals were measured, and

elements of the goal-strategy (GS) matrix were selected for the first-stage survey.

2. The interviews scored the elements for the second-stage survey.

Through the GAEM framework, the number of strategic performances has been REDUCED TO ONE-FOURTH of the original GS elements for this case.

METHODOLOGY:

The major parts of the evaluation model is1. EFFECT APPRAISAL • Use the logics method to outline the alternatives and

measure their possible effects under specific attributes.

• establish the matrix of the alternatives.2 .POLICY ANALYSIS

• Proceed to a trade-off analysis of the alternatives • attributes according to the results of the effect appraisal. Methods include •monetary evaluation• weighted summation محصله• interacting methodThis section applies a two-stage Delphi questionnaire to filter out the elements of the goal strategy (GS) matrix, to survey goals’ weights and to obtain consensus performances for strategies linked to relevant goals.The GAEM hierarchy includes three layers, the overall objective, goals, and alternatives .

1. CONSTRUCT AN INITIAL GS MATRIX.Given m number of goals G = (g1, ..., gi, ..., gm) (m≥ 2) ,n number of strategies S = (s1,..., sj, ..., sn) (n ≥ 2).The elements of relation among goals and strategies areshown in the GS matrix A = [aij]

2. UNDERTAKE THE FIRST DELPHI QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY.The questionnaire survey in this stage includes two sorts of data in the GS matrix, i.e., m number ofgoal’s weights W = [w1, ..., wi, ..., wm] (m ≥ 2), and therelationship between the goal and strategy judged by q number of interviewees. The interviewees need to decide if the strategy j can or cannot reach goal i. If the interviewee f thinks that j strategy can achieve i goal, then matrix element aij f (f = 1, 2, ..., q) gets onepoint

TOW RULES1. Each goal maps to at least one strategy. Therefore, if a goal is linked to no strategy, then the following

options are applied. First, if there are more than seven goals, then, the goal(s) with no

strategy to link with can be deleted.Second, if there are fewer than seven goals, the strategy

obtaining the greatest performance score under that goal is reserved, even if it does not pass the threshold.

Third, undertake another survey to review the strategies under the threshold.

2. If a certain strategy does not pass the threshold for all goals, then this strategy can be deleted.

D = The final synthesized performance of the strategy

GOALS Kaohsiung’s in the new world of the Southern Taiwan reprecent the marine and cultural capital city of. OBJECTIVE is to establish A highly competitive port city with sustainable developmentHaving a high and sustainable quality of lifeSets up six developmental goals as follows:g1: Achieving integration of all relevant resources of the port’s organization.g2: Achieving the effective and efficient usage of the port’s land between the port and the city.g3: High quality of the software and hardware for the old wharves.g4: High quality inland transportation connecting the port and the interior of Taiwan.g5: Achieving a global logistics management system.g6: Achieving a modern metropolis with a sustainable operation, and an economy based on knowledge and technology.

In order to formulate the developmental strategies, seven issues are taken from the current condition of Kaohsiung, including 1)port redevelopment and urban

renewal, 2) the multi-functional international

trade and logistics park, 3) integrated land-use planning 4) issues of transportation, 5) diversification and financial

perspective 6) knowledge-based economy and

sustainable development,7) integration in organization. By surveying experts and professionals, we received twelve copies of valid questionnaires. The resultsfrom the GAEM operation are shown in Table. In the first stage of questionnaire survey, goals in response to strategies are as follow.

D = The final synthesized performance of the strategy

The weight of goal g1, re-engineering of the organizational system of the municipality and the port, is 20.16%. The weight of g2 effective use of municipal and port land, is 17.66%. The weight of g3 enhancing the software and hardware of the old wharves is 10.35%. The weight of g4 enhancing transportation in the municipality and the port, is 16.34%. The weight of g5 enhancing the competitiveness of Kaohsiung, is 20.25% making it the highest goal. The weight of g6 creating a modern metropolis with sustainable developmentand a knowledge-based economy, is 15.24%.

The superior strategies include the following nine.Strategy s1: incorporate the development project and urban plan of the port. Strategy s6: develop the Chizin Peninsula similar to the Santosa project in Singapore with a redevelopment cultural, recreational and leisure facilities, includingnatural ecology and historical sites. Strategy s9: speed up and strengthen the traffic link between the Process Export Zone and the container terminals. Strategy s12: review the supply and demand situation of the domestic fisheries, and relocate the fishery operations to other exclusive zones or other dedicated fishery ports.Strategy s13: promotion of the redevelopment of the old wharves, while international logistics should be re-defined as an economic investment on a national and international level. Strategy s14: integrate the redevelopment of the old wharves with theurban renewal projects, covering the overall planning, general consultancy, facility planning, master development entity, development and operational consideration. Strategy s18: adopt Kaohsiung’s strength of airport and seaport by enhancing the functions of the sea-air reprocessing and transshipment services Strategy s21: the city government invests internationally combining Port Bureau, carriers, major business clients and intelligent service suppliers, as part of their investment portfolio.Strategy s22: integrate the current maritime network, MTNet, Port-Net, and Trade-VAN into a navigation, port, tariff information system. Those are nine superior strategies in order of superiority, having consensus among the interviewees

.

CONCLUSIONS The integrated relative weights of the goals for all of the resources of the port of Kaohsiung by questionnaire are as follows. Weight of g5, enhancing the competitiveness of Kaohsiung, is 20.25% the highest goal.Weight of g1, re-engineering of the organizational system of the municipality and the port, is 20.16%. The weight of g2, effective use of municipal and port land, is 17.66%. Weight of g4, enhancing the transportation for both the municipality and the port, is 16.34%.Weight of g6, creating a modern metropolis with sustainable development and a knowledge- based economy, is 15.24%. The weight of g3, to enhance the software and hardware of the old wharves, is 10.35%. From this empirical study, there are six superior strategies for resource integration by the port of Kaohsiung, as follows: 1. Promote the integration of the redevelopment of the old

wharves through urban planning; 2. 2. reinforce the existing ODA’s function;3. 3. speed up the improvement of the traffic link between the

Process Export Zone and the container terminals; 4. 4. integrate the current maritime network and make it a

navigation-port-tariff information system; 5. 5. invest overseas;6. 6. use Kaohsiung’s strength of airport and seaport to

enhance its functions of sea-air reprocessing and transshipment services.

Goal achivement matrix

Engineering

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