GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College Regionalism
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GO131:International Relations
Professor Walter HatchColby College
Regionalism
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Defining Terms
Regionalization (an economic process)market integration associated with the cross-border flow of capital, labor, and technology within a specific area or region
Regionalism (a political process)cooperation among states to create institutions to help bring about or support economic integration in a region
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What’s a Region?
An area encompassing three or more nations that have
Shared sense of political or cultural identity and/or
Potential for economic complementarity and/or interdependency
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Which comes first?
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Intra-Regional Exports(US$ billion)
European Union
North America
East Asia
1985
353 143 49
1990
828 226 137
1996
1249 437 390
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Growth in RTAs(average number of notifications to GATT/WTO per year)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1948-94 1995-2000
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Growth in RTAs
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Why the new interest in regionalism?
Multilateral (WTO) negotiations slow
“Everyone else is doing it”Competing blocs
demonstration effect
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Hierarchy of RTAs
Free Trade Agreement
Customs Union
Common Market
Economic Union
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A World of RTAs
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IR Puzzle #1
Why do states agree to “pool” sovereignty in the form of RTAs?
Liberals: integration begets further integrationRealists: powerful states (regional hegemon)Constructivists: regional identities
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IRA Puzzle #2
Why do RTAs differ so much from region to region?
Europe
North America
Asia
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European Union
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History in Brief
Treaty of Paris (1951) to create a European Coal and Steel CommunityTreaty of Rome (1957) to create a customs union (the EEC)Single European Act (1986) to create a common marketTreaty of Maastricht (1992) to achieve monetary union
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A Highly Institutionalized EU
European Commission
European Parliament
Council of the EU
Court of Justice
Court of Auditors
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Free Markets or Social Welfare?
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)Reduced tariffs on intra-regional trade
But spends about $63 billion a year to subsidize farmers
Social policyLabor standards
Regional policyStructural funds ($250 billion in 2006)
Cohesion fund ($23 billion)
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EU Expansion
EU expanded from 15 to 25 (May 1, 2004)Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovak Republic, and Slovenia
EU will expand again (2007)Bulgaria and Romania
And then again (with Turkey)?
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NAFTA
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NAFTA History in Brief
1989: US and Canada set up US-Canada Free Trade Area1992: Mexico agrees to join the two others to create NAFTA (beginning January 1st 1994) 1994: Negotiations begin on plan to expand NAFTA to create hemisphere-wide Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
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What NAFTA Did
Reduced tariffs over 10 years
Created rules for investmentNational treatment
Intellectual property rights
Financial regulations
Established procedures for resolving disputes
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What NAFTA Didn’t Do
No large bureaucracy
No economic union, common market or even customs union
No powerful court
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Asia
High level of regionalization
Low level of regionalismbut rising steadily
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APEC
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APEC: Brief History
Created in 1989
Reinvigorated by Clinton in 1993
1994 “vision” (but no treaty) of free trade by 2010 and 2020
1997: failed EVSL of trade in forestry and fish products
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ASEAN
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“The ASEAN Way”
Consensus decision-making
Policy of non-interference
Standing secretariat, but limited staff
Delayed timetable for AFTA
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Building on ASEAN
East Asian Economic Group
Asean + 3
China-ASEAN FTA
Japan-ASEAN EPA?
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Explaining Asia
China
IndonesiaHK Singapore Vietnam Brunei Laos
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
GD
P (
trill
ion
$)
Japan SouthKorea
Thailand Malaysia Philippines Burma Cambodia
Economic Disparity in Asia (2005)
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Other Explanations
US bilateralism
Asian nationalism
Security externalities
Illiberal states
Cultural diversity
No need