Go-Around Performance Certification vs Operations

© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.

Go-Around Performance

Certification vs Operations

SAPOE Long Beach, October 6th 2016

Airbus Thierry Paya-Arnaud


Flight Operations Engineering & Documentation regional seminar

Go-Around Performance: Certification vs Operations

Threshold

DA/H

Go-Around


Certification Reminders

How to Check go-around?

Way forward

Operations Daily constraints


Certification Reminders

Daily constraints Check go-around?



Go-Around Requirements

Airworthiness Requirements

Performance Fuel Jettison system Handling qualities

Engine Thrust limitation • 5 Min TOGA thrust with All Engines Operating • 10 Min TOGA thrust with One Engine Inoperative

CS 25 FAR 25

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Performance certification

Key Legend

Key Legend

Approach Climb Gradient

Landing Climb Gradient

Performance certification

Performance

Certification



Go-Around Requirements CS 25.121 / FAR 25.121

Approach Climb Gradient limitation

Assumptions One Engine Inoperative TOGA thrust Gear up Approach Configuration

Gradient Min gradient: 2 engines: 2.1% 4 engines: 2.7%

Point calculation




Approach Climb Gradient limitation

Published in FCOM

Computed with PEP

Computed with FlySmart




Landing Climb Gradient limitation

Assumptions All Engines Operative TOGA thrust Gear down Landing Configuration

Min gradient: 3.2%

Point calculation

Gradient




Landing Climb Gradient limitation Less limiting than Approach Climb Gradient Not provided in operational documentation




Go around limiting weights

Pressure Altitude (ft) Weight (kg) 0 86 700

2 000 85 600 4 000 84 900 6 000 84 100 8 000 80 000 10 000 73 200 12 000 68 500

Certified Weight

MLW = 66 000 kg ISA temperature




Required? Optional?

Fuel Jettison system

Fuel Dumping

Fuel dump nozzle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FDP_A340.JPG




Performance considerations

Requirements Minimum 2.1% ACG RTL (Return To Land) capability MTOW – 15 min flight time

Ref Weight = 76 000 kg


2 000 85 600 4 000 84 900 6 000 84 100 8 000 80 000 10 000 73 200 12 000 68 500




Solution?

Use of Certified Range Go Around Speed from 1.23 VS1G up to 1.4 VS1G Better Climb Gradient for higher speed

Overweight Landing procedure Landing in CONF 3 Go Around CONF 1+F



Go around requirements

Configuration

Overweight Landing Special procedure:

Landing in CONF 3 Go Around CONF 1+F




Performance considerations

Requirements Minimum 2.1% ACG RTL (Return To Land) capability MTOW – 15 min flight time Conf 1+F 1.4 VS1G


2 000 93 700 4 000 92 700 6 000 90 800 8 000 87 400 10 000 80 700 12 000 76 100 Ref Weight = 76 000 Kg




Not required by certification on Airbus aircraft

Proposed as option for : A330 / A340 / A350 / A380

Fuel Dumping System

http://www.airliners.net/open.file?id=0664967&size=L&width=800&height=612&sok=JURER (nvepensg_trarevp YVXR 'Nveohf%') NAQ (ZNGPU (nvepensg,nveyvar,cynpr,cubgb_qngr,pbhagel,erznex,cubgbtencure,rznvy,lrne,ert,nvepensg_trarevp,pa,pbqr) NTNVAFG ('+"wrggvfba"' VA OBBYRNA ZBQR)) BEQRE OL cubgb_vq QRFP&photo_nr=2




Handling Qualities

Sim session

Pilot perception

Pilot’s perception during acceleration Loss of height at Go-Around initiation Loss of speed at Go-Around initiation Acceleration time from VAPP to Go-Around speed

With pilot from Airworthiness Authorities

Airbus criteria 1 min



Go around requirements

Test Conditions

Time to accelerate around 1 min Not in the Certification requirements Airbus criteria since A318 certification

Height (ft)


Operations Daily constraints



Operational Regulation

Certification Regulation


CS 25 FAR 25

AIR-OPS AMC2 CAT.POL.A.225

FAR FAR 121.195 AC 120-91




Airbus interpretation

MISSED APPROACH GRADIENT

ENGINES OPERATIVE

AMC2 CAT.POL.A.225

2.5% or published gradient

One engine inoperative

AC 120-91 Published gradient One engine inoperative



Page 31

Procedure Design

Missed Approach Published Gradient

PANS-OPS (ICAO Doc 8168) Standards and recommendations for procedure design Assumes normal operations (i.e. all engines operative)

Procedure design Ensure acceptable clearance above obstacles Account for ATC constraints



Page 32

Threshold

Gradient %

Descent Path

DA/H

Procedure Design ICAO PANS-OPS

- Another approach - Holding - Diversion

Precision approach example

MAA

Missed Approach Published Gradient

No Gradient is published when minimum gradient of

2.5% prevails

900m

Start of Climb



Page 35

Procedure design

• Depend on the type of departure (straight, turning) • Depend on the type of approach • Depend on the navigation aids

Missed Approach: Protection area



Page 36

Alternative Means of Compliance

What if Min Grad is limiting? Published gradient



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Possibility to define an alternative means of compliance Shall ensure a safe route and avoid obstacles Shall be approved by the competent authority

Alternative Means of Compliance

EOSID

What if Min Grad is limiting?

Alternative means of compliance

GM1 CAT.POL.A.225

AC 120.91


How to Check go-around?



Page 39

How to check go-around?

Point calculation Gradient computed for a given height



Page 40

How to check go-around? Standard case TLS ILS 14L

Toulouse ILS 14L

Published gradient

Maintain a gradient of 2.5% up to 4000 ft

No gradient published Min 2.5%



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Published missed approach gradient

Threshold

DA/H


MAA = 4000 ft




Page 42

Altitude for gradient calculation

Threshold

DA/H


2.5%

2.5%

2.5%

Performance software Point calculation

Altitude Weight Threshold 86 100 kg

DA/H 85 900 kg MAA 84 900 kg


MAA = 4000 ft

Delta Height



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How to check go-around? Average gradient method BOG ILS 13L

Bogota ILS 13L

Published gradient

Maintain a gradient of 3% up to 13000 ft



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Published missed approach gradient

Threshold

DA/H


MAA = 13000 ft




Page 45


Threshold

DA/H


3%

3%

3%

Altitude Weight Threshold 72 500 kg

DA/H 71 800 kg MAA 60 700 kg


MAA = 13000 ft

Performance software Point calculation



Page 46

MAA = 13000 ft


Threshold

DA/H


Go-around climb gradient = average gradient

Aircraft Average Gradient = 3 %




Page 47

Aircraft Average Gradient = 3 %


Threshold

DA/H


Go-around climb gradient = average gradient

Point gradient > 3%

Altitude corresponding to

Point gradient = 3%

MAA = 13000 ft


Point gradient < 3%



Page 50

3% at


Threshold

DA/H


3.2 %

Delta Height


MAA = 13000 ft

2.4%

11000 ft



Page 51

How to check go-around?

Go-around in Airbus software

Point calculation At given altitude Both Dispatch and In-Flight



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Not straight forward The aircraft is not at the same speed The aircraft configuration is not the same Takeoff thrust is not always equal to go-around thrust Takeoff ground track may differ from go-around track Vertical flight path differs

How to check go-around? Alternative procedure

Fly EOSID. What about Perf checks?



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Ground track How to define obstacle corridor ?

How to define alternative procedure?

EU-OPS GM1 CAT.POL.A.225 FAA AC 120-91



Page 54


Ground track How to define obstacle corridor?

Acceleration

Acceptable time/distance to accelerate?

Vertical profile

Obstacle clearance? Net vs. gross flight path

DA/H

How to define alternative procedure?

Acceleration

Some local regulations consider the use of

takeoff criteria

EU-OPS GM1 CAT.POL.A.225 FAA AC 120-91


Way forward



Page 56

Way forward

Standard Go-Around procedure

Go-Around procedure with increased speed

Alternative Go-Around procedure



Page 57

Way forward

Compute average Climb gradient Check impact of acceleration at DH Give the possibility to use alternative procedure Check 10 minutes Go Around thrust limitation

How to reconcile certification and operations?

No Acceleration

With acceleration



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Way forward

• Main outcome of the Airbus Operators:

• The tool should be able to check published gradients • Average climb gradient with One Engine Inoperative. • Above the procedure surface. • Take benefit of a procedure to increase the speed for Go-Around

• The tool shall be able to disregard published gradient and use an Alternative method based on obstacle information • Using the same obstacle as takeoff or the same definition of Obstacle splay area as takeoff.

SOC MAPt

Transitional Distance

Missed Approach Altitude



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Conclusion

Certification constraints vs. Operational constraints Difficult / heavy method to check go-around performance New functions in performance software:

Simplified check of average gradient Easier development of alternative methods

≠



Page 60

How to consider Go around performance

Your feedbacks design Airbus

software Feedback welcome at [email protected]



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