Global Peacemaker

Angela Brown

Chapter 10

Section 5

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Learning Targets:

• Describe how Wilson’s vision for peace fared during the Paris Peace Conference.

• Explain the main points of the peace treaty and describe Wilson’s efforts to gain approval for the treaty.

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Wilson’s Vision for Peace

• Wilson’s 14 Points - # of provisions it contained• End to entangling alliances• Remaining Provisions dealt with keeping peace

after the war, removal of trade barriers, reduction of armaments and protection of ethnic groups.

• Self-determination – the power to make decisions about one’s own future

• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fightthebias.com/site_images/woodrow_wilson_large.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fightthebias.com/people/Woodrow_Wilson/Woodrow_Wilson.htm&h=261&w=176&sz=4&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=3DsXuzZ9la9rUM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=76&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwoodrow%2Bwilson%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

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The Paris Peace Conference

• Jan 1919 the international peace conference was held in Paris.

• Wilson headed U.S. delegation with only one other Republican.

• Wilson was greeted in Paris as a conquering hero.

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• He claimed he was not interested in the spoils, or rewards of war.

• Goal to establish a permanent agency to guarantee international stabilizing.

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Wilson Forced to Compromise

• The allies were interested in spoils… dividing up Germany’s colonies

• France wanted the total humiliation if not destruction of Germany to ensure against future invasion.

• March 1918 Civil War erupted in Russia.

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• Great Britain, France, U.S. involved with Lenin’s opponents.

• Lenin held the power and signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with Germany 1922 –Russia refused all spoils of war

• Paris Peace Conference forced Wilson to compromise on the 14 Points.

• He finally agreed the Allied Powers could simply take over the colonies.

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The League of Nations

• Wilson produced a plan for the League of Nations – an organization for the nations of the world to join together to ensure security and peace for all members.

• Pledged members of the League to regard an attack on one as an attack on all.

• No military power so morale only.

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• Senate rejected plan.

• They feared would drag U.S. into unpopular foreign wars.

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The Peace Treaty

• 1919 Wilson returned to the peace conference.

• The Big Four – Britain, France, Italy and the U.S.

• Allies accepted a plan for the League of Nations.

• Opposition from Congress and America had weakened Wilson’s position

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• French Premier, George Clemenceau, demanded harsh penalties against Germany.

• (Northern France destroyed – all farmland and villages)

• Created new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

• (borders drawn based on ethnic populations)• Wilson and other Allies refused claims of Vittorio

Orlando, Italy’s Prime Minister, for territories in Austria-Hungary.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Clemenceau.jpg 11

War Guilt and Reparations

• French and British, led by David Lloyd George insisted Germany be billed for reparations.

• Payments from an enemy for economic injury suffered during a war.

• 1921 Reparations Commission ruled Germany owed Allies $33 billion.

• Germany never forgot or forgave this humiliation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George12

Signing the Treaty

• On June 28 signed Treaty of Versailles outside of Paris hence Versailles Treaty.

• Germany had refused to sign stating it violated 14 Points.

• France threatened to invade.

• Germany signed.

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apolyton.net

Seeking Approval at Home

• Some senators opposed the treaty because it included a U.S. commitment to League of Nations.

• They were called irreconcilables – could not be reconciled to it

• Reservationists – wanted to impose restrictions on U.S. participation in League – to guarantee Monroe Doctrine remained

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Wilson Tours Country

• Wilson determined to win support for League undertook a23 day tour with dozens of speeches =

• a stroke

• He was an Invalid.

• Isolated remainder of term

• Senate continued to reject Treaty vote after vote.

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A Formal End to Hostilities

• May 1920 Congress voted to declare the war officially over.

• Wilson vetoed (must have League)• 1921 the New President, Warren G. Harding,

signed the peace.• Congress ratified separate peace treaties with

Germany, Austria, and Hungary.• Nov 11, 1921 the remains of an unknown U.S.

soldier exhumed in France and buried in Washington.

http://portrait.kaar.at/USA%202/images/warren_g_harding.jpg 17

Difficult Postwar Adjustments

• U.S. now World’s largest creditor nation.

• European countries owed U.S. $11.5 billion.

• Troops returned to society – jobs scarce

• Many women retired or fired.

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Postwar Gloom

• Artists /Intellectuals entered postwar years with sense of gloom or disillusionment.

• End of war marked end of an era of optimism.

• Realities of trench warfare, death, and destruction hit people very hard.

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African American Troops at Home

• Hero’s welcome but no jobs.

• WEB DuBois supported the war in 1918.

• 1919 continued lynchings… some African Americans in uniform.

• WEB DuBois became defiant.• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96feb/96febgifs/

dubois.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96feb/dubois.html&h=276&w=216&sz=52&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=er3KawEpfwPN_M:&tbnh=114&tbnw=89&prev=/images%3Fq%3DWEB%2BDuBois%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

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Impact Today

• 90,000 of 8 million soldiers killed or asphyxiated by chemical weapons.

• 1925 Geneva Protocol outlawed use of chemical/biological weapons.

• 1980s Iran-Iraq War chemical weapons were used again – thousands killed – Iranian soldiers – Kurdish civilians

• 1972-1997 more treaties against• 1995 radical Japanese group released Saran

gas in a Tokyo subway – killed several, wounded many.

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