Global Patterns of Species Richness Global Amphibian Diversity.
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Transcript of Global Patterns of Species Richness Global Amphibian Diversity.
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Global Patterns of Species Richness
Global Amphibian Diversity
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Wallace’s hypotheses for higher species diversity in the tropics:
1. Productivity
2. Spatial heterogeneity; morphological diversity
3. High average rarity – no monocultures
4. Climatic constancy – little seasonal variation
5. Geological age
6. Special adaptations required for “harsh” environments
7. Greater competitive “balance” in tropics
8. Alternating competitive advantages
9. All niches filled – saturation of community
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Early Island Biogeography
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IslandHabitats inBaltic Sea
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Reptile and Amphibian Species Area Curve for Caribbean Islands
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Habitat IslandsIn the Great BasinTop – Birds,Bottom - Mammals
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Species Richness related to Island Size and Island Isolation
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Species-Area Curves for Islands
S = cAz where:
S = number of species
A = area of island
c = constant for habitat type - forest, desert, grassland
z = slope of the curve - predicted to be 0.263, but actually varies with dispersal ability
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Ant speciesOn NewGuinea andNearbyIslands
An area of island will have fewer species than equal sized area of continent
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The slope of the line plotted for species-area curve is
larger for species with poor dispersal abilities Oceanic islands
birds - New Guinea islands z=0.22beetles - West Indies z=0.34land plants - Channel islands z=0.37
Habitat islandsbirds - Andes paramo z=0.29birds - mtns of Great Basin z=0.165mammals - mtns of Great Basin z=0.326inverts -caves in West Virginia z=0.72
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Island Biogeography
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Species Dispersal to Islands
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Cape May Warbler on a Ship
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Krakatoa pre-eruption
Looking at Volcano Rakata
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Krakatoa mid-eruption
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Map of Krakatoa pre-eruption
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Landsat Image of Anak Krakatau and Krakatau
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Dan Simberloff and Mangrove Islands
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Simberloff’s defaunation experiment on Mangroves
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Simberloff’s defaunation experiment on Mangroves
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Results from Simberloff’s Experiment
Islands recovered to pre-defaunation number of species, but only 30%of original species resident on each island returned after defaunation.
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BrackenFern
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Bracken fern stand Australia
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Number of species found on Bracken Fern
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Professor Axel Meyer – Cichlid Man
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Lake Malawi Cichlids
Adaptive radiation within cichlid lineages