GLOBAL HISTORY 9REVIEW PART I

STUDYING THE PAST ARCHAEOLOGY – study of how early

people live, study artifacts HISTORY – study of how people in the past

lived, studies written artifacts more GEOGRAPHY - study of earth and its

people, resources, movement of goods, ideas

FIRST PEOPLE PALEOLITHIC – Old Stone Age, people

learned skills to survive, made tools, simple art, religious beliefs

NEOLITHIC – New Stone Age or Agricultural Revolution, people learn to farm and domesticate animals, status of women declines

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION LEADS TO…

BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION Organized government Complex religions Different jobs Social classes Art and architecture Cities Roads, bridges, public works projects Writing

CULTURAL DIFFUSION Sharing of ideas & technology, results from

war, travel, trade…

RIVER VALLEYS Birth of civilization 1st cities and civs. found in river valleys in

Middle East, Africa, Asia

FIRST CIVILIZATIONSMiddle East Egypt – Nile R. flooded providing rich soil,

ruled by pharoahs, built pyramids, hieroglyphics

Fertile Crescent – Mesopotamia, Tigris & Euphrates River Sumerians 1st to write with cuneiform, 1st wheeled

vehicles, Babylonians (Hammurabi’s Code) Hebrews (monotheism)

Fertile Crescent

ASIA India – monsoons and r. valleys (Indus &

Ganges) watered crops, Aryan invasion, caste system, rigid class system, reincarnation, Hinduism, Gupta Golden Age (advancements in math, medicine, art)

China – r. valley (Huang He) isolated by Himalayas, Gobi desert, dynastic cycle, Mandate of Heaven

CLASSICAL CIVS. IN EUROPE Greece- Athens & Sparta, Golden Age under

Pericles (democracy, philosophy, theater, architecture) conquered by Alexander the Great, spread Hellenistic culture

Rome – set up republic ruled by the people, later expand to large empire, Pax Romana – achievements in law, justice, roads, architecture, Latin lang.

RELIGIONS See other note sheet!

EARLY MIDDLE AGES FEUDALISM AND THE MANOR –

system of loyalty based and land ownership between lords, knights etc.

Manor self-sufficient, worked by serfs, protected by knights in interdependent relationship

MEDIEVAL CHURCH Catholic Church very powerful, with

social/political/econ. functions

LATE MIDDLE AGES GROWTH OF TOWNS – Agric. Rev

guilds middle class BLACK PLAGUE – “Black Death”

RISE OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND

FRANCE – 100 Yrs. War, Joan of Arc, Estates General

ENGLAND – Parliament, William the Conqueror, Magna Carta

CRUSADES Holy Wars between Christians and Seljuk

Turks over Holy Land (Jerusalem) Europeans fail to win Holy Land, but trade

and interest in other cultures increases

BYZANTINE EMPIRE Justinian’s Code, 2nd Roman Emp, lasts until

1453 when conquered by Ottoman Emp. Sulieman the Magnificent-Ottoman leader,

1520-1566

RUSSIA / EASTERN EUROPE RUSSIA – influenced by Byzantine Empire

(Orthodox Christ. art, arch, etc.), absolute rule and czars

E. EUROPE – diverse geography leads to cultural diversity

MUSLIM WORLD Islam – 622, Arab armies rapidly spread

religion Golden Age 750 – art, lit. medicine, science,

math

MUSLIMS IN INDIA Mughal Empire - descendants of Mongols,

bring Muslim learning, Islam meets Hinduism Akbar the Great – built strong central gov’t

1556-1605, Muslim but tolerant of Hindus

EARLY CIVS. OF AFRICA Ghana, Mali, Songhai, gold and salt trade,

Mansa Musa of Mali goes on Hajj to Mecca

GOLDEN AGES OF CHINATANG AND SONG Paper-making, porcelain, art and arch. Silk

Road

MONGOL AND MING EMPIRES MONGOLS – fierce conquerors from central

Asia, conquered from China to E. Europe, Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan

MING – ended Mongol rule in China

KOREA Peninsula in E. Asia Bridge of ideas between China and Japan

JAPAN Archipelago, irregular coastline Influenced by China, feudal period similar to

medieval Europe Emperor Shogun Daimyo Samurai (bushido) Peasants and artisans Merchants