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Final Exam ReviewPart 1

9th GradeGlobal History and Geography

Ms. Marten

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CultureCulture• Culture—a way of life• Cultural diffusion—sharing and spread of

ideas, goods and inventions between groups• Result of people having contact with each other ♦trade, warfare, diaspora

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GeographyGeography• Geography effects culture• Rivers = highways for contact (trade)• Barriers = mountains, oceans, rainforest, deserts

♦prevents cultural diffusion and causes isolation

♦protection from invasion

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Geography of JapanGeography of Japan

• Geography of Japan:1. Archipelago—chain of islands2. Mountainous—farmers rely

on terrace farming

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Paleolithic Age (2,000,000 B.C.-10,000 B.C)

Paleolithic Age (2,000,000 B.C.-10,000 B.C)

• Nomads—men and women were hunters and gathers with no permanent settlements

• Population was small♦Usually 2-3 dozen

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Neolithic Revolution (10,000 B.C.)Neolithic Revolution (10,000 B.C.)

• Discovery of agriculture• Domestication of animals• Permanent settlements• Start of civilizations and more complex

societies

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Early River Valley Civilizations4000 BC - 500

N ile /E g yp t T ig ris & E u p h ra tesM esop o tam ia

In d u sIn d ia

H u an g H eC h in a

C on trib u tion s

A n c ien t R ive r V a lleys

aka Sumerians aka Yellow

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I. All of theses civilizations were:

1. Located in river valleys

2. Dependent of fertile soil (silt)

3. Irrigated water from river (s)

4. Transportation and Trade

N ile /E g yp t T ig ris & E u p h ra tesM esop otam ia

In d u sIn d ia

H u an g H eC h in a

C on trib u tion s

A n c ien t R iver V a lleys

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Tigris & EuphratesMesopotamia/Sumerians

• Code of Hammurabi—firstwritten laws (eye for an eye)

• Cuneiform—first writing• Invented wheel, sail and plow • Ziggurats

I. Contributions:

• Irrigation

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Egyptians/Nile

• Irrigation System

• Pyramids• Pharaoh—Theocracy

• Hieroglyphics• Polytheistic religion

I. Contributions:

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IndusIndia

• Planned cities

• Hinduism-caste system

• Sanskrit writing

● Indoor plumbing

I. Contributions:

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Huang He/YellowChina

• Walled cities• Calligraphy – writing• Rice cultivation• Dynasties—ruling families

I. Contributions:

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A. Skilled sailors used

the seas as highways

B. Trade was important to Greece because region lacked many resources

ex., wood and precious metals

Geography of GreeceGeography of Greece

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2. Rugged land-mountains make up ¾ of the land

A. Mountains

separated

people

politically

—no unity

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• Philosophy— “Fathers of Philosophy”1. Socrates2. Plato3. Aristotle

• Government—DEMOCRACY—Athens

● Science and math

Greek ContributionsGreek Contributions

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Greek ContributionsGreek Contributions• Architecture—columns

1. Doric2. Ionic3. Corinthian

* Parthenon—temple to goddess Athena• Art—realistic sculpture

which valued balance,

order and proportion

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• Hellenistic Culture: Greek culture mixed with Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences

Alexander the Great Alexander the Great

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Roman Contributions

• Pax Romana—Golden Age

• Law—Twelve Tables—written set of laws to unify them throughout the empire

• Centralized government

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Roman Contributions

• Christianity—became official religion of Roman Empire

• Latin—official language of the Empire

• Architecture—arches and domes

• Engineering—roads, bridges and aqueducts

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Decline and Fall of Roman Empire

• The empire was TOO BIG!• Political—corruption and instability of government• Economic—inflation, employment, cost of empire • Social—Loss of morale • Military—mercenaries and barbarian invasions

♦Huns

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Decline and Fall of Roman Empire● Military—mercenaries and barbarian invasions, including the Huns