GLOBAL CONSULTATIONGLOBAL CONSULTATIONONON

GENETICS AND GENETICS AND NEW BIOTECHNOLOGIESNEW BIOTECHNOLOGIES

““PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY”PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY”

TABITHA GNANAPRIYATABITHA GNANAPRIYA

Biotechnology in crop plantsBiotechnology in crop plants

Biotic stressBiotic stress-insect pest resistant-insect pest resistant

Bt cotton against boll wormBt cotton against boll worm-Disease resistant-Disease resistant

Grape vine against pierce’s diseaseGrape vine against pierce’s disease-Antiviral-Antiviral

papaya against papaya ringspot viruspapaya against papaya ringspot virus-Herbicide tolerance-Herbicide tolerance

Roundup ready soyabeanRoundup ready soyabean

Abiotic stressAbiotic stress

-Salt tolerance-Salt tolerance

Arabidopsis Arabidopsis AtNHX1AtNHX1- - Brassica Brassica napusnapus

-Drought tolerance-Drought tolerance

DREB genesDREB genes

-Acid tolerance-Acid tolerance

Wheat Wheat Almt1Almt1- barley- barley

Improved qualityImproved quality

Shelf lifeShelf life• Flavr-savr tomatoFlavr-savr tomato

VitaminVitamin• Golden riceGolden rice

polyunsaturated fatty acidspolyunsaturated fatty acids• Canola- laurate and myristateCanola- laurate and myristate

Essential mineralsEssential minerals• Soyabean Soyabean ferritinferritin- rice- rice

Plant based vaccinesPlant based vaccines• Banana against hepatits BBanana against hepatits B

Fungal biotechnologyFungal biotechnologyHost for expressing heterologous proteinsHost for expressing heterologous proteins

11-Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Saccharomyces cerevisiaeGRASGRASHuman interferonHuman interferonHuman epidermal growth factor Human epidermal growth factor Surface antigen of hepatitis B virusSurface antigen of hepatitis B virus

22-Pichia pastoris-Pichia pastorisTight and strong promoter AOX1 (30%)Tight and strong promoter AOX1 (30%)Hirudin (Hirudo medicinalis)Hirudin (Hirudo medicinalis)

33-Hansenula polymorpha-Hansenula polymorphaTightly regulated and strong promoter Tightly regulated and strong promoter MOX (37%)MOX (37%)

Expression depends on glucose concentrationExpression depends on glucose concentration

Production of commercial enzymesProduction of commercial enzymes Lipase- lipolase novo nordisk- humicola lanuginose Lipase- lipolase novo nordisk- humicola lanuginose

in aspergillus oryzaein aspergillus oryzae

Secondary metabolitesSecondary metabolites

• Immunosuppressive agent- cyclosporin A- tolypocladium Immunosuppressive agent- cyclosporin A- tolypocladium nivenumnivenum

• Hypocholesterolemic agents- lovastatin- monascus ruberHypocholesterolemic agents- lovastatin- monascus ruber• Antitumor agents- taxol- taxomyces andreanaeAntitumor agents- taxol- taxomyces andreanae• Mycotoxin- ergot- claviceps sppMycotoxin- ergot- claviceps spp

Future prospectsFuture prospects

Alternate host Alternate host Aspergillus sojaeAspergillus sojae Improve expression and secretion of Improve expression and secretion of

non-fungal proteinsnon-fungal proteins Molecular techniques to carry out Molecular techniques to carry out

metabolic engineering metabolic engineering Overall analysis of gene expressionOverall analysis of gene expression

BiopharmaceuticalsBiopharmaceuticals

speciesspecies useuse Production techniqueProduction technique

Aesculus glabraAesculus glabra Rheumatic pain and Rheumatic pain and antimalarialantimalarial

Embryos- callusEmbryos- callus

Dioscorea alataDioscorea alata NutritionNutrition CallusCallus

Drosera rotundiafoliaDrosera rotundiafolia Asthama, cough and Asthama, cough and lung infectionlung infection

plantletsplantlets

Lathyrus sativusLathyrus sativus neurotoxicneurotoxic plantplant

Lavendula intermidiaLavendula intermidia Cosmetic, flavoring Cosmetic, flavoring and pharmaceuticaland pharmaceutical

calluscallus

Levels of genetic manipulationLevels of genetic manipulation

Cloning of genesCloning of genes Plant regenerationPlant regeneration High-throughput screening systemHigh-throughput screening system Genomic tools and resources Genomic tools and resources Regulatory mechanismRegulatory mechanism

IPRIPR NovelNovel DistinctDistinct Uniform and stableUniform and stable UtilityUtility

UPOV 1961, 1978, 1991UPOV 1961, 1978, 1991 TRIPS 1994TRIPS 1994 ITPGRFA 2004ITPGRFA 2004

UPOV- 1961, 1978, 1991UPOV- 1961, 1978, 1991

Novel, distinct, uniform and stable Novel, distinct, uniform and stable but no innovative stepbut no innovative step

1978- profit for breeders1978- profit for breeders 1991- permission required1991- permission required

TRIPS-1994TRIPS-1994

Mandatory for WTO membersMandatory for WTO members Some form of IP protectionSome form of IP protection

PatentPatent Sui generisSui generis system system

African unionAfrican union

save, use, multiply but not to sellsave, use, multiply but not to sell

ITPGRFA- 2004ITPGRFA- 2004

Multilateral systemMultilateral system• Access and benefit sharingAccess and benefit sharing• Sharing of technologySharing of technology• Updated Farmers rightsUpdated Farmers rights

Encourage for protection of TKEncourage for protection of TK

Sharing benefitsSharing benefits

Decision makingDecision making

FutureFuture

Donating technologyDonating technology Public-private partnershipPublic-private partnership Cross licensingCross licensing acquisitionacquisition