Global connections: What is controlling California's rainfall? 2016 ...€¦ · Global connections:...
Transcript of Global connections: What is controlling California's rainfall? 2016 ...€¦ · Global connections:...
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Kimberly A. Prather Distinguished Chair in Atmospheric Chemistry
Haagen-Smit Award Presentation May 18, 2016
Global connections: What is controlling California's rainfall?
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Measurement of atmospheric aerosol impacts on human health, climate, and weather in California
Human health – 1996: California Air Resources Board funded first major field project
focusing on determining major sources of air pollution (w/ Glen Cass and Susanne Hering) – Development of “transportable” ATOFMS instruments (“Jake” and
“Elwood”) for determination of major sources of air pollution – Subsequent field studies in Sacramento, Riverside, Fresno,
Bakersfield, Los Angeles, San Diego Regional climate and water resources (hydroelectric power) – 2009: California Energy Commission funded studies aimed at
understanding how aerosols impact clouds and precipitation in California
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Atmospheric Aerosol Particles
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Understanding Aerosol Mixing State Aerosol mixing state impacts: - Identification of sources - Absorption/scattering properties
(radiative forcing) - Cloud condensation and ice nucleation - Human health impacts
Organic carbon/ nitrate
Elemental carbon/ sulfate
Organic carbon/ elemental carbon
Organic carbon/ sulfate/ nitrate Vanadium/
organic carbon
Single particle measurements Traditional filter-based measurements
Organic carbon
Elemental carbon
Vanadium
Sulfate
Nitrate
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Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Particle Inlet
Particle Sizing
Particle Composition
PMT
Scattering Lasers (532 nm)
Nd:YAG Laser (266 nm)
Microchannel Plate Ion Detectors
Reflectron
+ ions - ions
Gard, E.; Mayer, J. E.; Morrical, B. D.; Dienes, T.; Fergenson, D. P.; Prather, K. A. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 4083-4091.
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ATOFMS Development
Ground-based ATOFMS (Elwood)
Funded by CARB
Aircraft ATOFMS (Shirley)
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6000
4000
2000
0
-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120m/z
6000
4000
2000
0
6000
4000
2000
0
6000
4000
2000
0
39K+
12C
+
39K+
39K+
23Na+24Mg+27Al+
40Ca+
40Ca+
39K+
56CaO+
Biological/ biogenic
Biomass-Sulfate-Nitrate
UnreactedAluminosilicate
Dust
Dry Lakebed
Salts
23Na+
23N
a+
24Mg+
62N
aK+
81N
a 2C
l+
97N
aKC
l+
113 K
2Cl+
59H2NCHCH2NH2+
74[threonine-CO2H]+86[leucine-CO2H]+
27C
2H3+
17OH-16O-
16O
-
26C
N-
26C
N-
42CNO-
35Cl-
42C
NO
-
43AlO-
79PO3-
63P
O2-
62N
O3-
60SiO2-
76SiO3-
79P
O3-
97H
2PO
4-
97HSO4-
119 A
lSiO
4-
96SO4- 80SO3
-64SO2
-
Single Particle Source Fingerprints Bioparticle
Wood smoke
AlSi Dust
Sea salt
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Size-resolved Source Apportionment San Diego, California (Freeway)
50 nm 3 µm
Soot (Ships)
OC (Cars)
Soot (Trucks)
NaCl (Sea Salt)
Al/Si/Ca (Dust)
V-OC (ships)
OC (biomass)
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May 24, 2011 CalWater: Study of impacts of
aerosols on clouds and precipitation
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CalWater: 2009-2016 Developing a better understanding of aerosol sources
and processes impacting cloud properties and precipitation in California
Simultaneously measure aerosols, meteorology, cloud physics
Key question: Are there differences in the aerosols
that lead to rain, snow, or no precipitation? Satellite In-situ measurements S-band Radar
2011
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??
Impact of air pollution on clouds and regional climate
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Aerosol Impacts on Clouds and Precipitation
Polluted Pristine
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Aerosols can impact the amount of precipitation California receives (Feb 5-9, 2015)
50% of California’s annual water budget comes from just 3-4 winter storms termed “atmospheric rivers”
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CalWater (2009)
A Tale of Two Storms Produced 23% of annual precipitation and
38% of the snow pack Storm 2 produced 40% more precipitation
and increased snowpack by 1.6 times
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Dust/bio
Biomass burning
Storm 1 Feb 22 and 23
4.3” Storm 2 March 1-3
6.4”
Precipitation Chemistry (Calwater-2009)
Rain and snow melt (Insoluble residue) chemistry
16 in
ch in
crea
se in
snow
-pac
k
Mar
ch 1
Mar
ch 3
Mar
ch 2
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2011
How are dust/bio aerosols affecting precipitation?
CalWater-2011
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Sampling individual cloud droplets/ice crystals
NCAR Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) removed < 8 μm particles
Evaporated water from cloud droplets/ ice crystals
Pratt, et al. Analytical Chemistry, 2009
Size and Chemical Composition of Individual Particles
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2/16/2011 17:58 UTC 3,820 m, -21.5°C
Dust/ Bioparticles
Sea Salt
Ice in clouds
CalWater: 2011
Liquid clouds
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Aerosol Impacts on Regional Clouds and Climate
Some aerosols (dust and bioparticles) enhance snowfall while others (agricultural burning and pollution) reduce precipitation
Prather and co-workers, Science, 2013
Dust from Africa Affects Precipitation Over California
Results being incorporated in weather models to improve forecasting ability
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Pratt, Nature Geo, 2009
Source of Bioparticles? Land or Ocean?
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CAICE Phase II Center for Aerosol Impacts on Climate and the Environment (CAICE) University of California, San Diego
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California Air Quality • Aerosol sources in California have changed over the years • Ground-level pollution impacted by local sources California Regional Climate • Dynamics, meteorology, and aerosol impacts on precipitation
challenging to unravel – but ice formation has profound impacts • Upper level atmosphere and clouds impacted by long range transport • Mother Nature has established effective cloud seeding recipe…. • Findings being used to improve weather forecast models Center for Aerosol Impacts on Climate and the Environment • “Ocean-atmosphere in the lab” approach being used to understand
natural aerosols and improve aerosol treatment in models
Summary
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Thank you….