Gestão da Água usos do mar.pdf · Pangasius. in the Mekong delta is >1 Mt y-1, highest yields in...
Transcript of Gestão da Água usos do mar.pdf · Pangasius. in the Mekong delta is >1 Mt y-1, highest yields in...
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http://gesaq.org/Gestão da Água
J. Gomes Ferreirahttp://ecowin.org/
11 de Dezembro 2018
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Usos do marPlaneamento espacial marinho, aquacultura, energia
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Usos do mar
• Pescas
• Aquacultura
• Energias renováveis
• Planeamento espacial marinho
• Capacidade de sustentação (carrying capacity)
• Síntese
Usos diferentes, harmonização.
Recursos renováveis: sectores e harmonização
Temas
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World capture fisheries and aquaculture (2018)
Aquaculture: 80 X 106 t; Capture fisheries for human food: 71 X 106 t.
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The state of world fisheries and aquacultureSOFIA 2000 (FAO)
FAO, 2001. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
Aquaculture
Fisheries
106 ton y-1
Aquaculture in 1998 was a fraction of capture fisheries.
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The state of world fisheries and aquacultureSOFIA 2018 (FAO)
FAO, 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
Aquaculture continues to grow at an APR of 5.5% per year.
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Distribution of production among major fish species
FAO, 2001. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
Production (106 ton y-1)
1.1
0.6
1.3
1.3
8.9
1.6
2.2
4.4
1.3
2.3
4.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.9
1.9
2
2.1
2.4
4
0 2 4 6 8 10
Yellowfin tuna
Blue whiting
Atlantic cod
Largehead hairtail
Anchoveta
Skipjack tuna
Chub mackerel
Chilean jack mackerel
Japanese anchovy
Atlantic herring
Alaska pollock
1996
1998
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Capture fishery production by countrySOFIA 2008 (FAO)
FAO, 2008. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
Capture fishery production (106 ton y-1)
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Chinese fishery data
Watson, R., Pang, L., Pauly, D., 2001. The Marine Fisheries of China:
Development and Reported Catches.Fisheries Centre Research Report
9(2). Univ. British Colombia, Canada.
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European Union capture fisheries and aquaculture
FAO, 2009. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
1986 1990 1994 1998Aquaculture productionInland production ('000 tonnes) 171 221 241 249Percentage of world total 3.0 2.7 2.0 1.3Marine production ('000 tonnes) 699 717 796 1 085Percentage of world total 20.6 14.5 9.2 8.9Fisheries productionInland production ('000 tonnes) 113 107 104 120Percentage of world total 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5Marine production ('000 tonnes) 6 774 6 067 6 737 6 419Percentage of world total 8.6 7.7 8.0 8.2Fisheries and aquaculture productionCombined total ('000 tonnes) 7 757 7 114 7 878 7 873Percentage of world total 8.3 7.2 7.0 6.7
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Relevance of world aquaculture
• 50% of aquatic products originate from aquaculture (SOFIA, 2010)
• 90% of the 68 million tonnes of aquaculture products (105 billion USD)originate from Asia (Sorgeloos, 2010)
• Production of striped catfish Pangasius in the Mekong delta is >1 Mt y-1,highest yields in the world, 350-400 tonnes ha-1 per crop (Sena da Silva, 2010)
• 30 Mt y-1 of extra aquatic products required to feed the planet by 2050(Swaminathan, 2010)
• US predicted expansion from 0.5 to 1.5 Mt y-1 (Olin, 2010)
• Europe: production is 4.2% by volume, 9.1% by value (Sorgeloos, 2010)
Growth of both population and aquaculture will take place in developing nations
Volume and value
FAO Global Aquaculture Conference 2010
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Trends in fisheries and aquaculture – SOFIA 2018
Equivalent to the emergence of agriculture 10,000 years ago in the Neolithic period.
y = 0.05x2-201.59x+199,406.86r² = 1.00
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
r² = 0.93
y = 0.05x2+13.55x+215,324.93
Capture fisheries for human consumption
Aquaculture May 2013
Live
wei
ght (
106
tonn
espe
r yea
r)
Year
Data pointsFit
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Trends in fisheries and aquaculture : 2010-2035
For projected APR growth in aquaculture and fisheries, 160 million tonnes in Sept 2018.
50
55
60
65
70
75
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Aqua
cultu
re a
nd to
tal (
106
tonn
espe
r yea
r)
Wild capture (10
6tonnesper year)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% fi
sher
ies
Year
% fisheries FisheriesAquacultureTotal
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Fish as a foodWorld per capita supply (average 2003-2005)
FAO, 2009. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
China 20-30 kgIndia
2-5 kg
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Fish as a foodWorld per capita supply (average 2008-2010)
FAO, 2014. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
China 30-60 kgIndia
5-10 kg
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Fish as a foodWorld per capita supply (average 2011-2013)
FAO, 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
China 30-60 kgIndia
5-10 kg
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Fish as a foodWorld per capita supply (average 2013-2015)
FAO, 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
US imports > 90%
Europe imports
>70%
Total seafood consumption in India andChina alone has grown by approximately20 million tonnes in less than 10 years.Additional consumption by 2025 willincrease this number by 14 million tonnes.
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The state of world fisheries and aquacultureSOFIA 2018 (FAO)
FAO, 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
Balance of supply and demand. Non-food uses continue to decrease.
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Aquaculture in Europe
• Aquaculture is the most heavily regulated food production sector in Europe(Varadi, 2010)
• Competition for space, access to capital, availability of special services,limited authorised veterinary products (Varadi, 2010)
• Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) – no reference to aquaculture.Benthic biodiversity, fish (in transitional waters); Good Ecological Status inEurope by 2015
• Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC) – Fish and ShellfishQuality Descriptor (QD3). Aquaculture is seen only as a pressure. GoodEnvironmental Status by 2020
• Many other parts of the world don’t come close to the EU regulatorypanorama
In all likelihood Europe will add value over volume.
Sustainability and legislation
Environmental, legal, and social pressures
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Imports to Europe
If European consumption was at the level of Portugal (57.4 kg y-1 per capita)an extra 27 million tonnes of fish products would be required annually.
Europe imports 74% of its aquatic products. The USA imports 86%
All numbers in millions of USD (SOFIA 2012)
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Spain 287 ktMussels, trout, bream
Italy 148 ktMussels, trout, clams
Greece 123 ktBream, bass, mussels
Turkey 249 ktTrout, bream, bass
Israel 20 ktTilapia, carp, mullet
Hungary 17 ktCarp, catfish
Norway 1326 ktSalmon, trout
Netherlands 62 ktMussels, oysters
UK 194 ktSalmon, mussels,
trout
France 163 ktOysters, mussels
Portugal 11 ktTurbot, clams, bream
2-5 kg y-1
5-10 kg y-1
10-20 kg y-1
20-30 kg y-1
30-60 kg y-1
> 60 kg y-1
Per capita consumption of aquatic products (2010)
Ireland 41 ktMussels, oysters, salmon
Iceland 15 ktArtic char, salmon
Denmark 35 ktTrout, eel
Production by nation
Poland 35 ktCarp, trout
Production data (2016)
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1 kg of feed
kg of food needed per kg of body mass
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.1 (DW/FW) is a typical value for
state-of-the-art salmon culture. For many other species, the FCR
can be higher , up to about 2.
1 kg of tissue
Fed aquacultureFeed requirements
Finfish aquaculture has the best efficiency in the animal production industry.
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Legal frameworks
Country Basic Legislation Authorization System Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA)EU Horizontal directives, MSFD,
WFD, shellfish directivesLicencing, water quality permitting Required
USA Federal and state level Registration with state authorities. May vary among states
Usually required, may vary among states
Canada Oversight by federal, provincial and local authorities.
Federal and provincial governments issue licences
Required
Norway - Aquaculture Act (2005).- EEA agreement
Licence. Regulators may limit number of licences
Required for large aquaculture installations
Chile - Fisheries and Aquaculture Law Permit Required for large aquaculture installations
New Zealand - Resources Management Act (RMA)
Resource consent Required
Asia 90%. Rest of the world: 10% of production
Assymetry in regulatory instruments and requirements for environmentalcompliance on a global scale.
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Offshore aquaculture - aquapods
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Integrated Multi-Trophic AquacultureVancouver Island, Canada
Scallop lanterns as part of an IMTA setup that includes sablefish, kelp, andsea cucumbers.
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Cage farming in NorwayFirst prototype around 1970 (Groentvedt) Sheltered, shallow, near shore site
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Cages supplied by Aqualine AS
World’s largests offshore fishfarming site
2010:12 000 ton/year production4 man-yearsemi-exposed to the ocean
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Aquaculture in Brazil – Santa Fé do Sul, São PauloTilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
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Aquaculture in Thailand - Mae Tak reservoir, ChiangraiTilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
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Chiangrai pond culture, ThailandTilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
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Cholburee, ThailandIntegrated culture of tilapia and shrimp
Shrimp go in for one week, then the tilapia are added and eat the Azolla.
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Nori in Fujian, China - Porphyra yezoensis
Worldwide production of 600,000 tonnes, feeds demand for Sushi.
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Sanggou Bay – December 2016Aquaculture on a different scale
Seaweed, abalone, sea cucumber, oysters, scallops...
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Seasonal alternative culture of seaweeds cultivated in low and higher temperature seasons in IMTA model in Sungo Bay
Jun-Oct: cultivating Gracilaria sp
Nov-Jun: cultivating Kelp
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Feeding abalone with Gracilaria chouae
脆江蓠饵料组Gracilaria chouae
脆江蓠所饲喂稚鲍的生长速度显著高于龙须菜Comparing with Gracilaria lemaneiformis, SeaweedGracilaria chouae is a better food for abalone during summer season
龙须菜饵料组Gracilaria lemaneiformis
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养殖生态类型
• 网箱养殖Cage Culture: 美国红鱼、
真鲷、
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Sustainability criteria: foundation in classical ecology
Filgueira et al., 2013. Aquaculture Environment Interactions 4, 117-133.
Ecological resilience
Natural variation
Tipping points
Precautionary limits
Ecosystem State of the system Aquaculture activity
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Nile tilapiaCentral Thailand
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Nile tilapiaCentral Thailand
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Tilapia cage cultureLaguna de Bay, Philippines
Overstocking and slow water turnover can lead to excess organic material.
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Over carrying capacity farmingAn extreme case study of cage farming in
Sandu Bay
Yellow croaker
(Zhang, 2008)
Zhu, 2010
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Rapid overstocking…
• Yellow croaker cage farming was started in SanduBay in 1995, 1000 fish cages in Qingshan, 1996.
• 50,000 fish cages in Qingshan, (260, 000 fish cages in the whole Sandu Bay,) 2005
• Carrying capacity research indicated 40% of the cages should be removed in 2005, but things remain unchanged.
Zhu, 2010
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Zhu, 2010
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Aquaculture growth in Brazil (1994-2009)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Annu
al p
rodu
ctio
n (to
n)
21 % annualized
growth
• Many reservoirs are used for tilapia cultivation – steel cages keep thepiranhas at bay;
• Typical culture practice: stocking density of up to 300 kg m-3, harvest at800 g after a 9 month growth period;
• Carrying capacity is determined as 1/6 of the total allowable phosphorus(30 µg L-1), determined using the Dillon & Rigler (1974) model.
High growth, high impact, fragile assessment
Typical production250 cages per hectare200 kg m-3, 6 m3 cages: 300 ton ha-1 cycle-1
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Current global criteria for site selection
• Space availability
• Limits to production
• Habitat destruction
• Coastal eutrophication
• Organic enrichment
• Loss of biodiversity
Environmental basis varies widely
Expansion of aquaculture has historically been a bottom-up process
Licensing or development
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Carrying Capacity – a Multidimensional Problem
Production
Ecology
Social
Four pillars for sustainable aquaculture. In the West, the social pillar is limiting.
Governance
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Different types of carrying capacityfor aquaculture
Southeast Asia, China
Production
Ecological
Governance
Social
US, Europe,Canada
Types of carrying capacity
Limiting factor
Limiting factor
Different parts of the world see carrying capacity in very different ways.
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Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture(the gospel according to FAO)
• Aquaculture should be developed in the context ofecosystem functions and services (includingbiodiversity) with no degradation of these beyond theirresilience;
• Aquaculture should improve human-well being andequity for all relevant stakeholders;
• Aquaculture should be developed in the context ofother sectors, policies and goals.
Three principles
Soto, 2010
EAA: ecosystem balance, social equity, multiple uses
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Marine Spatial Planning
• Uses can be attributed in marine areas in a similar way to land areas
• GIS tools have traditionally been used for implementation of spatialplans
• Key differences: significant water movement complicates zoning
• Significant movement of some species in water, particularly pelagicfishery species such as herring, mackerel, anchovy, or sardine, biasplanning towards static uses
• All the challenges of land planning apply, together with a number ofadditional issues
Two major hurdles which are not yet addressed.
Order in the sea
Basic concept
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Strategic and forward-looking
Improves managementof competition, and supports co-existence
Decision-making becomes predictableand consistent
Participatory(not consulting)
Cross-sectoral and multi-interest
Manages activities within limits (sustainable development)
MSP is a robust approach for resource optimization.
What it is What it does
Advantages of Marine Spatial Planning
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Authority – who is in charge? Do they have resources? Link between terrestrial and marine planning
Key Challenge 1. Governance
How to make choices on preferred development options? Common units between different industries and sectors
for comparative assessment
Key Challenge 2. How to manage conflict?
What questions / indicators should be used? Cost of data / scientific effort Adaptive management versus stability for business
Key Challenge 3. How to measure success?
Three key challenges for marine spatial planning
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Establish Institutional Framework
Public Consultation
Implement
Assess Baseline
and Identify Issues
Vision and Objectives
Monitor and
review
MSP Process
Produce Plan
The Marine Spatial Planning Process
Marine Spatial Planning is a process; it is not a map.
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ICES boxes in the Northeast Atlantic
Areas used for fisheries management. The fishery can move...
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Landings of mackerel and horse mackerel
Irish Exclusive Economic Zone 2006-2008 (kg nm-2).
Latit
ude
Longitude
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Wind farms in the North Sea
A plan for a high voltage grid around the North Sea.
High voltage grid
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Wind farms in the North Sea
Wind speed around the Danish coast – one layer of an MSP.
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Combination of offshore windfarmsand aquaculture
Potential use of wind turbines and enclosed space forcultivating finfish, shellfish, and seaweeds
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Co-use: Offshore wind-farm and aquaculture
Source: BSH
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North Sea marine spatial conflicts
Source: BSH
Windfarms
Navigation
Fisheries
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Offshore windfarm – single turbine
Source: Ebeling 2012
A turbine costs 15-20 million € and has a height above sea level of 25 mOperators resist co-use due to permitting, safety and insurance concerns
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Offshore production platform idea 2015 – launched in 2017?
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Nordlaks : An Ocean ship/cage solution to be tested
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Closed floating tanks
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Legal constraints
Use conflicts
Generation of constraint maps
Geographic area selection
Base map generation
Suitable areas
Yes
No
Physical suitability
Growth and survival
Product quality
Environmental sustainability
Data sources Multi-layer factor generation
Water quality criteria
Sediment quality criteria
Factor suitability ranges
Multi-criteria evaluation
Suitable areas
No
Yes
No suitability
No suitability
Environmental driver data or system-scale
model outputs
Farm-scale carrying capacity
model
Production feasibility
Yes
NoNo business viability
Site selection
Factor suitability
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
Detailed analysis of production, socio-economics, and
environmental effects
Ecological quality criteria
Systemsapproach
for site selection
Every talk needs a
horrendogram!
Silva et al., 2011.
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The four orders of coastal governance outcomes
Avoiding the ‘paper park’ syndrome
NationalRegional
Local
First order:Enabling conditions
Formalized mandate with implementing authority
Management plans adopted
Funding secured
Constituencies present at local and national levels
Second order:Changes in behaviour
Changes inbehaviour ofinstitutions andstakeholder groups
Changes inbehaviours directlyaffecting resourcesof concern
Investments ininfrastructure
Third order:The harvest
Some social and/orenvironmentalqualitiesmaintained, restored,or improved
Fourth order:Sustainable coastal developmentA desirable and dynamic balance between social and environmental conditions is achieved
Finaloutcomes
Intermediateoutcomes
Time
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Summary
• Fisheries are an important and traditional human activity;
• Aquaculture has replaced fisheries as the main source ofaquatic protein, but fishing (like hunting) will not disappear;
• Aquaculture, like agriculture, needs to be sustainable.Probably only a few species will be cultivated at scale;
• Marine spatial planning is only one of the potentialmanagement tools, and it needs work;
• Carrying capacity and site selection are key for sustainableand harmonious growth of the economy of the sea;
• The distinction is not between wild and farmed fish—it isbetween good and bad fish.
http://gesaq.org/All slides
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Resilience…