Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms (GTN)doc.mui.ac.ir/images/Beheshti/Dr.Behnamfar/GTD.ppt · PPT...
Transcript of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms (GTN)doc.mui.ac.ir/images/Beheshti/Dr.Behnamfar/GTD.ppt · PPT...
In the name of GOD
Gestational trophoblastic
Neoplasms (GTN)DanforthDr.F Behnamfar MD
GTN is divided into three histologic categories :
hydatidiform mole , invasive mole (chorioadenoma destruens) choriocarinoma .
Partial hydatidiform moles Placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT)
All derived from the human placental trophoblast and the paternal genome
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by these neoplasms and serves as a sensitive tumor marker that correlates well with the clinical course for all GTNs except PSTT.
The initial histologic features of any lesion identified as GTN are less important than the clinical data and hCG level.
Complete Hydatidiform MoleMacroscopically : Edema and swelling of virtually Villi without
identifiable fetal parts or amniotic membranes
Microscopically: The chorionic villi are hydropic with marked
interstitial edema . fetal vessels are absent Proliferation of cytotrophoblast and
syncytiotrophoblast
Complete moles: completely paternal chromosomal composition . most are 46,XX
An empty egg by a haploid sperm followed by reduplication
Empty ovum + 2323 endoreduplication 46xx Homozygous
Clinical finding :
1-one third to one half of uterine enlargement 2-Vaginal bleeding 3-Thecalutein cysts 20% 5-pregnancy – induced hypertension (PIH)4-pulmonary decompensation 6-hyperthyroidism 7-snowstorm (ultrasonography)
Partial mole partial moles often are associated with
identifiable fetal parts or amniotic membranes one haploid maternal and two haploid
paternal sets of chromosomes diagnosis : until after evacuation of the pregnancy
complete moles : 10% to 30% incidence of malignant
partial mole : fewer than 5% of the patients
Invasive mole
with invasion into the myometrium without intervening endometrial stroma
uterine perforation and hemorrhage
choriocarcinoma choriocarcinoma rapidly invades the
myometrium and uterine vessels , and systemic metastasis
no chorionic villi are identified hematogenous embolization (affinity of trophoblast cell for blood vessel) Most cases have no tissue for pathologic
study, hCG level has raise
50% of cases are preceded by hydatidform mole
Gestational choriocarcinoma has been observed several years after last known pregnancy .
Spontaneous regression of the primary uterine site
Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) Locally invasive neoplasms derived from
intermediate cells of the placenta HPL from cytotrophoblast cell small amounts of hCG rare systemic metastasis significantly more resistant to standard
chemotherapy than other forms of GTN hysterectomy is the initial therapy of choice
Risk factors for hydatidiform mole 1-prevous molar pregnancies 2-maternal age (advanced maternal age ,
younger women or adolescents) Animal fat Deficiency of folat –caroten and protein Low socioeconomic state
Management GTD complete physical and pelvic examinations complete blood count determination blood chemistry levels , including renal-liver baseline serum hCG level chest radiograph pelvic ultrasonography
Evacuation: suction dilation and curettage hysterectomy followed closely after hysterectomy incidence of malignant squeal:
20% after suction D&C to less than 5% after hysterectomy
Follow-up B-hCG levels every 1 to 2 weeks Until hCG
level is undetectable After the first normal level for 2 to 4 weeks Every then 1 to 2 months for 6 months Oral contraceptives
Hydatidiform mole
(compiete or parial )
Evacuation by suction D&C
(hysterectomy only sterllization
desired )
Monitor serum B-hCG
weekly Good contraception
hCG returns to negative
hCG levels q month X 6
May again attempt pregnancy if
desired
hCG plateaus or rises
Exclude new pregnancy
Stage and treat with chemotherapy
Algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of a patient with hydatidiform mole
Hysterectomy only if sterillzation desired After completion of 6 months of hCG normal
level pregnancy if desired
False – positive hCG Test Results The heterogeneity of hCG and the variability
between different hCG assays may in False – positive test results .
Presence of heterophilic antibodies
After evacuation of hydatidiform mole;(9% to 36%) of patients requiring therapy
Pattern of hCG regression If hCG level plateau or raise for 3 or more
consecutive weekly levels appearance of metastatsis
higher frequency of post molar malignant GTN
1- Trophoblastic proliferation 2- Uterine enlargement 3- Theca lute in cysts 4- RDS after molar evacuation 5- post evacuation uterine hemorrhage
Persistent GTD irregular vaginal bleeding Thecalutein cysts Uterine subinvolution Persistently elevated serum hCG level
Clinical classification of malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Nonmetastatic GTN A. Not defined in terms of good versus poor
prognosis
Metastatic GTN
Good prognosis (absence of high-risk factors )1. Pretreatment serum B-hCG level < 40,000 IU/ml2. Less than 4-month duration of symptoms
attributable to disease3. No evidence of brain or liver metastasis4. No significant prior chemotherapy 5. No antecedent term pregnancy
Poor pregnosis (any single high-risk factor )1. pretreatment serum B-hCG level >40,000 Iu/ml 2. more than 4-month duration of symptoms
attributable to disease 3. brain or liver metastasis or both4. failed prior chemotherapy 5. antecedent term pregnancy
Malignant GTN distant metastases
Gastrointestinal urologic hemorrhage Hemoptysis Neurological symptoms due to cerebral
hemorrhage Clinical hyperthyroidism
Four principal pulmunary radiologic patterns snowstorm pattern (Alveolar pattern )
Discrete rounded densities Plural effusion Embolic pattern
Management :
Physical and pelvic examinations Baseline hCG level Chest radiograph Pelvic ultrasonography
CT of brain , chest , and abdomen –pelvis Exclude an uterine pregnancy
Stage IStage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Strictly confined to uterine corpus Extends outside the uterus , but limited to genital structures Extends to the lungs with or without genital tract involvement All other metastatic sites
Sub stages assigned for each stage as follows : A: no risk factors present B: One risk factor C: Both risk factors Risk factors used to assign substages :1- pretherapy serum hCG> 100,000 mIU/ml 2- Duration of disease > 6 months
Who Orgnaization prognostic scoring system for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Prognostic factor 0 1 2 4
Age <39 >39 _ -
Antecedent pregnancy Hydatidiform Abortion , ectipic Term pregnancy -
Interval (months) <4 4-6 7-12 >12
hCG level (IU/liter) <10 10-10 10-10 >10
ABO blood groups (female/male)
O/A B A/O AB
Largest tumor (cm) <3 3-5 >5 _
Site of metastasis _ Spleen, kidney Gastrointestinal tract, liver Brain
Number of metastases _ 1-3 4-8 >8
Prior chemotherapy _ _ Single drug Multiple druge
The total score is obtained by adding the individual scores for each prognostic factor . Total score :<4 , low risk ; 5-7 , intermediate risk ;>8 , high risk .Interval :between antecedent pregnancy and start of chemotherapy.
WHO Scoring systemScore :
<4,low risk 5-7 mid risk>8 , high risk
Chemotherapy alone is successful in curing 85% of patients with non metastatic and good-
prognosis
Hysterectomy rarely is indicated as Initial therapy for women with malignant GTN
Persistence of a lung nodule after hCG normalization Should not necessarily surgery
Whole-brain and whole-liver irradiation in conjunction with chemotherapy
protocol for treatment of GTDStage I single agent chemotherapy Resistant combination chemotherapy or
hysterectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy
Stage II,III low risk single agent chemotherapy high risk combination chemotherapy Resistant second line chemotherapy
Stage IV combination chemotherapy radiotherapy Resistant second line chemotherapy
liver 2,000 rd therapy prevent hepatic hemorrhage selective occlusion of the hepatic artery
Response during therapy
Weekly intervals during therapy After remission hCG levels in the normal level Every 1 month First year of surveillance .
Follow up
Molar pregnancy 6 month GTN 1 year
Metastatic GTN except lung 2 year
Recurrence rates after therapy for GTN have been 3% to 26%
Late complication
Slight increase in the incidence of spontaneous abortion
Repeat molar 1% ovarian failure as a result of prolonged multi
drug chemotherapy
Low incidence of congenital malformations The incidence of placenta accreta particular ,
appears to be increased
After first pregnancy
We should be a chest radiography . Serum BhCG after 6-8 weeks of post partum Placenta should be undergo pathology
Towards a safe motherhood