Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
-
Upload
johan-van-staveren -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
1/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 173
GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ROCK MASS
QUALITY OF THE CARBONATE RUS FORMATION,DAMMAM DOME, SAUDI ARABIA
Osman Abdullatif*
Earth Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
:
. .
. . . . .
___________________
*Corresponding Author:
E-mail: [email protected]_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Paper Received June 13, 2009; Paper Revised November 25, 2009; Paper Accepted December 9, 2009
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
2/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010174
ABSTRACT
This study investigates the geomechanical properties, rock mass quality, and correlation relationships of the
carbonate Rus Formation in the Dammam dome. The rock mass classification systems for tunneling purposes, the
rock mass rating (RMR), and rock mass quality index (Q) were used to classify the rock quality from outcrop
exposures. Rock mass quality is controlled by variable lithology, strength, weathering, multiple discontinuities, and
solution caverns. The caverns are present and controlled by the fractures in the dome. Physical and geomechanicalproperties vary and the lower Rus shows lower average properties than the middle Rus. The RMR system classifies
the rock masses into fair, good, and very good, while the Q system classifies the rock quality into poor, fair, and
good. Both systems indicate that the lower Rus has lower rock mass quality than the middle Rus. The rock quality
classification indicates that different support requirements might be needed for excavation, construction, and
tunneling design in the lower and middle Rus. Characterization of rock quality on a regional scale within the dome
can help to avoid potential hazards and possible problems in engineering structures or any expensive repair
remedies.
Key words:carbonates, rock mass classification, solution caverns, dome structure, Saudi Arabia
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
3/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 175
GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ROCK MASS QUALITY OF THE
CARBONATE RUS FORMATION, DAMMAM DOME, SAUDI ARABIA
1. INTRODUCTION
The Dammam dome is located in the eastern province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and is bounded
approximately by longitudes 50 and 50 14N and latitudes 26 12 and 26 26E .The dome forms a local topographic
high along a generally flat area in eastern Saudi Arabia. It is an oval shape structural body trending northwest and
covering an area of 150 km2(Figures 1 and 2) The dome encompasses Dhahran, Khobar, and part of Dammam city
[1]. The study area is part of the Arabian Gulf region where the impact of engineering construction and rockexcavation has increased the pressure on a fragile environment which already suffers from inferior inherent ground
conditions with problematic variable material properties and foundation conditions [24]. Construction work,
development, and excavation within the dome are continuing at an advancing rate. Previous studies have indicated
instability problems and solution cavities. In addition, a collapse of rocks was encountered during excavation within
the Dammam dome. Solution cavities were found to be related to the predominant rock structure orientation. They
mainly form along joints in the rock formation [59]. Information on rock geomechanical properties in the dome has
been lacking. Understanding the deposition, lithological variation, and structure of the dome formations has
important implications in understanding the impact on rock material and mass properties and problems related toconstruction or engineering structures [10,11]. The objective is to describe and characterize the geomechanical
properties and rock mass quality of the carbonate Rus Formation within the Dammam dome.
Figure 1: Location map of the study area in Dammam dome, Saudi Arabia
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
4/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010176
Figure 2: Simplified geological map for the tertiary succession in Dammam dome area modified after [1]
2.GEOMORPHOLOGY
The geomorphology of the area has been shaped by geologic and climatic elements since Mesozoic times. The
area is located at the western edge of the Arabian Gulf. The drainage in the eastern region is eastward, where underpresent day dry conditions, the wadis play a minor role. However, during past periods, different climatic conditions
affected and shaped the landscape [16]. The main geomorphic features in the area include (1) the Gulf and the
coastal region, (2) the Dammam dome, (3) the Lidam and Al Summan escaparpment to the west, and (4) the central
area between the eastern edge and the Lidam escarpment to the west. A brief account is summarized here below
[1,16].
1) The Arabian Gulf is a shallow sea with a maximum depth of 110 m. The elevation rises gradually inland tothe west to an altitude of about 200m in the westernmost part. . From north to south, rock benches 1.5 to 2
high containing shells and reef occur along the Gulf coastline and indicate higher stands of the sea in past
times [16]. Salt flats and subkhas are also common features and they consist of sands, silts, mud, and salt toa depth of several meters. Locally, sand sheet, drifting sand, and sand dunes are also common.
2) The Damman dome consists of gently sloping topography where small hills stand out from the landscape,reaching a maximum of 150 m at Jebel Umm Er Rus at the top of the dome. The slopes are small,
decreasing gradually further outward. Three rocks exposed within the dome are gently dipping Tertiary
rocks covered locally with Quaternary deposits [1,16].
3) The Lidam and Al Summan escarpments border the Arabian Gulf region on the west and form a long, flat,hard-rock plateau trending north-south. The elevation reaches 200m along the western margin of the
plateau. The rocks consists of contrasting lithologies made of limestone, sandstone, mudstone, and shale ofmarine and fluvial origin.
4) The central region in the middle between the western Lidam escarpment and the dome is generally flat,locally marked by rock outcrops and interrupted by inland sabkhas and aeolian deposits. These deposits
consist of mobile barchans dunes and less thick sand sheet deposits, which are generally fixed byvegetation[16].
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
5/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 177
3. GEOLOGIC SETTING
The geology of the eastern province has been dealt with by several authors [1216]. Recently, Weijermars [1]
documented the surface geology of the Dammam dome and discussed the distribution and stratigraphic and
sedimentologic aspects of the Tertiary outcrops of the Dammam dome (Figure 2). The Dammam dome is an
anticlinal structure with a core excavated by erosion with a major axis trending N 3040 west and covering an area
of about 60 sq. miles. It originated from episodic upward movement of deep-seated infra-Cambrian Hormuz salt.According to Weijermars [1], movement started in the Jurassic period in response to general tectonic extension on
the Arabian plate. The tectonic extension was further accelerated in the Miocene era. The uplift rate of the Dammam
dome continued during the Neogene period (7.5 m/Ma) [1].
The rocks exposed within the Dammam Dome are very gently dipping Tertiary rocks covered with Quaternarydeposits locally developed into sand dune and sheet deposits or extensive sabkhas. The exposed rocks of the
Dammam dome range in age from Paleocene to Middle Miocene. The rocks sequence from oldest to youngest and
consist of (1) Umm er Radhuma Formation, (2) Rus Formation, (3) Dammam Formation, (4) Hadrukh Formation
and Dam Formation, and (5) Quaternary coastal deposits, sabkha plains and aeolian sands (Figure 2).
(1) The Umm er Raduma Formation consists of very fine to medium crystalline dolomite with siliceous
inclusions up to 15 cm. Quartz geodes and chert nodules are present throughout the section. The fauna foundsuggest a shallow marine environment [14]. The total thickness of Umm er Raduma is 243.1 m [13].
(2) The deposition of the lower Eocene Rus Formation carbonates and its equivalents in eastern margins of the
Arabian Peninsula extends from southern Iraq in the north to Yemen and Oman in the south. This has
produced a shallow marine platform that covers an area approximately 450 thousands km2
[17]. The Rus
Formation is divided lithostratigraphy into three members: lower, middle, and upper Rus. The lower Rus
shows alteration of marls and thin dolomitic limestone beds, abundant slumps, and geodes. The middle Rus
consists of a vuggy weathered, well-jointed dolomite to dolomitic limestone with abundant mud balls. The
upper Rus consists of fine grained chalky limestone with few marls and clay layers at the top. The
depositional environment of the Rus Formation consists at the base of sabkha, which is subjected episodically
to shallow marine incursions and changes towards the top of the formation into regressive facies, lagoonal
associated with continental facies [1]. The lower Rus is composed of thinly to moderately interbedded
dolomitic marls and thin, hard dolomitic limestone with abundant slumps, geodes, and solution caverns. The
rock underwent different grades of weathering. In contrast, the Middle Rus shows thickly bedded grey buff,
fractured, and well-jointed dolomitic limestone that shows vuggy weathering and solution caverns. Based ona composite section at KFUPM and Saudi Aramco [13,14], the lower, middle, and upper Rus thicknesses are
estimated at 21 m, 10 m, and 25 m, respectively.
In the subsurface, the Rus Formation consists of interbedded anhydrite parasequences. Many solution cavernshave been reported [68]. Anhydrite in Rus Formation thins or is absent above many structural highs, including
much of Qatar Arch, Ghawar field, Dammam dome, and other large anticlines. The Rus anhydrite is an important
seismic reflector. In the basins, the reflector is strong and continuous, indicating that the anhydrite is thick and
bedded. In contrast, the reflector is weak and scattered along the crests of many large anticlines, suggesting that the
anhydrite is not present or that it is not continuously bedded, or both. In addition, individual beds can be correlated
among closely spaced wells using wire line logs for hundreds of kilometers. In the subsurface, the absence ofanhydrite within the Rus Formation in some areas is attributed to (a) non-deposition because the structures were
moving or facies change, (b) deposition followed by erosion, and (c) extensive subsurface dissolution of the
carbonate and sulfate evaporate under mid-Pleistocene climatic conditions [18]. In the subsurface of the Rub' Al-
khali basin, the Rus Formation consists of anhydrite interbedded with carbonate strata and it ranges in thickness from400 to 800 feet [13,19].
(3) The Dammam Formation rests unconformably above the Rus Formation. It is subdivided into five members.
It consists from bottom to top of shale, limestone, dolomitic marls, and dolomitic limestone. These facies
were deposited within sabkha, lagoonal to shallow marine environments. Based on composite section after
[1,13] the total thickness of the Dammam Formation is 50 m.
(4) The Miocene Hadrukh Formation consists of sandy marl at the base overlain by intercalated thin limestone
beds, and sandstone. Towards the top, the facies changes into calcareous sandstone and shales interbeddedwith minor amounts of marl and gypsum. The Hadrukh Formation represents continental to shallow marine
facies [13, 1]. The Hadruch Formations estimated thickness is 84 m [13].
(5) The Miocene Dam Formation unconformably overlies either Rus or Dammam rocks, depending upon
location. The basal Dam Formation consists of a sandy conglomerate overlain by stromatolitic limestone
passing upwards into clastic limestone intercalated by of geodes filled with microcrystalline calcite. The
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
6/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010178
upper Dam is capped by massive reef limestone. The Dam Formation indicates a major marine transgression,
and it shows a shallow marine environment of subtidal to intertidal environment [1,20]. The estimated
thickness from the outcrop section is 40 m and at the Lidam area 50 km west of Dhahran, total thickness is
estimated at 90.80 m [1,13].
4. TECTONICS AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Study of fractures on the Dammam dome revealed three sets of fractures:
(a) regional (major) fractures, (b) local (minor) fractures, and (c) very small-size localized fractures. This
classification is based on the fracture size, trend, and extension within the dome and these characteristics can be
observed and measured on the dome rocks. In addition, the mode of fracture, filling materials opening and fracture
spacing are all noted and recorded [21,22]. All of the above are criteria that can be observed in the field and bywhich different types of fractures can be distinguished.
Field study also indicated two fracture modes are present within the Dammam dome: Mode I and Mode III.
Mode I fractures are extension or tension fractures and are characterized by a lack of displacement in both the
horizontal and vertical directions. Mode III fractures are normal faults where movement is parallel to the fracture
surface and in the vertical direction. Field investigation indicated that regional fractures are the most prominent or
dominant type of fractures within the dome. They are characterized by their large size, long extension (>500m
1000 m), and systematic trends compared to the local and very small-size localized fractures. These characteristicshelp to determine the relationship of fractures to the tectonic doming and structural settings.
Patterns and trends of those fractures were determined in several locations within the Dammam dome (Figure
3a). The resulting pattern confirmed the relationship of those fractures to the doming in the area (Figures 3a and 3b).
Concentric and radial trends characterize the fracture pattern that coincides with a pattern produced by an ellipticalshape dome [21,22].
Figure 3a: Major fracture trends within the Dammam dome and the expected major trends [21,22]
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
7/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 179
Figure 3b: The proposed fracture trends associated with elliptical shape dome [22]
Lineament studies for the Dammam dome indicated that the general distribution pattern is compatible andconcordant with the proposed and expected fracture pattern for an oval shape dome (Figure 3b). The general
dominant trend of the lineaments also coincides with the fracture trends observed in the field. These observations
further support the idea that lineaments traced from landsat images of the Dammam dome most probably reflectfractures generated during dome emplacement. [21,22]. Major lineament trends are almost northerly, north-
northwest and north-northeast, and south-southwest. These trends were observed in the field at several locations
(Figure 3a). This general pattern may also indicate that the dominant lineament trend within the dome is related tothe dome emplacement.
The regional fractures are more important than the other local types concerning the engineering, environmental,
and hydrocarbon implications. For example, the solution cavern (sinkhole) occurrences at KFUPM, Aramco, and
RSAF Military Base tend to occur along a north-western trend, most possibly located along and controlled by one of
these regional fractures [7,21]. Table (1) summarizes solution caverns and their characteristics in the Dammam area.
Table 1. Summary of Solution Caverns (Sinkholes) Characteristics Recorded
in Previous Studies in Dammam Area
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
8/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010180
5. METHODS
Methods consisted of field work, outcrop survey, and laboratory measurements. The field work collected data on
intact rock and made rock mass descriptions and classifications on the lower and middle Rus Formation. Twenty-
three exposed and excavated outcrop exposures, 11 from the middle Rus and 12 from the lower Rus, were described
and classified in this study. The rock mass and discontinuity survey data sheets were recommended by the
Engineering Group Working Party [23] and were used for data collection. Data collected on the sheets includedinformation related to rock strength, fracture spacing, joint orientation, joint condition, and weathering. This
information was used to assess the rock mass quality. Then the NGI Quality Index (Q) and the CSIR Rock Mass
Rating (RMR) systems were used to classify all rock masses in terms of rock mass quality. In addition, rock samples
were collected from the lower and middle Rus Formation to determine their geomechanicaland physical properties.
Geomechanical properties studied included point load strength (Is), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Youngs
modulus and Poissons ratio, Schmidt hammer rebound hardness, dry and relative density, water absorption,
porosity, and permeability. Tests were conducted according to procedures described by Brown [24] and Johnson and
DeGraff [25].
6. ROCK MASS AND MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
A generalized composite lithological section for the lower and middle Rus Formation is shown in Figure 4. Thelower and middle Rus vary in their stratification, lithology, fracture pattern, and weathering. The lithologic
succession thickens upward. The lower Rus consists of thinly- to moderately-bedded carbonate strata dominatedby dolomitic marl, dolomite, and dolomitic limestone (Figure 5). In contrast, the middle Rus is thickly-bedded and
dominated by fine-grained marly dolomitic limestone. Both regional and local fractures cut the lower and middle
Rus carbonate strata.
Figure 4: Generalized composite stratigraphic section of Rus Formation Dhahran study area showing lithological variation
and structures of lower and middle Rus and samples at outcrop locations
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
9/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 181
Figure 5: Excavation in Rus Formation at KFUPM campus showing regional fracture
and solution caverns in the lower and middle Rus
Karst features and solution caverns in Rus Formation are common and appear to be inherited from post-
depositional erosion and drainage. These formed during the late Tertiary. Solution caverns vary in size and range
from a few to several meters in size. Karst is developed best in limestone and dolomite where the strata is in both
competent and fractured rocks with UCS 30100 M Pa. Karst is more pronounced in competent rocks than in
weaker rocks. A wet tropical climate likely influenced and lead to development of the karst landforms [10]. A
number of factors were probably involved; these include: (1) generally hard competent rocks of the Rus Formation;
(2) well-developed fractured patterns due to doming; (3) variable lithologies and well developed bedding planes; (4)
the presence of interbedded evaporates such as anhydrite; and (5) repetitive periods of wet and dry climate,especially during the late Tertiary to Quaternary times, that provided water recharge and drainage that acted to
dissolve the Rus carbonates.
Outcrops on the Dammam dome show that solution caverns in the Rus carbonates intersect underground
fractures. This is especially evident at exposed outcrops and at rockheads beneath soil (Figures 5, 6, and 7). Figure 5
shows an excavation in the Rus Formation at KFUPM campus where a regional fracture cuts across lower and
middle Rus. Solution caverns (suffusion type) are shown in lower Rus. The cavern contains unconsolidated graveland sand matrix which occlude the cavern. These were washed down by percolating water during wet periods.
Solution caverns are associated with fractures in the Rus Formation. Gravel and sand matrix fills the cavern and
gypsum is lining the cavern walls (Figures 6a, b). Figure 7 shows solution cavern (A) and rock collapse (B) in
middle Rus. Figure 7c shows land subsidence in lower Rus underlain by solution caverns containing gravel and sand
matrix. A buried solution cavern more than 1 m in diameter containing gravel and sand matrix is shown in Figure 7d.
The cavern wall is lined with gypsum. Dissolution caverns recognized within the Rus Formation may be classified,based on Waltham and Fookes [10] classification, as (a) dissolution sinkhole, (b) collapse sinkhole, (c) suffusion
sinkhole, (d) buried sinkhole, or (e) sand pipes caverns (Figures 5, 6, and 7).
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
10/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010182
Figure 6a: A gravelly to sandy matrix fills the regional fracture and extends down through the middle and lower Rus
Figure 6b: Fracturing is associated with solution caverns developed in the lower Rus.
Infilling material is made of gravelly, silty sand, and gypsum is lining the cavity wall (arrows).
Solution caverns, subsidence, and rock instability are recorded in the subsurface. They tend to be present and
pronounced along discontinuities that intersect lithological variations such as anhydrite. The wide regional
distribution of the Rus Formation in the Arabian Peninsula [17,18,19] suggests that rock instability and engineering
hazards may be encountered elsewhere beyond the Dammam dome, especially on structurally high areas similar to
the Dammam dome. Therefore, understanding fracture pattern from outcrop combined with remote sensing and GIS
techniques, could aid engineering geological investigation and characterization studies [20,21].
Summary characteristics of the Rus Formation and its lithological and structural variation in the outcrops
studied are shown in Figure 8. The middle Rus consists of massive dolomite (A) which is thickly bedded and widelyjointed (B); and moderately Vuggy (C) to highly cavernous dolomite (D). The lower Rus is thinly to moderately
interbedded marl, dolomite, and dolomitic limestone (E-H). Solution caverns are lined with gypsum (F). Regional
fractures (arrows) cut across thinly interbedded marls and dolomite in lower Rus (H). Petrographically, the lower
Rus ranges from fine- to medium-grained dolomite to dolomitic limestone. Porosity typically reaches a maximum of
20%, whereas the middle Rus is composed of fine-grained, hard crystalline dolomite with very low porosity around8% (Figure 9). X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that mineralogy of the Rus Formation is dominated by dolomites(9199%), calcite (17%), and minor quartz (16%) and clay minerals (12%).
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
11/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 183
Figure 7: Solution caverns in the middle Rus (A,B) and the lower Rus (C,D) at KFUPM campus
7. PHYSICAL AND GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES
The geomechanical and physical analyses included point load strength (Is), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS),
dry density, porosity, and permeability tests. Results are shown in Table 2. A total of 10, one-inch diameter
specimens were selected for determining Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio by static test on the lower and
middle Rus (Table 3 and 4). Schmidt hammer rebound hardness tests were also conducted on outcrop sections of the
lower and middle Rus as shown in Figures 10a,b. The average, minimum, and maximum values of geomechanical
and physical properties for the lower and middle Rus are shown in Table 5. The average point load strength values
for the lower and middle Rus are 5.20 and 6.90 megapascals (Mpa), respectively. The minimum and maximum pointload strength values for lower and middle Rus Formation are 0.56 to 24.30 Mpa and 0.50 to 13.21 Mpa, respectively.
Average porosity in lower Rus is 10.39% (poor to fair) and it ranges from 5 to 16% (poor to fair/good). In
comparison, the average porosity in middle Rus is 8.83 (negligible to poor) and it ranges from 5 to 14% (poor tofair). For dry density, the lower and middle Rus show average values of 2.28 and 2.56 g/cm
3, respectively. Dry
density in lower Rus ranges from 1.7 to 2.52 g/cm3and in middle Rus it ranges from 2.14 to 2.86 g/cm
3. The average
permeability in lower Rus is 84.57 milli Darcy (mD) (good) and it ranges from 5.08 to 316.27 (poor/fair to very
good). In contrast, the middle Rus has an average permeability of 58.35 mD (moderate/good), and it ranges from
2.98 mD (poor to fair) to
278.72 mD (good). Schmidt hammer tests indicate that the middle Rus has higher values
than those encountered in the lower Rus. In the middle Rus, 75% of the measurements are greater than 50 (SHV) and25% are between 40 and 50 Schmidt hammer rebound values (SHV), whereas in the lower Rus, only 16% of the
measurements are greater than 50 (SHV), 25% are greater than 40%, and 50% of the measurements are less than 30
(SHV) (Figures 10a,b). In the lower Rus, Youngs modulus values range from 4 to 183 gigapascals (Gp) with an
average of 42 Gp. In contrast, values for middle Rus range from 13 to 207 Gp and average 80 Gp. The lower andmiddle Rus have similar Poissons ratio values that average 0. 21 and range from 0.10 to 0.38 (Table 4).
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
12/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010184
Table 2. Rock Geomechanical and Physical Properties for Lower and Middle Rus Formation
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
13/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 185
Figure 8: Shows massive (A) and fractured thickly bedded (B), moderately vuggy (C)
and highly cavernous dolomite (D) in the middle Rus. Thinly interbedded marl and dolomite (E),
cavernous (F,G) and regional fractures (arrows) (H) are shown in the lower Rus.
8. Rock Mass Classification
The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and the Quality Index (Q) rock classification systems were used to classify the
rock masses of Rus carbonates. The RMR system is a sum of six properties: (1) uniaxial compressive strength; (2)
rock quality designation (RQD); (3) spacing of discontinuities; (4) condition of discontinuities; (5) groundwatercondition; and (6) orientation of discontinuities [2730]. The Q system consists of five parameters: (1) RQD;
number of joints sets (Jn), (2) roughness of joints (Jr), (3) joint alteration number (Ja), (4) joint water reduction
factor (Jw), and (5) stress reduction factor (SRF) [31].
For both classification systems, a number of points or rating are allocated to each range of values for each
parameter, and the overall rating of the rock mass is made by adding the ratings of the parameters, and the rock mass
is given a class representing the rock mass quality. For all rock masses, the intact strength was estimated by using
point load strength measurements. The spacing of joints, conditions of joints, and the groundwater condition were
estimated from the rock mass and discontinuity data sheets. The rock quality designation (RQD) values wereestimated from the average frequency of discontinuity using Priest and Hudson's formula, and the rock quality
designation, RQD, is given by
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
14/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010186
RQD = 100 e 0.1 (0.1 + 1) [31]
where is the discontinuity frequency per meter. For the lower and middle Rus, the calculation of the Rock Mass
Rating and Quality index is shown in Table 6. The rock mass quality rating according to the RMR system is
classified into three categories: (1) fair; (2) good; and (3) very good. Results of the quality index according to the
NGI quality system are shown in Table 6. The lower and middle Rus were classified into three categories: (1) poor,
(2) fair, and (3) good. Figure 11 shows different categories of rock mass quality for the lower and middle Rusestimated from the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Quality Index (Q) rock mass classification systems. The Rock
Mass Rating (RMR) and Quality Index (Q) for both lower and middle Rus are plotted in Figure 12. The rock mass
quality data indicates that the lower Rus carbonates have lower rock mass quality compared with the middle Rus.
Table 3. Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio for the Lower and Middle Rus Formation Carbonates____________________________________________________________________________
Sample No. Youngs Modulus Poissons Ratio
MPa_________________________________________________________________________________________
Lower RusL-4 5708 0.10
L-6 183236 0.32
L-7 16129 0.38
L-10 4624 0.11
L-11 4047 012
Middle Rus
MR-6 86790 0.10
MR-7 13879 0.17
MR-9 19479 0.11
MR-11 207503 0.33
MR-13 73961 0.35_______________________________________________________________________________
Table 4. Average, Minimum and Maximum Values of Youngs and Poissons Ratio
of Lower and Middle Rus Formation Carbonates__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Formation Youngs Modulus Mpa Poissons Ration
Average Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lower Rus 42748 4047 183236 0.22 0.10 0.38
Middle Rus 80322 13879 207503 0.21 0.10 0.35__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 5. Summary of Laboratory Testing Results for the Lower
and Middle Rus Formation Carbonates Studied in Outcrops_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Formation Lower Rus Middle Rus
Geomechanical
Average Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum
Parameter_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Point load Strength I 5.20 0.56 24.3 6.90 0.5 13.21
Index (Mpa)
Uniaxial Compressive 100.10 12.12 506 152.92 15 288.86
Strength (Mpa)
Porosity (%) 10.39 5 16 8.83 5 14
Dry Density (g /cm3) 2.28 1.7 2.52 2.56 2.14 2.86
Permeability (md) 84.57 5.08 316.27 58.35 2.98 278.72
Youngs ModulusE(Mpa) 42748 4047 183236 80322 13879 207503
Poissons Ratio 0.22 0.10 0.38 0.21 0.10 0.35
Schmidt Hammer 33 12 54 50 36 60_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
15/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 187
Figure 9: Microphotographs showing euhedral to anhedral dolomite in lower Rus (A) and middle Rus (B)
Figure 10: Schmidt hammer rebound values; lower Rus shows lower values than middle Rus
Table 6. Rock Mass Quality Classification of the Lower and Middle Rus Formation Carbonates Using the
Quality Index (Q) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) Classification Systems Studied in Outcrops
Rock Mass # Quality Index Rock Mass Rock Mass Rating Rock Mass
(Q) Classification (Q) (RMR) Classification (RMR)
Middle RusMR 1 20 Good 80 Good
MR 2 12.9 Good 77 Good
MR 3 7.5 Fair 72 Good
MR 4 9.9 Fair 71 Good
MR 5 7.4 Fair 71 Good
MR 6 5 Poor 76 Good
MR 7 9.9 Fair 85 Good
MR 8 10 Fair 66 Fair
MR 9 5 Poor 76 Good
MR 10 19.4 Good 92 Very Good
MR 11 7.5 Fair 80 Good
Lower Rus
LR 12 7 Fair 77 Good
LR 13 4.8 Poor 68 Fair
LR 14 3.2 Poor 61 Fair
LR 15 2.4 Poor 56 Fair
LR 16 2.3 Poor 52 Fair
LR 17 3.2 Poor 50 Fair
LR 18 3.1 Poor 54 Fair
LR 19 3.2 Poor 53 Fair
LR 20 2.8 Poor 54 Fair
LR 21 6.5 Fair 68 Fair
LR 22 6.2 Fair 54 FairLR 23 6.7 Fair 59 Fair
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
16/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010188
Figure 11: Relationship between rock mass ratio (RMR) and quality index (Q) for lower Rus (triangles) and middle Rus (circles)
Figure 12:Correlation and curve fitting for RMR and quality index (Q) data for lower Rus (triangles) and middle Rus (circles)
9. CORRELATION BETWEEN ROCK MASS RATING AND QUALITY INDEX CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEMS
The Rock Mass Rating system (RMR) considers orientation of discontinuities and material strength. These arenot directly included in the Quality Index (Q) classification system. Rather, the Q system considers rock stress and
the joint set number, which are indirectly considered in the Rock Mass Rating system. Both systems include
conditions for discontinuities and groundwater conditions. The two systems are the most practical schemes for rock
mass classification where tunneling is to be reformed. Previous studies indicated that the Rock Quality Index
classification system (Q) yields a better forecast of support quantities [3335]. Figure 11 shows the relationship
between Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and the Quality Index (Q) for lower and middle Rus. The relationship betweenRMR and Q is given by RMR = 15.5 x (ln Q) + 39.7.
Various correlations between the RMR and Q rock mass classification systems have been found and these are
summarized in Table 7 [28,3537]. The relationships between the RMR and Q classification systems are in the form
of RMR = A ln Q + B, where A is between 7 and 14 and B is between 36 and 49. As shown from the linear
relationship in Figure 11 and the power relationship in Figure 12, the two classification systems RMR and Q index
indicate that the lower Rus carbonates have lower rock mass quality than the middle Rus carbonates. Figure 12shows the correlation between RMR and Q has a correlation coefficient of 92%.
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
17/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 189
Table 7. Relationships Between Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Quality Index (Q)
Established by Previous Studies
Author Relationship between RMR and Q
Bieniawski [28,30] RMR = 9 ln Q + 44
Kaiser and Gale [35] RMR = 8.7 ln Q + 39
Al-Harthi [37] RMR = 9 ln Q + 49Tugrul [38] RMR = 7 ln Q + 36
This study RMR = 15.5 ln Q + 39.7
The engineering hazards presented by karst features include failure of carbonate rocks over voids created bydissolution, or failure due to downward washing of soil into old stable voids, or both [10]. Cave stability is related to
the cave width and the rock mass quality Q value (Figure 13) [31]. The Q data of the lower and middle Rus shows
poor to good rock mass quality (Table 6). Figure 13 shows cave stability related to cave width and rock mass quality.
The envelope of the field for limestone caves is derived from observations of caves around the world. The labeled
fields of stable, supported, and unstable are based on Q quality methods [10]. Cave width observed from Rus outcrop
exposures ranges from 1 to 5 m. The data indicate that the field for cave stability lies within the observed cave widthvalues. Structural support is needed in areas where cave width increases to values greater than 520 m [10]. On the
basis of this relationship, caves in the lower Rus carbonates are less stable than are caves in the middle Rus. Figure
14 compares the results of rock mass quality classification (this study) with other studies (Table 6). The results ofthis study are similar to other studies [30,3538].
Figure 13: Cave stability related to cave width and rock mass quality. The data for the lower Rus (red)
and middle Rus (yellow) both lie within the stable field, modified after [10].
Figure 14: Comparison of the result of this study and other studies (adapted after 38)
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
18/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010190
10. CORRELATION RELATIONSHIPSAMONG INTACT ROCK PROPERTIES
Regression analysis was applied to obtain relationships between geomechanical and physical properties measured
from lower and middle Rus. Bivariant correlation provides a means for summarizing the relationship between two
variables [39]. Previous studies indicated relationships between index properties and mechanical properties.
Various regression equations are proposed for predicting mechanical properties and provide an indirect way of
estimating the mechanical properties. Various types of regression, in addition to linear regression, power (y = axb
)relationships between geomechanical and physical properties were investigated. Figure 15 shows some of these
relationships and the best fit curves between different parameters. The relationships show rather higher correlations
between point load (Is) and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) (Figure 15a). Moderate correlations were obtained
between UCS and permeability and between point load and permeability (Figures 15b,c). A relatively higher
correlation was obtained between porosity and dry density. This is shown in Figure 15d. Low correlations were
obtained between point load and permeability, and between porosity and permeability.
Figure 15a shows the relationship between the point load strength and uniaxial compressive strength and the best
fit curves for lower and middle Rus samples. It can be seen that the linear relationship between Is and UCS yields a
correlation coefficient (R= 99%). The power relationship between Is and permeability yields a rather lower
correlation coefficient of 51%. The relationship between UCS and permeability as shown in Figure 15c also shows alower correlation with a correlation coefficient of 50%. The relationship between porosity and dry density as shown
in Figure 15d shows rather moderate correlation with correlation coefficients of 61%. Figures 15e-j show therelationships among some physical properties and Schmidt rebound hammer values.
The correlation between porosity and dry density conforms to those relationships reported for carbonate rocks by
Bell [40]. However, some of the dry density values in lower and middle Rus are rather low. As indicated earlier,this might be attributed to the lithological heterogeneity of the Rus in terms of type, composition, and degree of
weathering, such as a wide range of lithologies, including weathered marls, marly and muddy limestone, and muddy
dolomitic limestone. Bell [40] reported dry density values for different carbonate rocks ranging from 2.16 to 2.58
g/cm3. Dearman [41] noted that density of carbonate rocks increases with age, whilst porosity is reduced, and
diagenetic processes mainly allow for lower porosities of carboniferous and magnesian limestone. William and
McNamara [42] mentioned that both dolomitization and dedolomitization can give rise to increased porosity. Tugrul[38] reported mean values of absolute and effective porosity for Cretaceous limestone which are lower than those
of Jurassic limestone. The amount of clastic non-carbonate sediments in marine environment means that carbonate
sediments may grade into terrigenous clastic rocks. The Rus Formation is deposited within a shallow marine
environment associated with continental facies [1]. Al Jassar and Hawkins [43] showed that the engineeringproperties of several lithological types in Carboniferous limestone are related to lithology, and that age often has an
influence on the strength and deformation characteristics of carbonate rocks. Bell [40] recorded that the dry densityof marl decreases progressively with increase of degree of weathering. At weathering grades I and II, the dry density
of marls ranges from 1.9 to 2.4 g/m3, and at high weathering grade of IV, the dry density ranges from 1.4 to 1.8
g/cm3.
IS vs. UCS
IS = 0.047 UCS - 0.3287
R2= 0.9909
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
UCS
IS L Rus
M Rus
Figure 15a: Point load strength vs unconfined compressive strength
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
19/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 191
IS vs Perm
IS = 16.156 Perm-0.4539
R2= 0.5143
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 10 100 1000
Perm (mD)
IS L Rus
M Rus
Figure 15b: Point load vs permeability
UCS vs Perm
UCS = 347.24 Perm-0.4249
R2= 0.5055
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 10 100 1000
Perm
UCS L Rus
M Rus
Figure 15c:Unconfined compressive strength vs permeability
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
20/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010192
Porosity vs Dry density
Porosit y = -10.88 Dry Density + 36.383
R2= 0.61
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1
Dry Density
Porosity
L Rus
M Rus
Figure 15d: Dry Density vs porosity
Figure 15e: Point load strength (Is) vs Schmidt hammer rebound number
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
21/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 193
Figure 15f: Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) vs Schmidt hammer rebound number
Figure 15g: Porosity (%) vs Schmidt hammer rebound number
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
22/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010194
Figure 15h: Grain density vs Schmidt hammer rebound number
Figure 15i: Log permeability vs Schmidt hammer rebound number11. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The rock mass quality classification using the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and the Quality Index (Q) systemsindicate that the lower Rus has lower rock mass quality than that of the middle Rus. The variation in rock mass
qualities in the Rus Formation suggests that different support requirements and designs are needed for excavation
and engineering structures in the lower and middle Rus carbonates. This conclusion conforms to the results of intact
rock geomechanical properties, where the lower Rus carbonates have lower average values than those of the middle
Rus, as shown in Table 5.
The heterogeneity of the intact rock and rock masses are influenced by a number of factors, including lithological
variation and the presence of multiple discontinuities, including fracturing and bedding, weathering, and dissolution
caverns. The Rus Formation is characterized by fractures of regional to local extent. The regional fractures are
related to dome emplacement; whereas, the local fractures probably formed in response to minor block movements.Dissolution caverns vary in type and size and are typically present along discontinuities and changes in lithology.
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
23/25
Osman Abdullatif
July 2010 The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A 195
The Rus Formation varies in its physical and geomechanical properties. The lower Rus has lower strength,
lower density, lower Schmidt hammer rebound values, and relatively higher water absorption and higher average
porosities than the middle Rus. Bivariant correlation relationships between geomechanical and physical parameters
were determined by this study. For example, a high correlation was obtained between point load strengths (Is) anduniaxial compressive strengths (UCS), Is and porosity, and porosity and dry density. Moderate correlations were
obtained between UCS and permeability. Low correlations were obtained between Is and permeability and between
porosity and permeability. In conclusion, generally the intact rock material properties indicate that the lower Rus
has lower physical and geomechanical properties than the middle Rus Formation.
On the basis of observed cave widths (1 to 5 m) and Q value relationships, the data indicate that the field of cave
stability of the Rus Formation lies within the stable field under observed cave width values. However, support is
needed in areas where cave width increases to values greater than 520 m [10]. The lower Rus carbonates are
expected to show less cave stability than those in the middle Rus.
In conclusion, both intact rock properties and rock mass quality classification indicate that lower Rus carbonates
have lower geomechanical properties and lower rock mass quality than those of middle Rus carbonates.
The complexity of geology in the Dammam dome area indicates that there is a need for an engineering
geological data base. Such a data base is important for land use, planning, and design of local and extendedengineering works and structures. Outcrop surveys and measurements aided with geophysical surveys can help
characterize the rocks and establish a susceptibility zonation that might need further investigation or application ofcertain mitigation measures [10,11,44].This may help others to avoid potential hazards, foundation instability
problems, or expensive repair remedies on the Dammam dome.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank Dr. Hariri for his help and support, and to acknowledge KFUPM and SABIC for
their support for this project under SABIC Grants (Project # 2002-06). The author thanks AJSE reviewers for their
valuable comments and suggestions which improved the original manuscript.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Weijermars, Surface Geology, Lithostratigraphy, and Tertiary Growth of the Dammam Dome, Saudi Arabia. A
New Guide, GeoArabia,4(2)(1999), pp. 199266.
[2] P. G. Fookes, Middle East - Inherent Ground Problems, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology II, (1978),pp. 3349.
[3] O. M. Abdullatif and M. M. Hariri, Environmental Impacts of Engineering and Quarrying Works, Eastern Region,
Saudi Arabia, in Proceedings of the International Conference of Geo-Environmental Engineering, eds. S. H.
Chew, M. I. Pinto, I. Jefferson, and H. F. Ali. Singapore, (2003), pp. 4754.
[4] S. A. Aiban, Compressibility and Swelling Characteristics of Al-Khobar Palygorskite, Eastern Saudi Arabia,
Engineering Geology, 87(2006), pp. 205219.
[5] M. G. Abu Taleb and I. Egeli, Some Geotechnical Problems in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, in
Proceedings of the Symposium on Geotechnical Problems in Saudi Arabia. King Saud University, Riyadh. (1981),
pp. 813819.
[6] A. R. Jado and D. H. Johnson, Solution Caverns in the Dammam Dome, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,Arabian Journal
for Science and Engineering, 8(1983), pp. 6973.
[7] J. Crosch, F. Touma, and D. Richards, Solution Cavities in the Limestone of Eastern Saudi Arabia, Second Saudi
Engineering Conference(1985), pp. 28792907.
[8] J. A. Davies and J. A. Lord, The Effects of Cavities in Limestone on the Construction of a High Rise Building in
Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Geotechnical Problems in Saudi Arabia. 1(1980),p. 123131.
[9] M. N. Cagatay, Palygorskite in the Eocene Rocks of the Dammam Dome, Saudi Arabia, Clays and Clay
Minerals, 38(3)(1990), pp. 299307.
[10] A. C. Waltham and P. G. Fookes, Engineering Classification of Kast Ground Conditions, Quarterly Journal of
Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 36(2)(2008), pp. 101118.
[11] J. Guerrero, F. Gutierrez, J. Bonachea, and P. Lucha, A Sinkhole Susceptibility Zonation Based on PaleokastAnalysis Along a Stretch of the Madrid-Barcelona High Speed Railway Built over Gypsum- and SALT-Bearing
Evaporites (NE Spain),Engineering Geology, 102(2008), pp. 6273.
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
24/25
Osman Abdullatif
The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 35, Number 2A July 2010196
[12] M. Steineke, T. F. Harris, K. P. Parsons, and E. L. Berg, Geological Map of the Western Persian Gulf Quadrangle,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, United States Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geological Investigation. Map 1-208A,
Scale 1: 500,000. Reprinted in 1977 as GM-208B, 1958.
[13] R. W. Powers, L. F. Ramirez, C. D. Redmond, and E. L. Elberg, Sedimentary Geology of Saudi Arabia, USGS
Professional Paper, 560-D, Washington, 1966, p. 147.
[14] J. W. Taleel, Surface Geology of the Dammam Dome, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, AAPG Bulletin,57(3)(1973), pp. 558576.
[15] J. Roger, Industrial Mineral Resources Map of Ad-Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Scale 1: 100,000. Gm-
111.1985.Rotterdam, 1(1979), pp. 314.
[16] S. J. Al-Sayari and J. G. Zotl, Quaternary Periods in Saudi Arabia. Springer-Verlag, 1978.
[17] M. A. Ziegler, Late Permian to Holocene Paleofacies Evolution of the Arabian Plate and Its Hydrocarbon
Occurrences,GeoArabia, Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain, 6(3)(2001), pp. 445504.
[18] D. M. Steinhauff, Eocene Rus Anhydrite Limitations on Exploration, Production and Seismic Interpretation,
GEO 2008 8thMiddle East Geosciences Conference Exhibition; Bahrain, Abstract, 2008.
[19] D. M. Steinhauff, C. Liu, and G. J. Grabowski, Jr., Cenozoic Sequence, 1(2004), p. 134.
[20] O. Irtem, Miocene Tidal Flat Stromatolites and the Dam Formation Saudi Arabia,Arabian Journal for Scienceand Engineering,12(2)(1986), pp. 145153.
[21] M. M. Hariri and O. M. Abdullatif, Characterization of Fractures Within Dammam Dome, Saudi Arabia,
GeoArabia, 9(1)(2004), p. 76.
[22] M. M. Hariri and O. M. Abdullatif, Use of the GIS to Delineate Lineaments Landsat Images, Dammam Dome,
Eastern Saudi Arabia,International Cartographic Conference, A Corua, Spain, July 916, 2005.
[23] Engineering Group Working Party, The Description of Rock Masses for Engineering Purposes, Q Jl Engineering
Geol., 10(1977), pp. 335388.
[24] E. T. Brown, 1. Rock Characterization Testing and Monitoring. Pergamon Press, 1981, p. 211.
[25] R. Johnson and J. DeGraff, Principles of Engineering Geology. Wiley, 1988, p. 497.
[26] Z. T. Bieniawski, Engineering Classification of Jointed Rock Masses, Tran. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Engn,15(1973),pp. 335344.
[27] Z. T. Bieniawski, Geomechanics Classification of the Rock Masses and Its Application in Tunneling, in
Proceedings of the Third International Congress for Rock Mechanics, ed. International Society of Rock Mechanics,
Denver, CO, USA, IIA(1974), pp. 2732.
[28] Z. T. Bieniawski, Rock Mass Classification in Rock Engineering, in Proceedings of the Symposium for
Exploration for Rock Engineering,Johannesburg, South Africa , Rotterdam: Balkema, 2(1976b), pp. 167172.
[29] Z. T. Bieniawski,Engineering Rock Mass Classification. Wiley, 1989, p. 251.
[30] Z. T. Bieniawski, Rock Mass Classification in Rock Engineering, in Proceedings of the Symposium for
Exploration for Rock Engineering, Johannesburg, South Africa, Rotterdam: Balkema, 1(1976), pp. 97106.
[31] N. Barton, R. Lien, and J. Lunde, Engineering Classification of Rock Masses for Design of Tunnel Support,Rock
Mech.,6(4)(1974), pp. 189236.
[32] S. D. Priest and J. A. Hudson, Discontinuity Spacing in Rocks,International Journal of Rock Mechanics and
Mining Science and Geomechanics Abstracts, 13(1976), pp. 135148.
[33] E. Hoek and E. Brown, Empirical Strength Criterion for Rock Masses, in Proceedings of the American Society of
Civil Engineers, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,106(1980), pp. 10131035.
[34] E. Hoek and E. T. Brown, The Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion A 1988 Update, in Proceedings 15thCanadian
Rock Mechanics Symposium, University of Toronto, (1988), pp. 3238.
[35] T. R. Kaiser and A. D. Gale, Evaluation of Cost and Empirical Support Design of B.C. Rail Tumbler Ridge
Tunnels. New York: Wiley, Canadian Journal Association of Canada, (1985), pp. 77106.
[36] J. C. Rutledge and R. L. Preston, Experience With Engineering Classifications of Rock, in Proceedings Int.
Tunnelling Symp.,(1978), pp. A3.1A3.7.
-
8/13/2019 Geotech Properties of Rus Fm in Dammam Dome Saudi - Abdullatif
25/25
Osman Abdullatif
[37] A. A. Al-Harthi, Application of CSIR and NGI Classification Systems Along Tunnel No. 3 at Al-Dela Descant,
Asir Province, Saudi Arabia, in The Engineering Geology of Weak Rock, eds. J. C. Cripps, J. M. Coulthard, M. G.
Culshaw, A. Forster, S. R. Hencher, and C. F. Moon., Rotterdam: Balkema, (1993), pp. 323328.
[38] A. Tugrul, The Application of Rock Mass Classification Systems to Underground Excavation in Weak Limestone,
Ataturk Dam, Turkey,Engineering Geology, 50(1998), pp. 337344.
[39] R. Ulusay, K. Tureli, and M. H. Ider, Prediction of Engineering Properties of a Selected Litharenite Sandstonefrom Its Petrographic Characteristics Using Correlation and Multivariate Statistical Techniques, Eng. Geo.,
37(1994), pp. 135157.
[40] F. G. Bell,Engineering Properties of Soils and Rocks. 2000.
[41] W. R. Dearman, Engineering Properties of Carbonate Rocks, Bulletin. International Association Engineering
Geology, 24(1981), pp. 317.
[42] D. M. Williams and K. McNamara, Limestone to Dolomite to Dedolomite Conversion and Its Effect on Rock
Strength: A Case Study, Quarterly Journal Engineering Geology, 5(1992), pp. 171178.
[43] S. H. Al-Jassar and A. B Hawkins, Geotechnical Properties of the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol Area,
in Proceedings of the 4th International Congress International Society Rock Mechanics, Montreux, (1977),
pp. 313.
[44] A. A. Al- Shuhail, M. M. Hariri, and M. H. Makkawi, Using Ground Penetrating Radar to Delineate Fractures in
the Rus Formation, Dammam Dome, Eastern Saudi Arabia,International Geology Review, 46(2004), pp. 9196.