Geography ReviewGeography Review

Geography HandbookGeography Handbook

Daily SPIDaily SPI

1)

• OBJECTIVES: – Examine the 5 themes of geography.– Identify various maps and their usage.– Identify ways in which the geography of the United

States has affected its development.

• STANDARDS:– Standard: 3.01 - Understand how to use maps,

globes, and other geographic representations, tool, and technologies to acquire process and report information from a spatial perspective.

– Standard: 3.02 – Know the location of places and geographic features, both physical and human, in Tennessee and in the United States.

– Standard: 3.03 – Recognize the interaction between human and physical systems.

You need to know the following landforms. You need to know the following landforms. Define each, use in a sentence, and draw a Define each, use in a sentence, and draw a

small picture.small picture.

• plateauplateau

• PrairiePrairie

• DesertDesert

• OasisOasis

• MesaMesa

• MountainMountain

• CanyonCanyon

• GlacierGlacier

• CliffCliff• Flood PlainFlood Plain• Sea LevelSea Level• SwampSwamp• DeltaDelta• MarshMarsh• HarborHarbor• CapeCape• ValleyValley

• Geography is the study of people, Geography is the study of people, their environment, and their their environment, and their resourcesresources.

• The best place to begin a study of The best place to begin a study of American History is by studying its American History is by studying its geography.geography.

• Geographers help historians Geographers help historians understand the past by showing how understand the past by showing how people and the land are relatedpeople and the land are related.

Five Themes of GeographyFive Themes of Geography

• LocationLocation

• PlacePlace

• RegionsRegions

• MovementMovement

• Human-Environment InteractionHuman-Environment Interaction

LocationLocation• ABSOLUTEABSOLUTE - - Using latitude and Using latitude and

longitude to give the coordinates of a longitude to give the coordinates of a place. The purposeplace. The purpose of latitude and of latitude and longitude longitude is to find the exact location of is to find the exact location of a place.a place.

• RELATIVE - Describes where a certain RELATIVE - Describes where a certain area is in relation to another area.area is in relation to another area.

EquatorEquator 0 degreesLatitude

N

W

S

E

90 degrees North

90 degrees South

North Pole

South Pole

N

W

S

E

0 degrees longitudePrime Meridian

10 degrees West

10 degreesEast

There are180 longitude lines east

There are180 longitudelines west

Lines• Longitude lines run north and

south.

• Latitude lines run east and west. • The lines measure distances in

degrees.

Latitude

Longitude

Where is 0 degree?

• The equator is 0 degree latitude.

• It is an imaginary belt that runs halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole.

Equator

Where is 0 degree?

• The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.

P

R

I

M

E

MERIDIAN

Latitude and Longitude

• When finding latitude and longitude if the location is in North America it will always be North latitude and West Longitude.

• Latitude first then longitude

• Ex) 37’N / 144’ W

Time Zones

• The Earth is divided into 24 time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a day.

• As the earth rotates, the sun shines in different areas, moving from east to west during the course of a day.

• Places that have the same longitude will be in the same time zone.

Hemispheres

• By using the equator and prime meridian, we can divide the world into four hemispheres, north, south, east, and west.

Relative Locations

• When finding relative locations you write down North, South, East, West, Northwest, Northeast, Southeast, or Southwest.

• Ex) Clarksville is northwest of Nashville.• Ex) Boston is _________ of New York

City (northeast) or I live outside of Boston.

Map Basics

• Physical Maps shows land or physical Physical Maps shows land or physical featuresfeatures. Examples mountains, rivers, plains, islands, valley, oasis, etc.

• Political Maps shows countries, states, Political Maps shows countries, states, towns,towns, etc.

• Historical Maps illustrate things like Historical Maps illustrate things like economic actives, battles, migrationeconomic actives, battles, migration, etc.

Map Basics

• Compass RoseCompass Rose

• Map Scales Map Scales

• Map key or legend.Map key or legend.

Compass Rose• The needle on a compass is magnetized to

point to the earth's north magnetic pole. Thus with a compass, a person can roughly tell which direction they are headed.

• There are four major or cardinal directions on a compass- north, south, east & west. In between are the directions northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest.

Source: http://aerocompass.larc.nasa.gov

Directions

• The cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west.

• The intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest.

• They help describe the location of places in relation to other places.

Scale

• Maps are made to scale; that is, there is a direct connection between a unit of measurement on the map and the actual distance.

• For example, each inch on the map represents one mile on Earth. So, a map of a town would show a mile-long strip of fast food joints and auto dealers in one inch.

Scale

Map Legends• The legend is the key to unlocking the

secrets of a map. Objects or colors in the legend represent something on the map.

Religions Legend

Can you understand this legend?

Age Expectancy

Legend

Map Basics

• Projection is a way of showing the curved surface of the earth on a flat map. – Types of projection - Mercator & Robinson

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Mercator Robinson

PLACEPLACE

• Place refers to the physical and Place refers to the physical and human factors that makes one area human factors that makes one area different from another.different from another.

Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics

• Natural featuresNatural features

• Physical setting Physical setting

• PlantsPlants

• AnimalsAnimals

• WeatherWeather

Physical Features

• Two physical features that separates Two physical features that separates the United States from the rest of the the United States from the rest of the world are the Atlantic and Pacific world are the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Oceans.

HUMAN CHARACTERISTICSHUMAN CHARACTERISTICS

• Cultural Cultural diversity diversity

• LanguageLanguage

• ArtsArts

• ArchitectureArchitecture

REGIONS AREREGIONS ARE

• Areas that share common Areas that share common characteristics.characteristics.

• Political division, climate, language, Political division, climate, language, religion.religion.

• Regions can be as large as a Regions can be as large as a continent or as small as your continent or as small as your neighborhood.neighborhood.

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

• The shifting of people, goods, and The shifting of people, goods, and ideas from one place to another.ideas from one place to another.

Movement

• Reasons for human movement includes Reasons for human movement includes things like jobs, natural disasters, things like jobs, natural disasters, death, political unrest, climate.death, political unrest, climate.

• Movement also deals with trading goods between countries, like the U.S. exporting goods to Mexico or trying to spread DEMOCRACY in Iraq.

• Travel by plane, ship, railroad deals with the theme of MOVEMENT.

Human-Environment Human-Environment InteractionInteraction

• Refers to ways people interact with Refers to ways people interact with their environment.their environment.

Human-Environment InteractionHuman-Environment Interaction

• The environment effects people by determining the type of clothes one wears because of the climate, the type of foods one eats, and your housing.

• Humans also effect the environment by changing things like building a dam to provide electricity or water to an area. Humans also pollute water, air, and land. Humans also build things like railroads, streets, that change the environment.

HomeworkHomework

• Finish vocabulary - define the word Finish vocabulary - define the word in your own words and come up with in your own words and come up with

a clue to help you remember the a clue to help you remember the term.term.

• Location worksheet due TuesdayLocation worksheet due Tuesday

Match the term with its definition

1.1. plateauplateau

2.2. PrairiePrairie

3.3. DesertDesert

4.4. OasisOasis

5.5. MesaMesa

6.6. CapeCape

7.7. CanyonCanyon

8.8. MarshMarsh

9.9. CliffCliff

10.10. Flood PlainFlood Plain

A. Dry area where few plants grow.B. Flat land near rivers, formed by

mud.C. Wide, flat topped mountain.D. Large, level grassland with few

or no trees.E. Fertile land in a desert.F. Steep, almost vertical edge of

hill, mountain, or plain.G. Soft, wet, low-lying grassland.H. Flat area of land higher than the

land around it.I. Pointed piece of land extending

into water.J. Narrow, deep valley with steep

sides.