Slide 1

GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA Social Studies 10 Chapter 3 & 8 Canadian Geography & Economy Slide 2 CANADA: A REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY What regions are evident? Slide 3 Physical Regions Slide 4 Economic Regions Slide 5 Climate Slide 6 Political Regions Slide 7 Five Themes of Canadas Geography Location: relative and absolute Place: human and physical Human and Environment Interactions: adaptation, modification, dependence Movement: migration and transportation Regions: consistent, focused, aligned, linked Slide 8 Theme 1: Location Where is It? Why is It There? Two Types of Location Absolute Relative Slide 9 Absolute Location A specific place on the Earths surface Uses a grid system Latitude and longitude A global address Slide 10 British Columbia Absolute Location BC 54 N Latitude 125 W longitude Vancouver 49 25' N Latitude 123 10' W Longitude Slide 11 Relative Location Where a place is in relation to another place Uses directional words to describe Cardinal and intermediate directions Slide 12 British Columbia British Columbia is bordered by Yukon in the north, Washington and Idaho to the south, and Alberta on the west. The Pacific Ocean forms British Columbia's west coast. British Columbia is one of the western provinces Slide 13 Theme 2: Place Physical Characteristics Land Features Mountains, plains, and plateaus Climate Bodies of Water Slide 14 British Columbia: Physical Characteristics http://www.wetmaap.org/Cape_Hatteras/ch_tm_2.html Photos above: Steve Pierce Slide 15 Theme 2: Place Human Characteristics People Culture Language Religion Buildings and Landmarks Cities Slide 16 British Columbia: Human Characteristics National Geographic Magazine http://www.rivinus.com/camerastuff/charlotte_nc.htm Top right:http:// graphics.fansonly.com/photos/schools/unc/nonsport/school-bio/unc-oldwell2-lg.jpg Slide 17 Theme 3: Human Environment Interaction How People Interact With Their Environment People... Adapt to Their Environment Modify Their Environment Depend on Their Environment http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/corbis/DGT119/BAG0017.jpg Slide 18 British Columbia: Human Environment Interaction http://aam.wcu.edu/grant/images/Fontana%20Dam%20Shirley.jpg http://www.ee.duke.edu/~sag8/Duke/02-03/PiKA/Fall%20Break/Fall_Break_02.htm http://www.dukemagazine.duke.edu/dukemag/issues/091002/images/mallc.jpg Slide 19 Theme 4: Movement The Mobility of People Goods Ideas How Places are linked to one another and the world Slide 20 British Columbia: Movement http://www.marad.dot.gov/Gallery/MoreheadCity/pages/Ming%20Europe.htm http://www.evertize.com/land/images/I-40-64%20interchange.JPG Slide 21 Theme 5: Regions What Places Have in Common Political Regions Landform Regions Agricultural Regions Cultural Regions Slide 22 British Columbia: Regions http://home.neo.rr.com/rodsphotogallery/NaturalWonders/SeaSand/Images/JockeysRidge.jpg http://www.shorebirdworld.org/fromthefield/Images/Hatteras%20Light.JPG http://www.homestead.com/pncfa/files/piedmontmap.jpg http://www.ncbbi.org/images/piedmont-images/piedmont-nc-heartland-golf.jpg Steve Pierce Slide 23 Canada: Territorial template over Satellite Photo Composite Slide 24 Divisions and Places Placing the Canadian map Political divisions: provinces and territories Slide 25 Fundamentals of Physical Geography Geology-process, structure, time Topography-relief, slope Soils-texture, pH, organic matter Vegetation-water, arboreal, ecotone Climate-air mass, current, precipitation, temperature, system Slide 26 Underlying Geology Pink: Precambrian granites Green: younger sediments Yellow: faulted and meta-morphasized sediments Blue: older sediments Slide 27 Glacial Legacy Wisconsin-last ice age, maximum 18,000 yrs. BP Southern limits- Wisconsin and Ohio Valley Recedes-15,000-7,000 yrs. BP Covers virtually all of Canada and northern US Ice free corridor from Alaska through Yukon into northern BC Slide 28 Remnant Glacial Landscapes Ice margin End moraine Glacial lakes Spillways Kettle lakes Eskers Drumlins Till plain Erratic Slide 29 Glacial Till and Erratic Slide 30 Esker Slide 31 Drumlin and Drumlin Field Slide 32 Glacial lake Louise and Paternoster Lakes Slide 33 http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=IyqlsKQfeo4 Slide 34 St. Lawrence Lowlands Less than 2% of landmass; smallest region Windsor to Quebec City Sedimentary geology with glacial deposits Moderate climate Fertile soils Long growing season Close to the US Canadian HEARTLAND Slide 35 French Canadian long lot farms and Niagara Falls Slide 36 The Great Lakes and Ottawa Slide 37 Toronto Climate Slide 38 Canadian Shield 50% of Canadas landmass; largest region Almost entirely contained in Canada Geological core underlies North America Precambrian rocks more than 3 billion yrs. Exposed granite and shallow soils Glaciation evident Mixed Boreal forest Northern continental climate Slide 39 Canadian shield vistas Slide 40 Ste. Agathe Climate Slide 41 Appalachian Uplands Over 2% of landmass Northern part of Appalachians Rounded uplands and plateaux Numerous islands along drowned shoreline Narrow river valleys Rocky, shallow soils Mixed forests Cool maritime climate Short summer wet, winter Slide 42 Interior Farms and Forests, Coastal Settlements Slide 43 Fredericton, NB Slide 44 Hudson Bay Lowlands Over 3.5% landmass Muskeg or wet peat lands Many lakes Low ridges of sand and gravel Poorly drained Level Northern climate Maritime influence Short, warm summer Long, cold winter Slide 45 Moosonee Climate Graph and Hudson Bay Lowland Vista Slide 46 Interior Plains About 20% land mass Geologic base of sedimentary rock Shaped by glaciation and re-directed drainage Incised river valleys Slopes up from east to west with rich soils Hudsons Bay watershed Oil and gas deposits Continental climate Moderate to low precipitation Slide 47 Plains Agriculture and Regina Climate Graph Slide 48 Cordillera Region of intra-regional differences About 16% of land mass Formed 40-80 million years ago from collision of North American and Pacific Plates Rockies up thrust sediments Coastal mountains volcanic: ring of fire Glaciers remain in Alpine areas Fertile valleys and deltas Coniferous Multiple micro-climates Slide 49 Mountains and Valleys Slide 50 Banff and Victoria Climate Graphs Slide 51 Arctic Lowlands About 13% land mass Coastal plains and lowlands Islands and drowned shorelines Sedimentary Permafrost Frost action is the main geomorphic process Polar desert with very low precipitation Extreme arctic climate conditions Slide 52 Iqaluit Climate Graph and Arctic Lowlands Gista Slide 53 Innuitian Mountains About 12% land mass Plateaux and mountains Extreme glaciation and extensive weathering of sedimentary rock Extensive coastal drowning and fjiords Islands Uplifting and isostatic rebound Extreme cold Pack ice and ice flows Glacier calving Slide 54 Arctic Mountain Scenery and Resolute Climate Graph Slide 55 Drainage: Well Drained South; Poorly Drained North Slide 56 Climate Continental and maritime influences Prevailing winds Jet stream Mountain effects Air masses Freezing point Seasonal variability Precipitation Cloud cover Evaporation Slide 57 LACSAPOOPA- Climate Factors L- Latitude: North or South from Equator. A- Altitude: 1.5 degrees Celsius /100 meters. C- Clouds: Types and cover. S- Seasons: 4, 2, 1. A- Aspect: North or South facing. P- Prevailing Winds: Westerlies, Easterlies, Trades. O- Ocean Proximity: Maritime versus Continental. O- Ocean Currents: Prevailing currents P- Pressure Systems: Highs & Lows. A- Albedo: Snow, water, ground and reflection. Slide 58 Where are the people? Population Distribution In cities near the USA 80% in cities over 100,000 80% within 100km of the US border main street Canada: Windsor to Quebec City Agricultural western interior Coastal and river valley settlement in Atlantic region Resource points in the Shield and the North Western cordillera valleys and the BC coast Slide 59 Canada CMAs and Population Change, 1996-2001 Slide 60 Canadas Urban and Agricultural settlement Archipelago Pattern set over 100 years ago Islands of population and settlement amid a vast, inhospitable and often empty land Contrast between heartland and hinterland Regional centers Hugging the border The empty north Slide 61 The People, Place, Region Relationship Resource extraction periphery Rural sphere Suburban area Urban center Canada has always had urban centers where most people lived and worked Urban centers were surrounded by a rural sphere to constitute the heartland Beyond the rural lands, towns and villages, a sparsely populated resource extraction periphery or hinterland extended to the farthest reaches of the country With transportation advances people moved to the commuting suburbs of cities Slide 62 Three Popular Canadian Explanations and One Not So Popular Bilateral Explanation Slide 63 Canada as a Storehouse of Raw Materials: Old and New explanations Slide 64 Fisheries, then and now: Historic Grand Banks; Pacific Salmon catch and Prospects Slide 65 Fur Trade Legacy Slide 66 Renewable Forestry Slide 67 Agricultural Potential Slide 68 Agricultural Production Slide 69 Minerals and Mining Slide 70 Mining Potential Slide 71 Oil Slide 72 Metropolitan Heartland Main Street Canada Red area is continuous urban ribbon Green area is adjacent commuter shed and integrated use region Toronto and Montreal metropolitan cores linked to other growth centers along the spine Slide 73 BC Lower Mainland and Calgary- Edmonton Corridor Slide 74 Financial Services Slide 75 CN and CP Railway Systems Slide 76 Airports and Airport Authorities Slide 77 Ethnic Diversity Slide 78 Ethnic Minorities in Cities Toronto: Canadas cosmopolitan leader Allophones in Montreal Asian populations expand in most cities Black populations in most Canadian cities but predominate in east Aboriginal populations growing in all urban centers Slide 79 Canadas Regional Character: Socio-Economic Regions Shaped By Topography Political boundaries Language Historical patterns Cultural identity Shape affected by: Heartland/Hinterlands relations Confluence of political, cultural and social dynamics=regional identity Proximity of the US Slide 80 Meshing Physiography and Human Geography to comprehend Canadas Regions Slide 81 Canadas Regions Map North and south distinguished Settlement and urbanization acknowledged Cultures recognized Political divisions sustained Traditional aggregates Slide 82 Placing Canada into Temporal and Geographical Context 1000s of years of indigenous human presence European contact over centuries: late 15 th to 19 th European re-settlement by force, treaty, depopulation (disease) Historical geography matters socially, politically and ecologically Map shows Canada at Confederation Slide 83 Canada in Global Context (Globalization Index) Canadian participation in globalization Global Linkages Global Relationships Bordering Slide 84 Current Geographical Issues Native land claims: British Columbia, the North, creation of Nunavut Environmental crises: energy, climate change, forest degradation Borders: US, Arctic Federal/Provincial: the national/regional power balancing act, fiscal control City growth and expansion: newcomers, transportation, crime, planning Slide 85 Key words and Concepts Geography Basics Adaptation Human and environment interaction Location Place Province Region Territorial template Territory Physical Geography Air mass Alpine Appalachian Archipelago Arctic Lowlands Boreal Canadian Shield Continental climate Cordilleran Drainage system Drumlin Drowned shoreline End moraine Slide 86 Physical Geography (cont.) Erratic Esker Fjiord Glacial lake Glaciation Glacier calving Hudson Bay Lowlands Ice free corridor Incised valley Innuitian Interior Plains Isostatic rebound Jetstream Kettle lake Maritime climate Micro-climate Muskeg Pack ice Paternoster lakes Peatlands Permafrost Physiographic region Plant hardiness zone Polar desert Precambrian Slide 87 Physical Geography (cont.) Relief Ring of Fire Sedimentary Spillway St. Lawrence Lowlands Topography Till plain Wisconsin glaciation Human Geography Aboriginal Agri-food Airport authority Allophone Borderland relationship Borders CMA CN and CP Commuter shed Climate change Corridor Confederation Cultural identity European contact Energy crisis Ethnic diversity Ethnic minority Federal/Provincial issues Slide 88 Human Geography (cont.) Forest heritage Fur trade Global linkages Global relationships Globalization Index Grand Banks Heartland/Hinterland Indigenous Main Street Canada Metropolitan core Mineral lease Native land claims Oil pipeline Physical disunity Population density Resource extraction periphery Resource points Rural sphere Staples development Suburban area Urban center Slide 89 References Adams, Michael, Fire and Ice: The United States, Canada, and the Myth of Converging Values. Toronto: penguin, 2003. Bone, Robert M. The Regional Geography of Canada. Don Mills: Oxford, 2005. Lemon, James T. Liberal Dreams and Natures Limit: Great Cities of North America Since 1600. Toronto: Oxford, 1996. Lipset, Seymour M. Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada. New York: Routledge, 1990. McCann, L. D., ed., A Geography of Canada: Heartland and Hinterland. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall, 1982 (several later editions). Warkentin, John, Canada: A Regional Geography. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall, 1997. Many maps and images may be obtained at the following websites as well as through search engines: www.canadainfolink.ca/geog.htm http://atlas.nrcan.gc/site/english/index.html Any comprehensive atlas of Canada is an asset See also, Historical Atlas of Canada. 3 volumes. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.