CanadianGeography

Date: Name:

A Canadian KWL

What I Know About Canada What I Want to KnowAbout Canada

What I Have LearnedAbout Canada

0 Portage & Main Press 2043_ May be reproduced for elaa&oo : use.

1

CANADA IN THE WORLD

Canada

North•-

's- -^America Atlantic

Ocean

The world is covered by large areas of land called continents.

1. The world has continents.

2. The largest continent is

3. The smallest continent is

4. Canada is in the continent of

5. Colour the continents. Use different colours.

Very large bodies of salt water are called oceans.

6. The world has oceans.

7. The largest ocean is the

8. The Ocean is between North America and Europe.

9. Three oceans border Canada:

a) b) c)

10. Colour the water blue.© apple pass

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CANADA IN NORTH AMERICAf:.

Arctic,, 'Ocean Greenland

..,k

,Al a

yas a

f •(U.S.A.) ,

I

0'D

CanadaPacificOcean

Mexico

United Statesof America

Canada

N

S

410Hudson

Gulf of

Mexico

in. Island

I

AtlanticOcean

4

SouthAmerica

Cross out the incorrect words in bold. Colour the map to show Canada.

Canada is the largest country/ province in North/South America. Anotherlarge country borders Canada on the north/south . It is the United States ofAlaska/America.

Three oceans border Canada. On the west is the Atlantic/Pacific Ocean.On the east is the Atlantic/Pacific Ocean. On the north is the Artic/ArcticOcean. The largest body of water in Canada is Gulf of Mexico/Hudson Bay.Canada reaches very far north. Some of its northern islands are close to theNorth/South Pole. The largest island in Canada is Baffin Island/Greenland.

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LANDFORMS

A landform is a natural part of the earth. The picture shows eight different landforms.

Use the words in the picture to complete each sentence.

1. A high, steep wall of rock along a lake or river is a

2. A raised part of land, lower than a mountain is a

3. Land with water all around it is an

4. A low-lying, often level part of land is a

5. A very high part of land with a steep slope is a

6. Part of the land that sticks far out into the water is a

7. A large, flat area, higher than the land around it is a

8. A long, narrow, low land between hills or mountains is a

4

CANADA'S MAJOR LANDFORMS

The names of eight landforms are hidden in the word graph. Use the map to helpyou find them. Circle the words in the graph. Then write their names below.

1. Island

2. Island

3. Mountains

4. Mountains

5. Hills

6. Lowlands

7. Peninsula

8. Peninsula

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B L H V M E R E AA A U A A D I L L

F W D N , C A M L AF R O C K Y C I SI E , N O E R 0 , C KN O R U N G A V AA L A V Z U 5 O NV A N E I S T E LC Y P R E 5 5 A T

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WATER BODIESWe give different names to different bodies of water.

Use the words in the picture to complete each sentence.

1. A wide body of water with land almost all around it is a

2. The line of the seashore is a

3. Part of an ocean or sea that is like a large, wide bay is a

4. A narrow opening of the ocean or sea into the land is an

5. A body of water with land all around it is a

6. A very small body of still water is a

7. A long stream of fresh-flowing water is a

8. A narrow passage of water joining two larger water bodies is a

6

CANADA'S MAJOR WATER BODIES

BeaufortSea

DavisStrait

Atlantic Ocean

The names of eight water bodies are hidden in the word graph. Use the map tohelp you find them. Circle the words in the graph. Then write their names below.

1. Ocean

2. Sea

3. Bay

4. River

5. River

6. Lake

7. Lake

8. Strait

I B A F F I N IO T T A W A H OC H L A S U NB E A U F O R TA L N O b R O AY O T R I V N RE N I E 5 T E IR A C I A B O T O

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CANADA'S LAKES AND RIVERS

ArcticOcean

St. LawrenceRivero

Lake L. Huron '^'Superior

Lake L . OntarigMichigan L. Erie t^

AtlanticOcean

Fill in the blanks. Use the map for help.

Canada is a land of lakes and rivers. With more than a million freshwaterlakes, Canada has more lakes than any other country.

The largest lake in Canada is Great Lake. Two other large lakesare Slave Lake and Lake Winnipeg.

Four of the Great Lakes border Canada: Lake , Lake Huron,Lake and Lake Lake Superior isthe largest freshwater lake in the world.

The Mackenzie River is the longest river in Canada. This river system is more than4000 km long and flows north into the Sea. The Nelson Riveris another large river. It empties into Bay. The Fraser Riverempties into the Ocean. The St. Lawrence River flows into the

of St. Lawrence. Many of Canada's rivers flow north. Most empty

into the Arctic Ocean or into Bay.

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THE GREAT LAKESThe Great Lakes are made up of five large lakes. The largest is Lake Superior.

The second largest is Lake Michigan , followed by Lake Huron and Lake Erie.Lake Ontario is the smallest. All but Lake Michigan border southern Ontario.

The water from the Great Lakes drains through the St. Lawrence River and intothe Atlantic Ocean. These lakes provide a waterway for large ships as far inlandas Chicago and Thunder Bay.

The Great Lakes contain one-fifth of the world's surface fresh water. The32 million people who live in cities that border the Great Lakes depend onthese freshwater lakes for their drinking water.

1. Lake is the largest, coldest and deepest lake.

2. Lake is the shallowest and most southern lake.

3. Lake is the smallest lake.

.4. Only Lake does not border Ontario.

5. Lake has a large island and a large bay.

Label the five Great Lakeson the map.

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A CROSS -SECTION OF CANADA

A -3

A

VoncouVefA Z F ., '+ Rocky

Island\ ll Mountains

The shape of Canada can be shown two ways.The map above is a top view . The side view below is called a cross-section.

Put the correct word in each box below.Follow along line A-B on the above map to find the answers.

-4--- West A Cross-section of Canada

1 2

East ---g

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CANADA'S PHYSICAL REGIONSThe largest physical region in Canada is the Canadian Shield . It is called a shield

because of its shape. The shield is made up of the oldest and hardest rock in the world.Around the Canadian Shield are flat lowlands and plains formed from softer rock.

They include the Arctic Lowlands, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands and theInterior Plains.

On the outer edge of the lowlands are mountain ranges. The mountains of the

High Arctic and the Cordillera are much higher and younger than the older and

lower mountains of the Appalachian Region.

Match the numbers on the map withthe numbers on the map key.Colour each region a different colour.

MAP KEY

Canadian Shield

Arctic Lowlands

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands

Interior Plains

Appalachian Region

Western Mountainsor Cordillera

High Arctic

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I IG'O'-E 5,

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II

I

NORTHWESTTERRITORIES '

P k Capital of provinceor territory

NEWFOUNDLAND

I

IQUEBEC

r

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

wow

Canada has ten provinces and three territories.The names of five provinces and two territoriesare missing on this map. Put the missing nameson the map. Use a map of Canada for help.

CANADA'S PROVINCESAND TERRITORIES

r-

1

Quebec

Toronto

G

Charlottetown

Halifax

Fredericton

12

Canada has 10 provinces and 3 territories.Their names and 2-digit abbreviations are listed on the

shield below in alphabetical order.This shield is painted on the ceiling of the lower foyer in the Parliament Building in Ottawa, Ontario.

Do the exercises below on PA@p 63: 1Use the word bank above and the5MAR1 TOYS Canada Map. 4

1. Label the provinces and territories adding their 2-digit abbreviations. I

2. Colour the provinces and territories in different colours.3. Underline the 3 provinces and 2 territories that do not border on the USA in red. fi

Provinces: Territories:4. Circle the name of your province or territory in purple. Do it also on the word bank. 4

1Which province is an island?

1. List the Atlantic provinces: 2. List the Prairie provinces: 3. List the territories:1

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Name:

Canada 's provincial and territorial capitalsare listed in the word bank below.

Fredericton NBEdmonton A g

`Halifax NS I/ ^.r^^v qul it NU

ho ^^ Regi^^• na SKIoQuebec QC

Charlottetown PE ^^

Do the following on GAap°Use the word bank above and the 5MAR ` TOYS Canada Map.

Label the capitals.

2. Add the 2-digit abbreviation of the province or territory.

3. Underline the provincial capitals in green.

4. Underline the territorial capitals in blue.

5. Circle the capital of your province or territory in purple.

Name the leaf pictured above: -. UE: It is the national symbol of Canada.

What is Canada 's national capital?In which province is it located?Write it in red on Map M.

Canada has 14 capitals . TRUE q FALSE EIExplain:

Do steps 3, 4, and 5Iso on the word

bank above.

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16

CANADA : WHERE THE PEOPLE LIVE

In 2001, Canada was home to nearly 31,500,000 people. Many more Canadians

live in large towns and cities, or urban areas , than in villages and on farms. Canada's

largest urban areas are Toronto and Montreal. More than eight million Canadians livein these two centres! Other large cities include Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Ottawa,

Hamilton and Quebec.Most Canadians live the southern part of the country. The best farmland is in the

south. Winters are not as long and cold in the south as they are farther north.

If A = Z, B = Y and C = X, solve the codes below by matching each letterto its code letter. This will help you find the name ofthe third and fourth largest urban areas in Canada.

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WESTERN PROVINCES : NATURAL RESOURCES

MAP KEY

W cattle

fish

fruit

grain

vegetables

minerals

d oil

z wood

Use the map and the map key to find the answers.

1. This symbol W stands forThis resource is found mainly in northern /southernAlberta.

2. This symbol stands forThis resource is found mostly in British Columbia/Saskatchewan.

3. This is the symbol for oil:This resource is found mostly in the province of

4. One food resource found in southern Manitoba is

5. Two natural resources found in northernBritish Columbia areand

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EASTERN PROVINCES : NATURAL RESOURCES

MAP KEY

W cattle

<-->-a fish

0 potatoes

vegetables

minerals

wood

Use the map and the map key to find the answers.

1. This symbol 'i stands forThis resource is found mainly in northern/southernOntario.

2. This symbol stands forThis resource is found around the province of

3. This is the symbol for fruit:This resource is found mostly in the southern part of

4. one food resource found in southern Quebec is

5. Two resources found in Newfoundland and Labradorare and

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MAP OF ATLANTIC PROVINCES15

LABRADOR _

QUEBEC

CornerBr ook.Gaspe

St. lohn's

G0 ofSf Lcywrence NEWFOUNDLAND

QuebecJ %;NhN/Ci

' BRUNSWICK

rRE.! F S neredeicton

Straight lines which cross at right angles to each other forma grid.A grid divides a map into smaller squares. The letters and numbers alongthe edges of the map describe the position of each square.

1. The Four Atlantic provinces are Newfoundland, Nova Scotia , Prince Edward

Island (P,E.I.) and

2. The capital of Nova Scotia is in square J-8. It is

3. The capital of P.E.I. is Charlottetown. It is in square

4. The largest urban area in New Brunswick is in I-6.

Itis

5. The city located in square I-5 is

It is the capital of the province of

6. The capital of Newfoundland, in E-17, is

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THE MARITIME PROVINCESThe three Maritime provinces are New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince

Edward Island . "Maritime" means bordering the sea or ocean. No part of theMaritimes is far from the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of St. Lawrence . The largestcities are Halifax and Saint John. Both cities are seaports.

Fishing is an important industry - especially shellfish like lobsters andscallops. The Maritimes also produce crops of potatoes, apples and blueberries.The evergreen trees cut in New Brunswick are made into paper products. Manytourists visit the Maritimes each summer because of its coastal scenery and history.Cape Breton Island, with its high, rugged coastal cliffs, is a popular part of NovaScotia to visit.

1. Put the six above names that are in bold on the map.

2. Colour the three Maritime provinces. Use a different colour for each province.

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40QU EBEC AND LABRADOR

Quebec is Canada's largest province. At one time, Quebec was known as NewFrance and belonged to France. This is why most of the people in Quebec speak

French. Montreal is the largest city in the province. Quebec City, the capital, is theoldest city in Canada. Most of the people in Quebec live in the southern part of theprovince, in the St. Lawrence Valley.

Labrador is part of the province of Newfoundland . Much of the land there ismountainous and rocky. Along the coasts are many deep bays and small islands.

1. On the map, print the above six names that are in bold.

2. Colour the province of Quebec. Colour Labrador a different colour.

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THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY

Unscramble the letters in bold and insert the correct names to complete thesentences . Use the above map for help.

The St. Lawrence Valley is a long, narrow lowland in the southern part of the

province of (beecQu ) . Because of the milder climate and flat,

fertile soil, this lowland has the best farmland in the province.

The largest and most important river in the valley is the St. ( warneceL)

River. It begins at Lake (toriOna)

and flows north-east to empty into the (fluG) of St. Lawrence. The

St. Lawrence River provides fresh water and electrical power for the people and

industries in southern Quebec. Part of the river has been deepened and is an important

inland waterway. (tornMale) is the largest port in the province.

The St. Lawrence Valley is home to nine out of ten people in Quebec. The two

largest urban centres are Montreal and (ceeQub ) . Both cities

are in the Valley.

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ONTARIONearly 12 million people live in Ontario. This is the largest population of

any province in Canada . Ontario has many large cities and many industries.Clothing, furniture, machinery and automobiles are some of the industries.

Most of the people live in southern Ontario because the best farmland islocated there. The largest cities - Toronto, Ottawa, Hamilton and London --are located in the south. Toronto is the capital and the largest urban centre.

Northern Ontario begins near the city of Sudbury . Large areas of forest andlarge amounts of fresh water are two important resources in northern Ontario.Other valuable resources include metallic minerals, such as gold and nickel.

Complete the six nameson the map.Colour the map toshow the shape

.'.

of Ontario.

Bay

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FARMING IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO

Lake Erie

1. Plants that are grown on farms are called crops.

These three crops are grown in southern Ontario:

2. This symbol . stands for

This crop is mostly grown near Lake

3. Draw the symbol that stands for fruit.

4. Fruit is grown near Lake

5. This symbol W stands for

6. Two dairy foods are and

7. The map shows two crops that are fed to pigs and chickens.

They are and

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Map Key

U fruit

04, vegetables

corn

grain

hay

dairy cows

chickens

pigs

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THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES

A prairie is a large area of natural grassland. The climate is too dry for trees, so

grass covers the land instead. Manitoba , Saskatchewan and Alberta are known as the

prairie provinces. But, only the southern part of these provinces is prairie. The northern

parts are evergreen forest.Large farms are found on the Prairies. Farmers grow grains like barley, canola

and wheat on the flattest parts. In the drier and hilly areas are cattle ranches.The prairie provinces are rich in energy and mineral resources. In the south

are oil and natural gas deposits. Farther north, there are nickel and copper mines.Most of the people live in the southern part of the prairie provinces. The largest

cities, Winnipeg , Regina and Edmonton , are all provincial capitals. Calgary and

Saskatoon are other large prairie cities.

1. Put the five names in bold on the map.

2. Colour the map to show the three prairie provinces. Use different colours.

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BRITISH COLUMBIA

Complete the fivenames on themap.Colour the map toshow the shape ofBritish Columbia.

British Columbia is known as Canada's pacific province. This is because the PacificOcean forms the province's western border.

High mountains cover most of British Columbia. Along the coast are the CoastMountains. The Rocky Mountains are the highest and form a natural border betweensouthern British Columbia and southern Alberta. Between the mountains are manylong, deep valleys. The Fraser and Skeena Rivers flow through such valleys.

Much of British Columbia is covered in forest. Tall evergreen trees like the Douglasfir and red cedar grow along the rainy coast.

Vancouver is British Columbia's largest city, but it is not the capital. The capital isVictoria, a city on the southern tip of Vancouver Island. Most of the population livein and around these two urban centres.

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SOUTH -WESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIAA map grid divides a map into small squares. The letters and numbers along theedges of the map describe the position of each square.

1. The city where grid is and grid 5 cross is

2. The city in square G-9 is

3. The city in square F-2 is

4. The ski resort in B-8 is

5. The largest urban area in British Columbia is in F-8. It is

6. The capital of British Columbia, in square J-7, is

7. Is the city in H-10 in British Columbia or in the state of Washington?

8. Which is closer to Vancouver, Nanaimo or Victoria?

1

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

BRITISH COLUMBIA

D Whistler

Squamish

Vancouver)

jp(g/o" * Hope

Fort AlberniNanaimo

*Langley AbbotsfordVancouver _ _-- '--- ---- ____ _--

Island Belli ngham

Pacific ► WASHINGTON STATE

Ocean y •Victoria }

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

J

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A WEST COAST RAIN FORE STThe west coast of British Columbia has a temperate rain forest. Winter is not too

cold. Summer is not too hot. The winds from the Pacific Ocean keep temperaturesfairly even. In fact, the west coast of Vancouver Island is the mildest place in Canada.It is also the wettest. Some places have nearly three metres of rainfall a year and itrains an average of six out of seven days!

Winds blowing across the Pacific Ocean carry mild, moist air to the land. Whenthis moist air is carried up the west-facing mountain slopes, it begins to cool and formclouds. The moisture in the clouds condenses into water droplets and falls as rain.

Because of the plentiful rainfall and the long growing season, a thick forest coversmuch of the west-facing slopes of British Columbia's Coast Mountains. Sunlight rarelyreaches the forest floor. In such dim light, mosses cover the damp ground and thetrunks of trees. Ferns spread along the forest floor. Evergreen trees such as Douglas firand western red cedar grow for a very long time and attain gigantic sizes. Somegiants reach 100 metres in height with trunks two metres across.

This picture of a west coast rain forest has three mistakes.Can you find and circle each one?

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THE WESTERN MOUNTAINS

Put the correct word in each box to describe the picture.

peak ridge slope snowline valley

A long chain of mountains is called a mountain range. The Rocky Mountains isthe longest range in North America. Other ranges in the western mountains includethe Coast Range and the Columbia Range. Many of these mountain ranges follow thePacific coast. Most of the islands off the coast of British Columbia and Alaska are thetops of underwater mountain ranges. Canada's highest mountain is Mount Logan inthe southern Yukon. It is 6050 metres high.

The western mountains are popular places to visit. Some tourists come to see LakeLouise, a beautiful blue-green lake high in the Rocky Mountains. Others come to climbthe ridges and peaks of steep mountains. Some come to ski and snowboard down themountain slopes above the snowline . Others come to camp or fish in the rivers andlakes of the forested valleys between the mountains. Many come just to enjoy the freshair and mountain scenery.

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CANADA'S ARCTICThe Arctic is the largest natural region in Canada. It includes the land and water

around the North Pole. One-third of Canada's land area is within this region.The southern boundary of the Arctic region is the treeline. Few trees can grow north

of the treeline because the Arctic has below-freezing temperatures for much of the year,and the growing season is too short for trees. The treeline is more like a zone than aline and moves north or south from year to year.

Canada's three largest islands --- Baffin Island, Ellesmere Island and Victoria Island- are in the Arctic region. Hudson Bay, Canada's largest saltwater bay, is also in theArctic.

The Arctic region includes almost all of Nunavut as well as the northern part of theYukon and Northwest Territories.

1. On the map below, colour the Arctic region.

2. Underline the four provinces that are partly within the Arctic region.

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WHY THE ARCTIC IS A COLD LAND

I

For most of the year, the Arctic is a cold land. Winter lasts about ten months.Summer is very short.

In winter, because of the tilt of the earth, the North Pole slants away from the sun.During this time, places close to the North Pole receive no sunlight at all for weeks.Even in places just below the Arctic Circle there is little daylight because the sun, atnoon, is very low in the sky. Cold winds also keep temperatures low.

In summer, because of the earth's tilt, the North Pole slants toward the sun . In lateJune, in the far north, daylight lasts for 24 hours. The sun does not set for days.Instead, it seems to circle the horizon.

Summer in the Arctic lasts only about six weeks. There are many hours of daylight,yet temperatures remain low and often just above freezing.

Fill in the blanks . Use the information and the drawing for help.

1. In winter, the North slants from the sun.

2. Winter in the Arctic is and

3. In summer, the North Pole slants the

4. Summer days in the Arctic are and

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CANADA'S TERRITORIES

Canada's three territories are all in the northern part of the country. These territoriescover more than a third of Canada.

The Yukon is the smallest territory. It is a land of high mountains, deep valleysand tall forests. Many visitors come to the Yukon for its clean air and mountainscenery. Whitehorse is the capital.

The Northwest Territories is mostly evergreen forest with numerous lakes andrivers. East of the Mackenzie River Valley, the land becomes a flat, rocky lowland.In this old, hard rock are valuable minerals like lead and gold. The capital isYellowknife, a city on Great Slave Lake.

Nunavut is the newest and largest territory. Its capital is Iqaluit. Much of thisterritory is a treeless Arctic land called tundra. The northern part of Nunavut ismountainous with many islands. Baffin and Ellesmere are the largest.

Colour the legend and map to show the three territories . Use different colours.

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CANADA'S NATIONAL FLAGCanada became a country on July 1, 1867. However, Canada did not have its

own flag until February 15, 1965. Before that time, Canada's official flag was theRoyal Union Flag of Great Britain.

The colours of Canada's national flag are red and white. Red represents strength.White represents purity. These colours reflect the origins of Canada's early Frenchand English settlers. White was the colour of the flags of the early kings of France.Red was the colour of the flags of the early kings of England.

Canada's flag displays a single red maple leaf. Like the beaver, the maple leaf haslong been identified with Canada. The red maple tree grows in many parts of thecountry. Its hard wood and sweet sap were used by the Aboriginal peoples and earlysettlers.

A country's flag should be treated with respect. Usually a flag flies at high or fullmast. When an important Canadian dies, or if there is a national disaster, the flagis lowered to half mast.

You can see Canada's flag flying from many public buildings. It helps to remindus of a strong, free and great northern land.

Match each flag to its name. Colour Canada's national flag.

1.

40 40

4

FLEUR - DE-LIS

NATIONAL FLAG

ROYAL UNION FLAG

2 3.

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II

Canada 's Provinces and Territories

British ColumbiaThe most western province in Canada is British Columbia . It is the third largest province . British

Columbia 's coast is on the Pacific Ocean . Victoria , the capital city, is located on the south end

of Vancouver Island . About 4 million people live in British Columbia. British Columbia has been

a province since 1871.

Forests cover over half of this province , and forestry is the largest industry . British Columbia also

has a large fishing industry. The province also produces apples , cherries , and plums . Copper,

coal, gold , silver, and zinc are mined.

Alberta

Alberta is located between the Rocky Mountains and Saskatchewan and is bordered on thenorth by the Northwest Territories . It is home to almost 3 million people . Alberta is consideredone of the three Prairie provinces . It became a province in 1905. Alberta was once coveredwith ancient lakes; today, many fossils and dinosaur remains can be found where the lakes

used to be . Some of these remains have become fossil fuels (oil and natural gas).

Alberta is the main producer of oil in Canada . It is also the main producer of natural gas and

coal. Potash , quartz, and salt deposits are found in Alberta . Other important industries are

cattle farming, wheat farming , and forestry. The capital city Is Edmonton.

Saskatchewan

Located between Manitoba and Alberta, Saskatchewan is the only Canadian province whoseborders are not defined by a natural landform . About 1 million people live here . Regina isSaskatchewan 's capital city. Saskatchewan became a province in 1905.

Saskatchewan is Canada 's main producer of wheat. Other crops include barley, oats, canola,

and flax . The province also produces oil, coal , and natural gas. It is a large producer of potash.

Manitoba

Manitoba is located in the centre of Canada , between Saskatchewan and Ontario. The

Northwest Territories and Nunavut form Manitoba 's northern boundary. Manitoba is home to

1 million people. It has a large French-speaking community. The capital city is Winnipeg.

Manitoba became a province in 1870. Even though Manitoba is an interior province, it has a

coastline on Hudson Bay.

Manitoba is a producer of hydroelectricity . Wheat is Manitoba 's main crop . Other crops include

barley, oats , flax, and canola . Nickel , gold, copper, zinc, and gypsum are mined.

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Ontario

Ontario is found north of the Great Lakes and west of Quebec . Canada became a country in1867 . That some year, Ontario became a province. Canada 's second largest province is hometo 11 million people . Toronto is Ontario 's largest city and its capital.

Most of Ontario's population lives in an area called the Golden Horseshoe (located between

Oshawa and St. Catharines, which is on the south side of Lake Ontario). This area is important

because it has many industries (e.g., auto industry) and businesses (e.g., financial). The auto

industry provides jobs for many Ontarians in this area. Many fruits and vegetables are produced

here. Ontario also has a pulp and paper industry. Nickel , cobalt , salt, and magnesium are

mined in northern Ontario. Ottawa, the capital city of Canada , is located in Ontario.

00

Quebec

Quebec , Canada 's largest province , is home to more than 7 million people. Quebec is aFrench-speaking province. Its capital is Quebec City. Located east of Ontario , Quebec becamea province in 1867.

Quebec has many natural resources. It has built huge hydroelectric plants and is a main

producer of electricity. Pulp and paper and lumber are important industries. Gold, copper,

silver, zinc, nickel, and asbestos are mined . Quebec farmers produce dairy products , livestock,

fruits , and vegetables . Maple syrup is produced from large maple tree farms.

New BrunswickNew Brunswick is located east of Nova Scotia. Fredericton is the capital . New Brunswick'spopulation is 740 000 . New Brunswick became a province in 1867 . New Brunswick is the onlyofficially bilingual province.

New Brunswick is a producer of lead , zinc, and coal. Along with forestry, New Brunswickindustries include fishing and farming . New Brunswick grows potatoes , apples , blueberries,strawberries , and cranberries.

Nova ScotiaNova Scotia , which became a province in 1867 , is made up of mainland Nova Scotia andCape Breton Island. It has a population of 900 000 . The capital city is Halifax. The province issurrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , the Bay of Fundy, and the Northumberland Strait.

Fishing is an important industry. Nova Scotia also has a pulp and paper industry and fish packagingfactories. Oil is produced. Farms grow Christmas trees and raise cattle for dairy products.

Prince Edward IslandPrince Edward Island , or PE.1., is located north of Nova Scotia and east of New Brunswick. It

became a province in 1873 . Its capital city is Charlottetown . The province has a populationof 135 000.

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Prince Edward Island is home to Canada's largest potato crop . It has a large fishing industry.The province also produces fertilizer, wood products , and medical supplies . Prince EdwardIsland 's main industry, however, is tourism . People from all over the world come to visit GreenGables . All of this takes place in Canada 's smallest province.

Newfoundland & LabradorNewfoundland became a province in 1949. It was the last province to join Canada . It is themost eastern province in Canada . It is made up of two parts , the island of Newfoundland andthe mainland territory of Labrador . About 551 000 people live in the province. The capital city isSt. John 's, which is the largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Oil is the main resource . It also produces and sells hydroelectricity and pulp and paper. Nickel,copper, zinc, lead, silver, limestone , and iron ore are all mined here.

Yukon

The Yukon Territory is the smallest of Canada 's three territories. It is located north of BritishColumbia and west of the Northwest Territories . The total population of the Yukon is about30 700 . Most of the population lives in Whitehorse , the capital city. The Yukon became aterritory in 1898.

The Yukon 's main industry has been mining . Its natural resources include gold, lead, zinc, andsilver. The Beaufort Sea, which is directly north of the Yukon , is drilled for oil. Tourism, fishing, andfur trapping are now the more important Industries in the Yukon.

Northwest TerritoriesThe Northwest Territories became a territory in 1870 . Since then, the Yukon and Nunavutterritories have been created from land that once belonged to the Northwest Territories. TheNorthwest Territories is located between the Yukon and Nunavut . Yellowknife is the capital city.The population of the Northwest Territories is about 42 500.

The fur trade is an important industry in the Northwest Territories . There is little farming becauseof the permafrost. Diamonds , gold, zinc, lead, and silver are mined.

Nunavut

In 1999 , Nunavut became Canada 's newest territory. The most eastern territory, it bordersManitoba , Ontario , and Quebec to the south. Nunavut has a large amount of land , but onlyabout 25 000 people.

lqaluit is Nunavut's largest town and its capital. Nunavut 's greatest resources are its land andits wildlife . Fishing - especially for whitefish and arctic char - is an important industry. AlthoughNunavut has deposits of copper, lead, silver, zinc, iron, gold, and diamonds, the permafrostmakes mining difficult.

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37

Canada 's Geograph ic RegionsReader A:Atlantic RegionThe Atlantic Region is found on the east coast of Canada . It includes Nova Scotia, Prince

Edward Island , New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Gaspe region of Quebec.

The land is characterized by low mountains and plains . The climate is cool and wet, with a hurri.

cane tendency in the summer and early fall The area was once covered with lakes , which left

behind good soil for farming . Farms in this area produce potatoes, milk, apples , and maple

sugar. The forests are mixed - aspen, maple , ash, spruce , pine, and hemlock all grow in the

region . The forests are used for pulp and paper production and lumber . Coal and oil are found

in the region . The area is home to some of Canada 's best fishing.

Reader B:Arctic RegionThis region is located north of the Arctic Circle and the tree line. Short, cool summers and long,cold winters help to maintain permafrost on the land. The southern part of this area has small

hills; the northern part has mountains , glaciers , plains , and islands . Very little vegetation growsin this area . Oil, gas , lead, zinc , and silver can be found in this region.

Reader A:Prairie Region

Parts of Manitoba , Saskatchewan , Alberta, and northeast British Columbia , are in the PrairieRegion . The region has short, hot summers and long , cold winters . The land has large grassy

prairies and a zone of mixed woods, largely aspen. Farmers use this land to produce grain and

to raise livestock. It is one of the largest farming areas in the world. Many mineral deposits ofoil, natural gas, coal, potash , quartz, clay, and sulphur, along with fossils of early plants andanimals , have been found underground in the region.

1.5.2 - 41

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Reader B:Western CordilleraThis mountain region is found on the west coast of Canada, west of the Prairie Region. TheCordillera covers six mountain ranges , including the Rocky Mountains . This region also has highplateaus , meadows , fjords , valleys , and glacial ice fields . The highest parts of this region havelittle precipitation while the lower parts are snowy, cool, and rainy. The oldest coniferous trees inCanada are found in this region . The two main forests are the Western coastal forest and theboreal forest. The main industries are forestry, sport fishing, hydroelectricity , and orchards andvineyards.

Reader A:St. Lawrence - Great Lakes RegionThis region is in southeastern Ontario and in the areas of Quebeec bordering the Great Lakesand Labrador. This area was shaped by glaciers. The land has plains and hills including theNiagara Escarpment, which is a steep rise of rock separating two levels of flat land. This regionhas the longest growing season in Canada . The summers are hot and humid with many thun-derstorms . The winters are cool and snowy. The forests are mixed and include walnut, oak,sugar maple , and hemlock . The majority of Canada 's manufacturing takes place in this region.It also includes the St. Lawrence Seaway.

Reader B:Canadian ShieldThe Canadian Shield is an area of ancient rock . This huge rock structure is the remains of

mountains that were eroded by retreating glaciers. These glaciers also left thousands of

hollows that have become lakes. The rock is covered by a thin layer of soil; fir and spruce

trees grow here. The northern areas of the Canadian Shield have long, cold winters and short,

warm summers. The weather varies between cool and wet and hot and dry. Many of the towns

in this region were originally populated by people who were mining or working in forestry or

hydroelectricity plants.

a

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39

CANADA CROSSWORD

Do you know the name of Canada's best known wild animal?Like the maple leaf, the is an official emblem ofCanada. You can see its picture on the Canadian five-cent piece or nickel.

The was important to the fur trade and itwas the fur trade that helped open up Canada. The soft fur of the

became one of Canada's first resources.

2 3 4 5

8 9

10

ACROSS4. Capital of Canada7. Province between British Columbia

and Saskatchewan8. Capital of Nova Scotia

9. River flowing from Lake Winnipeg

into Hudson Bay

10. Territory with many high

mountains

45

DOWN1. Capital of Newfoundland2. City on west side of Lake Ontario

3. City in southern Alberta

5. Capital of Ontario

6. Province between Saskatchewan

and Ontario

0 apple press

40

Name:

Solve the crossword puzzle.

C LVE: Across2. Capital of Prince Edward Island4. Capital of Ontario5. Capital of New Brunswick7. Capital of Alberta9. Capital of Saskatchewan12. Capital of Yukon

13. Capital of Canada

CLUES: DmCapital of Northwest Territories

3. Capital of Nova Scotia6. Capital of Quebec8. Capital of Manitoba

10. Capital of Newfoundland11. Capital of British Columbia

X14. Capital of Nunavut3

WORD BANK:Charlottetown

EdmontonFredericton

HalifaxIqaluit

OttawaQuebec

ReginaSt. John's

TorontoVictoria

WhitehorseWinnipeg

Yellowknife

0,

VV= 0

12

Complete the following sentences:

The above building is the

The tower in the middle is the

It is in Canada's capital city of

14

10

in the province of ..__-©1998 Smart Toys

Mtcn-rn /rvr rear

Um Q

Use the CLUES and the WORD BANK.

41

IDENTIFY EACH PLACEWITH THE HELP OF THE 3 LOCATION CLUES*

r^E 2 I am a territory. I am:

I am between Alaska and the Northwest Territories.I am north of British Columbia.

I am an island.I am part of British Columbia.Victoria is located on my southern tip.

lam a city.I am the most northern provincial capital of Canada.I am on the North Saskatchewan River.

a lake.I am the most westerly of the Great Lakes.I am partly in the USA.

A I am a river.I am in the Yukon.I flow into the Yukon River at Dawson.

1 I am a province.

It can be a province , territory, city, river, lake, mountain , ocean , bay or island.

Write 3 location clues below and have the class or your partner guess who you are.

1.

2.

I border on the Atlantic Ocean.Cape Breton Island and Sable Island belong to me.

Play "WHO AM I?"Pick a place:

Z1998 Smart Toys

42

CATEGORY: CANADIAN GEOGRAPHYI

1

I

This PROVINCE is nearly completely surrounded by the IT IS:Atlantic Ocean, except for a narrow land bridge, theIsthmus of Chignecto, connecting it to New Brunswick.

This TOWN in Manitoba is called the "Polar Bear City IT I5:of the World"

3 The greatest number of Canadians live in this PROVINCE. IT IS:

4 'This ISLAND known also as the " Million-Acre Farm " is : IT IS:Canada's smallest province.

5 This TERRITORY is located between the Yukon IT I5:and Nunavut.

6 This CITY is Ontario ' s capital and Canada ' s largest city. IT IS:

7 This BAY is surrounded by Nunavut, Manitoba , Ontario IT IS:and Quebec.

8 This LAKE is located near Mt. Logan in the Yukon. IT IS:

9 Miquelon Island and St. Pierre Island, off the south coast IT IS.of Newfoundland, belong to this european COUNTRY.

0 This RIVER connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic IT IS:Ocean.

Play "JEOPARDY" with your partner.1. Write 5 statements about Canada's geography on a separate sheet.2. Exchange statements with your partner and write in the answers.3. The person who gets the most answers right wins.

CC) 1998 Smart Toys

43

aACE= -0 -02Some towns in Canada have very unusual names.

19520 T21U22 V3W

2 X25 Y26Z

Solve the word puzzles below:

Use the code on the left to fill in the blanks.

Print the 2-digit abbreviation of the provinceor territory beside each town.

Write the names of the 5 towns on the signposton the right.

6 12 9 14

13 5 14 19 3

13 15 15 19 5

6

21

12 15 14

14 5

10 1 23

20 9 13 9

Choose one town from above.Research the meaning and origin of its name.Use the "Dictionary of Canadian Place Names " by Alan Rayburn.

NAME: PROVINCE/TERRITORY:

MEANING/ORIGIN:

©1996 Smart Toys

44