Geography AS Managing Change in Human Environments Rural.

Geography ASGeography AS

Managing Change in Human Managing Change in Human EnvironmentsEnvironments

RuralRural

RuralRural

HomeworkHomework

What are Urban and Rural What are Urban and Rural Environments?Environments?• Changing Environments pp126-129Changing Environments pp126-129

• Urban and Rural – how do we define Urban and Rural – how do we define them and what criteria are most them and what criteria are most important?important?

RuralRural

Urban and RuralUrban and Rural• Urban >20,000 (UN)Urban >20,000 (UN)• Rural <10,000 (Countryside Agency)Rural <10,000 (Countryside Agency)• Urban/rural fringeUrban/rural fringe• Migration (urban and counter-urban)Migration (urban and counter-urban)• PerceptionsPerceptions

• Chocolate box; poverty; adventure; awe; farming; Chocolate box; poverty; adventure; awe; farming; conflicting; threatenedconflicting; threatened

Define RuralityDefine Rurality

Urban-rural continuumUrban-rural continuum• GradationGradation

Describe a journey from Leicester to Rugby along the Describe a journey from Leicester to Rugby along the A426A426

• People – demographics; density; employmentPeople – demographics; density; employment• Land use; services; accessLand use; services; access• Cloke, 77. Used above criteria to define Cloke, 77. Used above criteria to define

extreme, intermediate and non-ruralextreme, intermediate and non-rural

Devise your own Index of RuralityDevise your own Index of Rurality

Malham pics

Define RuralityDefine Rurality

Indices of RuralityIndices of Rurality• PopulationPopulation• Rail network Rail network • InfrastructureInfrastructure• Telecommunications / mobile coverageTelecommunications / mobile coverage• Others?Others?

Leicester Harborough

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/default.asp

Rural changeRural change

Proximity to Urban areasProximity to Urban areas Commuter belts / dormitory townsCommuter belts / dormitory towns Rural to urban migrationRural to urban migration Counter urbanisation (employment, Counter urbanisation (employment,

retirement etc)retirement etc) TourismTourism Policy (NT, reserves, parks)Policy (NT, reserves, parks)

• E.g. MalhamE.g. Malham Time / stage of economic developmentTime / stage of economic development

Rural EnvironmentsRural Environments

How and why do rural environments How and why do rural environments vary in Landscape and charactervary in Landscape and character• Changing Environments pp 134-137Changing Environments pp 134-137

Rural EnvironmentsRural Environments

Variations in rural environmentsVariations in rural environments• Physical- Climate, vegetation, soils, Physical- Climate, vegetation, soils,

geology, watergeology, water• Economic – Farming, tourism, resourcesEconomic – Farming, tourism, resources• Social and Cultural – Inheritance, Social and Cultural – Inheritance,

religion, politics religion, politics

Rural MEDC v LEDCRural MEDC v LEDC

What are the differences between What are the differences between rural areas in MEDCs and LEDCsrural areas in MEDCs and LEDCs• Lifestyle and traditionLifestyle and tradition

Kenyan Highlands

Maasi tribes – NomadicRecent droughts and politics – Sedentary

Kikuyu – Soils and rain – Bush FallowingColonial plantations (e.g. Brooke Bond)…Now broken into smaller farmsTNCs – Flowers and peas

Change;Overpopulation / rural to urban migration / Cash crops not good locally / overgrazingAnd soil erosion / basic rural services

Tourism – Conflict of interest on game reserves

Craven, N Yorkshire

Sheep, dairy, textiles, quarrying. MostlyDeclined by the 1990s

Quarrying – mechanisedTourism – HoneypotsNew residents – Retirees / commuting / teleworking / local employment

Teleworking / telecottaging

Learning DayLearning Day

How do you learn?How do you learn? Learning styles and multiple Learning styles and multiple

intelligencesintelligences Which styles suit you?Which styles suit you?

Notes and note takingNotes and note taking Revision stylesRevision styles

LinguisticMathematical

Spatial Kinaesthetic

MusicalInterpersonalIntrapersonal

Style / Techniques / CareerUseful (and not so useful!) websiteshttp://www.howtolearn.com/personal.htmlhttp://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=questionnairehttp://www.accelerated-learning-uk.co.uk/method/test_roundel_08.html

Intensive FarmingIntensive Farming

Rural environmental problems Rural environmental problems resulting from agricultureresulting from agriculture

1.1. Agri-business and Agri-ChemicalsAgri-business and Agri-Chemicals2.2. Hedgerows and soil erosionHedgerows and soil erosion3.3. Green RevolutionGreen Revolution4.4. Gene RevolutionGene Revolution

• Case Study – Intensification of lowland Case Study – Intensification of lowland farming in East Anglia.farming in East Anglia.


Agri-businessAgri-businessAGRI-BUSINESS1. Stubble burning2. Habitat destruction3. Animals indoors4. Water pollution5. Nitrate run-off6. Biocide sprays7. Slurry8. Soil erosion9. Social / built environ10.Land exhaustion11.Monoculture

Inorganic Fertilisers• Nitrate run-off• Eutrophication• Waste

Chemical Biocides• Organo-phosphates• Wild fowl die• LEDC misuse/poisoning

Solutions?

•Mulching and crop rotation•Mixed farming•Organic methods•Biological pest control•Extensive cultivation•Fines / taxes for users and abusers•Limit biotechnology•Use GM technology to improve yields andreduce the need for pesticides

R7

R4


HedgerowsHedgerows• Use water and nutrients and protect insects Use water and nutrients and protect insects

and pests. Mechanical obstaclesand pests. Mechanical obstacles• Loss of habitatLoss of habitat

Soil ErosionSoil Erosion• Water and wind erosionWater and wind erosion• Land misuse/overgrazing/overuseLand misuse/overgrazing/overuse• Large fields and removal of protective Large fields and removal of protective

vegetative covervegetative cover Underlying causes are overpopulation and Underlying causes are overpopulation and

increasing need for food, fuel and spaceincreasing need for food, fuel and space

Solutions1. Terracing2. Afforestation3. Crop rotation / strips4. Contour ploughing5. Planting / hedgerows6. Stone lines, repair stone walls7. Manage cultivation and grazing

R5


Green RevolutionGreen Revolution• Transfer of agri-technology and Transfer of agri-technology and

techniques from MEDC to LEDCtechniques from MEDC to LEDC• E.g. “miracle” rice and wheatE.g. “miracle” rice and wheat• Increase crop yields, reduce famine and Increase crop yields, reduce famine and

develop agri-economydevelop agri-economy

• Sounds great………………?Sounds great………………?

Detrimental effects of the Green Revolution

• Associated agri-business pressures of pollution, low biodiversity and intensive techniques

• Requirement for expensive irrigation and fertiliser schemesIncreases debt and loses self-reliance

• Poor farmer cannot compete with large agri-business Loss of Subsistence Farming culture Increased rural tourban migration Agricultural heritage (and the future ofrural economy) disintegrates

Green RevolutionGreen RevolutionSubsistence farmingS , extensive farms

G R Pesticides / BiocidesF “M “ crops

Expensive schemesI and F s

Poorer farmers cannot compete

Larger, I farmsAgri-business associated problems

Loss of s farmingCulture and family ownership

R to U migration

Damage to rural e And increasing reliance onlarge agri-chemical TNCs

Green RevolutionGreen RevolutionSubsistence farmingSmall, extensive farms

Green RevolutionPesticides / BiocidesFertilisersMiracle crops

Expensive schemesIrrigation and Fertilisers

Poorer farmers cannot compete

Larger, intensive farmsAgri-business associated problems

Loss of subsistence farmingCulture and family ownership

Rural to Urban migration

Damage to rural economyAnd increasing reliance onlarge agri-chemical TNCs

R8


Gene RevolutionGene Revolution• Genetically Modified crops (GM)Genetically Modified crops (GM)• CloningCloning

Cross fertilisation issuesCross fertilisation issues Health and safetyHealth and safety EthicsEthics


Case StudyCase Study• Intensification of lowland farming in East Intensification of lowland farming in East

AngliaAnglia EutrophicationEutrophication Soil erosionSoil erosion Loss of biodiversityLoss of biodiversity Agri-economyAgri-economy

• Handouts R 2, 4, 5, 7Handouts R 2, 4, 5, 7• Video – 294, 953Video – 294, 953

R2

Geofile - LEDCsGeofile - LEDCs

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

MozambiqueTanzania Ethiopia Nepal Malawi Rwanda Niger India Kenya

GDP per capita ($) % employed in agriculture

Agriculture as share of GDP (%)


Current and future issuesCurrent and future issues• ConservationConservation• Environmental protectionEnvironmental protection

Defra Defra Agri-SchemesAgri-Schemes

• SubsidiesSubsidies• PolicyPolicy

http://www.defra.gov.uk/

Department for EnvironmentFood and Rural Affairs

England Rural Development Programme

http://www.defra.gov.uk/erdp/default.htm

Hectare conversionsHectare conversionsA unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters. A unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters. Equivalent to 2.471 acresEquivalent to 2.471 acres0.01 sq km (1 sq km = 100 ha)0.01 sq km (1 sq km = 100 ha)

Agri-schemesAgri-schemes

Environmentally Sensitive Areas Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA)(ESA)• 22 areas of England22 areas of England• Landscape, Wildlife, Historic interestLandscape, Wildlife, Historic interest• Farmers protect the area in return for Farmers protect the area in return for

payments (£5-£500/ha)payments (£5-£500/ha)• Conserve and enhance (e.g. hedges, Conserve and enhance (e.g. hedges,

ponds, buildings)ponds, buildings)


ESAESA Countryside Stewardship SchemeCountryside Stewardship Scheme The Farm Woodland Premium SchemeThe Farm Woodland Premium Scheme Hill Farm AllowanceHill Farm Allowance The Organic Farming SchemeThe Organic Farming Scheme The Woodland Grant SchemeThe Woodland Grant Scheme Energy Crops SchemeEnergy Crops Scheme The Processing and Marketing GrantThe Processing and Marketing Grant The Rural Enterprise SchemeThe Rural Enterprise Scheme The Vocational Training SchemeThe Vocational Training Scheme


Environmental Stewardship (ES)Environmental Stewardship (ES)

• Replaces ESA, Countryside Stewardship Replaces ESA, Countryside Stewardship and Organic Farming scheme in 2005and Organic Farming scheme in 2005

• BiodiversityBiodiversity• Enhance landscapeEnhance landscape• Protect historic environmentProtect historic environment• Natural resource protectionNatural resource protection• Promotion of public accessPromotion of public access• Genetic conservationGenetic conservation• Flood protectionFlood protection

Agricultural PolicyAgricultural Policy

AoA – Agreement on AgricultureAoA – Agreement on Agriculture CAP – Common Agricultural PolicyCAP – Common Agricultural Policy

• Treaty of Rome, 1957Treaty of Rome, 1957• Prevent food shortage and manage prices Prevent food shortage and manage prices

without overproductionwithout overproduction• Intervention priceIntervention price• Surpluses bought by Intervention board. Stored Surpluses bought by Intervention board. Stored

or dumped.or dumped.• Quotas (Milk, 1984)Quotas (Milk, 1984)• Tariffs and import leviesTariffs and import levies

Since CAPs inception, number of farmers dropped from 22m to 7mwithin the 6 founding CAP countries


CAPCAP• Large quantities promotes large farms Large quantities promotes large farms

and overproductionand overproduction• International markets can't compete International markets can't compete

(import levees and also surpluses (import levees and also surpluses dumped onto markets)dumped onto markets)

• Rural to urban migration Rural to urban migration • TNCs act as retailers, processors and TNCs act as retailers, processors and

distributorsdistributorsSubsidies (Food First): A transfer of money from the taxpayersto large corporate farmers


AoAAoA• Increase ,market access (e.g. phase out Increase ,market access (e.g. phase out

quotas)quotas)• TarificationTarification• Reduced domestic support for Reduced domestic support for

agricultureagriculture• Reduced export subsidiesReduced export subsidies• Agenda 2000 – Reduce intervention Agenda 2000 – Reduce intervention

pricesprices


Green RevolutionGreen Revolution• Transfer of agri-technology and Transfer of agri-technology and

techniques from MEDC to LEDCtechniques from MEDC to LEDC• E.g. “miracle” rice and wheatE.g. “miracle” rice and wheat• Increase crop yields, reduce famine and Increase crop yields, reduce famine and

develop agri-economydevelop agri-economy

• Sounds great………………?Sounds great………………?

Detrimental effects of the Green Revolution

• Associated agri-business pressures of pollution, low biodiversity and intensive techniques

• Requirement for expensive irrigation and fertiliser schemesIncreases debt and loses self-reliance

• Poor farmer cannot compete with large agri-business Loss of Subsistence Farming culture Increased rural tourban migration Agricultural heritage (and the future ofrural economy) disintegrates

Green revolutionGreen revolution

Muda Basin Scheme, MalaysiaMuda Basin Scheme, Malaysia• 1970s irrigation scheme (Muda dam)1970s irrigation scheme (Muda dam)• Trebled rice productionTrebled rice production• Plight of the poorPlight of the poor• Landholding situationLandholding situation• Self sufficiency?Self sufficiency?• New policiesNew policies

Fertiliser provision and paddy support priceFertiliser provision and paddy support price

• See handout and videoSee handout and video

India

Quiz


Gene RevolutionGene Revolution• Genetically Modified crops (GM)Genetically Modified crops (GM)

ForFor AgainstAgainst

• CloningCloning Cross fertilisation issuesCross fertilisation issues Health and safetyHealth and safety EthicsEthics

HandoutWhich?Online

GMOs

NutritionNutrition Resistance (disease and Resistance (disease and herbicides)herbicides) ToleranceTolerance Shelf lifeShelf life

Allergies ad ToxinsAllergies ad ToxinsNew diseases / strainsNew diseases / strainsCross pollinationCross pollinationReduce biodiversityReduce biodiversityCross contamination with non-GMCross contamination with non-GM

Dam ProjectsDam Projects

HandoutHandout• Large Dams; Benefits and ProblemsLarge Dams; Benefits and Problems

Read and highlightRead and highlight

Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dam

Three Gorges Dam, ChinaThree Gorges Dam, China• LocationLocation

Yichang, Hubei ProvinceYichang, Hubei Province

Three Gorges Dam, ChinaThree Gorges Dam, China• Culture and TourismCulture and Tourism

Three Gorges Dam, ChinaThree Gorges Dam, China• SchemeScheme


Three Gorges Dam, ChinaThree Gorges Dam, China• Yangtze River, ChinaYangtze River, China• 20 Yrs, £45 billion20 Yrs, £45 billion• 600km “channel” reservoir600km “channel” reservoir

For;• Control Flooding

• Life saving, property• 85 billion KW HEP / year

• 50m tonnes coal, cleaner• Economic development

• Navigation• 10,000 tonne ships• Trade and internal development

Against;• Cultural

• Sites and antiquities• Social

•Resettlement (1.5m?)•Compensation, unrest

• River dynamics• Silting in reservoir• Morphology and flow• Pollution

Web Resources

Quiz


Narmada Valley project, IndiaNarmada Valley project, India• Narmada river, largest westward flowing river Narmada river, largest westward flowing river

in India, 1300kmin India, 1300km• 20 million inhabitants20 million inhabitants• 3000 dams / 100 years3000 dams / 100 years

Narmadar Sagar DamNarmadar Sagar Dam Sardar Sarovar DamSardar Sarovar Dam

• Cost/benefitCost/benefit• PoliticsPolitics• Resettlement issues Resettlement issues

Narmada ValleyNarmada Valley

Dam Builders

Narmada ValleyNarmada Valley

ExerciseExercise• In small groups, research the Narmada In small groups, research the Narmada

Valley schemeValley scheme• Prepare a short presentation for the Prepare a short presentation for the

groupgroup• Consider pros and cons, current issues Consider pros and cons, current issues

and any issues specific to this schemeand any issues specific to this scheme

Pros… Cons…

Satellite Images

Narmada SchemeNarmada Scheme

ReviewReview• Pros and ConsPros and Cons• Narmada specific issuesNarmada specific issues• The future?The future?

Narmada Video linkShort slide show

Rural FuturesRural Futures

MEDC v LEDC Rural environmentsMEDC v LEDC Rural environments Investment and developmentInvestment and development

• Top downTop down• Bottom upBottom up

SustainabilitySustainability Appropriate technologyAppropriate technology Rural economyRural economy

• Rural futuresRural futures


ActivityActivity• Changing Environments pp 176 – 181Changing Environments pp 176 – 181

List NGOsList NGOs List Local SchemesList Local Schemes

• How do they work?How do they work?• Why do they work?Why do they work?

List Energy Production schemesList Energy Production schemes• Pros and cons?Pros and cons?

Small Scale Rural DevelopmentSmall Scale Rural Development

MEDC / LEDC cooperationMEDC / LEDC cooperation• Trade and AidTrade and Aid• LoansLoans• Top Down projectsTop Down projects• Bottom up projectsBottom up projects

SustainabilitySustainability• Local schemesLocal schemes• NGOsNGOs

Action AidIntermediate Tech Dev GrpOxfamCAFODSave the ChildrenUNHCRTraidcraftUNICEF


Local SchemesLocal Schemes• MozambiqueMozambique – Co-operatives – Co-operatives

Training, skills, reinvestment, Training, skills, reinvestment, diversification, Cultural re-alignmentdiversification, Cultural re-alignment. . E.g farming, water schemes and potteryE.g farming, water schemes and pottery

• MozambiqueMozambique – Health centres – Health centres• BangladeshBangladesh – Drinking Water – Drinking Water

Forum for Drinking Water Supply. Wells and Forum for Drinking Water Supply. Wells and sanitationsanitation

• IndonesiaIndonesia – Water and sanitation – Water and sanitationUNICEF, basic materials and training. Women’s UNICEF, basic materials and training. Women’s involvementinvolvement


Three projectsThree projects• Small scaleSmall scale• Rural developmentRural development

Agroforestry extension project, Highlands of Agroforestry extension project, Highlands of SW KenyaSW Kenya

Soil conservation in S KenyaSoil conservation in S Kenya Appropriate Technology in Andhra Pradesh, Appropriate Technology in Andhra Pradesh,

IndiaIndia

• Habitat for HumanityHabitat for Humanity

R10

Activity;How do these schemesimpact local people?


Impacts of local schemes;Impacts of local schemes;• YieldYield• DietDiet• Legal tenureLegal tenure• HealthcareHealthcare• EducationEducation• EmpowermentEmpowerment• AccessAccess• WealthWealth• HousingHousing• WaterWater

Question 3a June 2004Rural change 1990 to 2000

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

BurkinoFaso Kenya India Thailand Mexico Peru

% c

han

ge

% change rural

% change rural poor

1 to 10 Quiz…1 to 10 Quiz…Introducing modern intensive farming Introducing modern intensive farming techniques to LEDCstechniques to LEDCs

Green revolutionGreen revolution

Immediate effects on farming of these Immediate effects on farming of these techniquestechniques

Increased YieldIncreased Yield

Long term effects on the rural Long term effects on the rural economy of these techniqueseconomy of these techniques

Smallholders outcompeted. Large Smallholders outcompeted. Large aggressive exporting farmsaggressive exporting farms

Push factors for rural LEDCsPush factors for rural LEDCs War, Famine, crop reliability, jobs, War, Famine, crop reliability, jobs, marriage, wealthmarriage, wealth

Type of technology required for Type of technology required for sustainable rural LEDC developmentsustainable rural LEDC development

Appropriate TechnologyAppropriate Technology

Providing for this generation without Providing for this generation without compromising the needs of future compromising the needs of future generation (Jim)generation (Jim)

SustainabilitySustainability

Primary indicators for Quality of LifePrimary indicators for Quality of Life Housing conditions, environmental Housing conditions, environmental quality, questionnaires, imageryquality, questionnaires, imagery

Secondary indicators for Quality of LifeSecondary indicators for Quality of Life Census, life expectancy, tenure, car Census, life expectancy, tenure, car ownership, economic activityownership, economic activity

LEDC urban environmental issues LEDC urban environmental issues resulting from industrialisationresulting from industrialisation

Brown AgendaBrown Agenda

Modern urban development appended Modern urban development appended to major urban areato major urban area

Edge CityEdge City

ElectionElection

Map of election results

With reference to a named rural area, examine With reference to a named rural area, examine some of the innovative solutions developed to some of the innovative solutions developed to

ensure its survival.ensure its survival. LocationLocation

• Andhra Pradesh, SE IndiaAndhra Pradesh, SE India ProblemsProblems

• Rural poverty, natural Rural poverty, natural hazardshazards

SolutionsSolutions• NGO – Appropriate NGO – Appropriate

Reconstruction Training and Reconstruction Training and Informations Centre (ARTIC)Informations Centre (ARTIC)

• Appropriate technology, Appropriate technology, involve villagers, work involve villagers, work between government and between government and villagersvillagers

ARTICOxfamActionAid

Innovative Solutions;Thrift Groups500 Ha Trees500 families with legal titleRoads to 29 villagesElectricity to 15 villagesIncreased literacyEmpowering womenEducating childrenIrrigationMicro hydro schemesWater wellsDouble cropping

Geography AS Managing Change in Human Environments Rural.

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