Geography AS Managing Change in Human Environments Urban.

Geography ASGeography AS

Managing Change in Human Managing Change in Human EnvironmentsEnvironments

UrbanUrban



Quality of LifeQuality of Life

Quality of LifeQuality of Life

How do we measure Quality of Life?How do we measure Quality of Life?• Who’s asking?Who’s asking?• IndicatorsIndicators

Quality of life across LeicesterQuality of life across Leicester Measuring quality of life on Measuring quality of life on

Leicester’s streetsLeicester’s streets LEDC urban quality of lifeLEDC urban quality of life

Quality of Life IndicatorsQuality of Life IndicatorsEconomic•Economic activity•Unemployment•Wealth•Income•Housing

•Value•Tenure•Condition

•Rent arrears•Government assistance

• Free school meals• Benefits

•Demographics• Age and gender• Population change

•Number and type of vehicles•Local policy•LEDC/MEDC

Social•Disaffection•Crime•Drugs•Violence•Origin and ethnicity•Redundancy

•People•Built environment

•Affluence / poverty•Education•Social indices•Deprivation•Overcrowding•Infant mortality•Health•Demographics•CCJs•Insurance•Exam results

Environment•Litter•Graffiti•Refuse/dumping•Vandalism•Greenery•Access to park•Land use

Quality of Life in LeicesterQuality of Life in Leicester

Industry and commerce

Low Quality of Life

Medium Quality of Life

High Quality of Life

Quality of Life in LeicesterQuality of Life in Leicester

Industry and commerce

Low Quality of Life

Medium Quality of Life

High Quality of Life

Bede IslandAbandoned Industry, unattractive1990s regeneration under City Challenge Scheme. Includes housing association housing.

Anstey Lane – inter and post war semi’s. Good housing, low unemployment, above ave car ownership

Warehousing surrounding CBD. Relocation of industry late 20C to edge of city e.g. Everards. Led to run down inner city e.g. Wycliffe. Small terraced housing, no gardens, on street parking, overcrowding, good public transport, low car ownership.

1960s high rise council housing e,g, St Matthews. High unemployment and low skills. 2nd lowest income in 1996 (£8.7k) and 20% illness due to stress.

Incorporation of former villages e.g. Evington. Strong community, picturesque housing. 75% owner occupied.

Stoneygate, Knighton suburbanised in late 19C and early 20C due to improved public transport and movement of affluent people.

Pre-1970s Clarendon Park was low status inner city. Local Council created General Improvement Area; blocked streets to thru traffic and offered 50% grants for home improvement. Gentrification.

Saffron/Eyres Monsell the results of 1920s to 1950s inner city slum clearance. Relatively good housing conditions in edge of city council housing. Poor education and skills. Vandalism, truancy, graffiti, single parent families pose great challenges.

Quality of Life in Mexico CityQuality of Life in Mexico City• ResearchResearch

Geofile 306Geofile 306 Colour map Fig. 3Colour map Fig. 3 How can such a monster be managed?How can such a monster be managed? OCR Mexico case studyOCR Mexico case study Homework – Internet, books etcHomework – Internet, books etc

DMI – DMI – Mexico City location animationMexico City location animationShanty Town animationShanty Town animation

• Six teams;Six teams;

Map the Quality of Life across Mexico City Map the Quality of Life across Mexico City with specific reference to;with specific reference to;

Team research;Team research;• A – Population, recent and future growth - RyanA – Population, recent and future growth - Ryan• B – Housing - GeorgeB – Housing - George• C – Industry - KateC – Industry - Kate• D – Facilities (utilities) - AshleyD – Facilities (utilities) - Ashley• E – Transport - MAEE – Transport - MAE• F – Environmental issues – SSSF – Environmental issues – SSS• BUILD MAP ON THE BOARDBUILD MAP ON THE BOARD

Mapping QoL Mexico CityMapping QoL Mexico City

Describe Quality of LifeDescribe Quality of Life• HowHow• SpatialSpatial• SolutionsSolutions• (Mexico City animation)(Mexico City animation)

Mapping QoL Mexico CityMapping QoL Mexico City

Landsat 7, false colour image. Mexico City

Larry Ford, 1990, Latin AmericaLarry Ford, 1990, Latin America

IndustryCommerce

Mexico City

L

Ecatepec

Aeropuerto

Chapultepec

Ecatzingo

Chalco

Neza

Napoles

Insurgentes

University

Polanco

Satelite

Naucalpan

MediumLow

High

Mexico City - ReviewMexico City - Review

EcatapecQOL – LowWhy? – Industrial sector

NezaQOL – LowWhy? – Peripheria, lowStatus, no services or transport

ChalcoQOL – V LowWhy? – Shanty, no servicesand high population pressures

? QOL – HighWhy? – Academia andGreen parks

NapolesQOL – MediumWhy? – Green parks,Commerce and transport

SateliteQOL – MediumWhy? – Good services,Transport, housing

ZocaloQOL – MediumWhy? – High pop’nDensity, good employment

CIUDADES PERDIDOS

Rapid Urbanisation LEDCRapid Urbanisation LEDC

H/work – SLIDES?H/work – SLIDES? Problems of rapid urbanisation in Problems of rapid urbanisation in

LEDCsLEDCs• Primate Primate CityCity• InfrastructureInfrastructure• Quality of lifeQuality of life• Agricultural declineAgricultural decline• Increased urbanisationIncreased urbanisation

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1st City 2nd City 3rd City 10th City

Brazil

India

Nigeria

Indonesia

Mexico


Problems of rapid urbanisationProblems of rapid urbanisation• EconomyEconomy• Economic activityEconomic activity• Quality of life (shanty town animation)Quality of life (shanty town animation)• WaterWater• WasteWaste• PollutionPollution• PlanningPlanning• Video – Brazil BitesizeVideo – Brazil Bitesize

shanty05.swf

Rocinha, Rio, Brazil


Problems - SolutionsProblems - Solutions Team research;Team research;

• A – Population, recent and future growth - RyanA – Population, recent and future growth - Ryan• B – Housing - GeorgeB – Housing - George• C – Industry - KateC – Industry - Kate• D – Facilities (utilities) - AshleyD – Facilities (utilities) - Ashley• E – Transport - MAEE – Transport - MAE• F – Environmental issues – SSSF – Environmental issues – SSS• BUILD TABLE ON THE BOARDBUILD TABLE ON THE BOARD


ProblemsProblems SolutionsSolutions

HousingHousingLimited, squalid conditionsLimited, squalid conditions

Illegal, poorly built shanty homesIllegal, poorly built shanty homes

ServicesServicesWater, sanitation, electricityWater, sanitation, electricity

EmploymentEmploymentUnemployment/under employmentUnemployment/under employment

Informal SectorInformal Sector

EnvironmentalEnvironmentalPollution, resources, disastersPollution, resources, disasters

TransportTransportPollution, congestion, conflict of Pollution, congestion, conflict of interestinterest

GovernmentGovernmentServices, planning, corruptionServices, planning, corruption

HousingHousingSelf help – seek legal tenureSelf help – seek legal tenure

Reblocking; site and serviceReblocking; site and service

ServicesServicesPolitical will, resources, investmentPolitical will, resources, investment

EmploymentEmploymentRegulation, conditions, developmentRegulation, conditions, development

EnvironmentalEnvironmentalRegulation, cleaner resourcesRegulation, cleaner resources

TransportTransportHOV lanes, traffic bans, Public HOV lanes, traffic bans, Public Transport investment, MOTsTransport investment, MOTs

GovernmentGovernmentPopulation growth; Rural Population growth; Rural opportunities; Deconcentrationopportunities; Deconcentration

Return

www.habitat.org

Mexico CityMexico City HousingHousing

• Western districts are the homes of the upper and middle Western districts are the homes of the upper and middle classes. Land with services in the west and south classes. Land with services in the west and south available for wealthier families. Wealthiest areas are west available for wealthier families. Wealthiest areas are west and southwest e.g. Jardines de San Angel, Las Lomas de and southwest e.g. Jardines de San Angel, Las Lomas de Chapultepe, they have large mansions and estancia style Chapultepe, they have large mansions and estancia style homeshomes

• The INFONAVIT housing agency was set up to build The INFONAVIT housing agency was set up to build houses. State housing programmes are now self-help houses. State housing programmes are now self-help schemes on the fringes of the city. Many low income schemes on the fringes of the city. Many low income districts are to the east on unserviced land e.g. districts are to the east on unserviced land e.g. Aeropuerto and RamosAeropuerto and Ramos

• New houses for middle and upper classes are Naucalpan New houses for middle and upper classes are Naucalpan (NW), Polanco and Napoles(NW), Polanco and Napoles

• Migrants establish themselves in Colonias, low quality Migrants establish themselves in Colonias, low quality housing, on the fringes of the cityhousing, on the fringes of the city

Clare, Jon, George

Mexico CityMexico City

PopulationPopulation• During the 20During the 20thth Century Mexico’s population and Century Mexico’s population and

urban growth increased rapidlyurban growth increased rapidly• The population was 13 million by the year 1900. The population was 13 million by the year 1900.

For a lot of the 20For a lot of the 20thth Century the population Century the population increased 2% (a year) this resulted in the increased 2% (a year) this resulted in the population being 81 million people by the year population being 81 million people by the year 1990 and 97 million by 19971990 and 97 million by 1997

• Mexico City is one of the largest and fastest Mexico City is one of the largest and fastest growing cities in the world in terms of size and growing cities in the world in terms of size and population growth. By the year 2000 the urban population growth. By the year 2000 the urban total population could reach 26 million growing by total population could reach 26 million growing by 67% between 1970 and 1980. A further 13% 67% between 1970 and 1980. A further 13% between 1980 and 1994between 1980 and 1994

Mexico CityMexico City

It is estimated that Mexico city has It is estimated that Mexico city has 2.7 million cars on its poor and out of 2.7 million cars on its poor and out of date roads date roads

The government have banned people The government have banned people driving on some days of the driving on some days of the

week to try and cut air week to try and cut air

pollution.pollution.

12 000 tonnes of gases 12 000 tonnes of gases produced per dayproduced per day

Waste is dumped in open sites, where the wind blows it onto the city

Open spaces are only found in the rich zones of the city

In January 1996 ozone levels past the danger point

The ozone levels are only acceptable 20 days of the year

Increasing pollution from cars is causing dry season periods to rise



SustainabilitySustainability

Urban FuturesUrban Futures

What will the future hold for urban What will the future hold for urban areas?areas?• New Town policy in UKNew Town policy in UK• Changing Environments pp 228-232Changing Environments pp 228-232• U17 – Purpose of New TownsU17 – Purpose of New Towns• Video 219 - StevenageVideo 219 - Stevenage


New TownsNew Towns• Urban sprawl and post-war regenerationUrban sprawl and post-war regeneration• New Towns Act 1946New Towns Act 1946

Optimum 30-50kOptimum 30-50k Best Town Planning PracticeBest Town Planning Practice Self contained but influenced by Parent CitySelf contained but influenced by Parent City Most property should be non-profit making Most property should be non-profit making

organisationorganisation Social balance (demographics, socio-Social balance (demographics, socio-

economic)economic)

New TownsNew Towns

1947 to 19501947 to 1950• LondonLondon

Crawley, Hemel Hempstead, StevenageCrawley, Hemel Hempstead, Stevenage 1961 to 19701961 to 1970

Northampton, PeterboroughNorthampton, Peterborough Milton Keynes (153k), TelfordMilton Keynes (153k), Telford

Total – 32 New TownsTotal – 32 New Towns 2m ppl, 0.5m houses, 50k employers, 1m employees2m ppl, 0.5m houses, 50k employers, 1m employees Investment, leisure, recycling, quality of lifeInvestment, leisure, recycling, quality of life

DrawbacksDrawbacks Greenbelt land; NIMBY; character; community; Greenbelt land; NIMBY; character; community;

commuter towns (not self contained); remaining commuter towns (not self contained); remaining underclass in inner cityunderclass in inner city

Re-imaging CitiesRe-imaging Cities

1990s re-imaged cities1990s re-imaged cities E.g. BirminghamE.g. Birmingham Rebuilding, redevelopment, investment, Rebuilding, redevelopment, investment,

housing, commerce, conventionshousing, commerce, conventions World CityWorld City

• Global New TownsGlobal New Towns• Politics, technology, population pressures, Politics, technology, population pressures,

reclaimed landreclaimed land

Where is this?


Activity - Activity - http://http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Housing/displayarticle.asp?IDwww.mkweb.co.uk/Housing/displayarticle.asp?ID=6387=6387

• NotesNotes What solutions have been found through What solutions have been found through

history to generate and regenerate history to generate and regenerate successful urban environments?successful urban environments?

What were the main aims of New towns?What were the main aims of New towns? What are the lessons learned from New What are the lessons learned from New

Towns?Towns? What are the pros and cons of city re-What are the pros and cons of city re-

imaging?imaging? Why was New Town policy finally axed?Why was New Town policy finally axed?

Sustainable urban environmentsSustainable urban environments

Can urban environments be made Can urban environments be made sustainable?sustainable?• Changing Environments pp 232-239Changing Environments pp 232-239• U20 – Sustainable Cities in the 21U20 – Sustainable Cities in the 21stst

CenturyCentury

• Homework - Find and describe good Homework - Find and describe good examples of local Sustainability policyexamples of local Sustainability policy


Rio (92), Agenda 21Rio (92), Agenda 21 Kyoto (97)Kyoto (97) Socio-economic policy should not be Socio-economic policy should not be

at the expense of future citizensat the expense of future citizens• Avoiding;Avoiding;

Decentralisation e.g. sprawlDecentralisation e.g. sprawl Water e.g. Mexico CityWater e.g. Mexico City Waste e.g. MEDCWaste e.g. MEDC UnderclassUnderclass Pollution e.g. industrialising countriesPollution e.g. industrialising countries

Sustainable urban environmentsSustainable urban environments Existing cities; make sustainableExisting cities; make sustainable Future cities; design sustainability inFuture cities; design sustainability in Sustainability Schemes;Sustainability Schemes;


Compact CitiesCompact Cities• Multifunctional urban villagesMultifunctional urban villages• Brownfield sites, energy saving, less Brownfield sites, energy saving, less

infrastructureinfrastructure• But – Urban density (squalor); business But – Urban density (squalor); business

location; fuel conservation via vehicle location; fuel conservation via vehicle designdesign

Local SustainabilityLocal Sustainability• Local PlanLocal Plan


E.g. Curritiba, S E BrazilE.g. Curritiba, S E Brazil• 300k to 2.5m over 50 yrs300k to 2.5m over 50 yrs• 17 parks and 1.5m trees17 parks and 1.5m trees• Wetland wildlife reservesWetland wildlife reserves• Affordable public transportAffordable public transport• PedestrianisationPedestrianisation• Recycling waste (and incentive programmes)Recycling waste (and incentive programmes)• Encourage new in-migrants to return homeEncourage new in-migrants to return home

http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/fellows/brazil1203/index.html

Curitiba's buses carry 50 times more passengers than they did 20 years ago, but people spend only about 10 percent of their yearly income on transport. As a result, despite the second highest per capita car ownership rate in Brazil (one car for every three people), Curitiba's gasoline use per capita is 30 percent below that of eight comparable Brazilian cities. Other results include negligible emissions levels, little congestion, and an extremely pleasant living environment...


E.g. Sustainability policiesE.g. Sustainability policies• Sprawl – Compaction, consolidationSprawl – Compaction, consolidation• Congestion – Quotas, HOV, park and Congestion – Quotas, HOV, park and

ride, Pedestrianisation, tollsride, Pedestrianisation, tolls• Pollution – Policy, guidelines, ZEVPollution – Policy, guidelines, ZEV• Water – Reduce waste and consumptionWater – Reduce waste and consumption• Waste – Re-use, recycle, preventionWaste – Re-use, recycle, prevention

http://www.dismantle.org/cities.htm


ActivityActivity• Why is sustainability important?Why is sustainability important?• What are the five implications of the What are the five implications of the

concept of sustainability?concept of sustainability?• What does Agenda 21 advocate for What does Agenda 21 advocate for

realistic sustainability?realistic sustainability?• Give an example of a city implementing Give an example of a city implementing

sustainable policiessustainable policies

OWBC Local PlanOWBC Local Plan

Homework - LEDC Quality of Life AS Homework - LEDC Quality of Life AS Question (5b)Question (5b)

H e a lth a nd W e lfa reH o us ingH o sp ita ls

P o licyM in im ise w as te

D e cis io n m ak ingR e ne w a b le re so u rces

E nv iro nm entH ea lth

P o llu tionB iod iv e rsi ty

E con om yE m p lym e nt

S oc ia l an d C u ltu ra lE d uca tion

E qu a l O p p or tun it ies

S us ta ina b i li ty

• What are the five What are the five implications of implications of the concept of the concept of sustainability?sustainability?

Cities ActivityCities Activity

Look at the selection of maps from Look at the selection of maps from 29 cities worldwide29 cities worldwide

In small teams choose one or two In small teams choose one or two citiescities

Complete the table of information as Complete the table of information as best you canbest you can

Team-mark answers from another Team-mark answers from another groupgroup

City name and countryCity name and country Population estimatePopulation estimate Closest urban modelClosest urban model Main river (if applicable)Main river (if applicable) Main transport typesMain transport types Development categoryDevelopment category Any obvious urban issuesAny obvious urban issues

Ford 1990 Burgess, 1920 Hoyt, 1930 Harris & Ullman, 1940 Mann, 1960

City Population River Comment City Population River Comment

Aberdeen 0.2m Dee/Don MEDC, Oil Hamburg 1.7m MEDC

Adelaide 1m Murray MEDC, wine, tourism

Houston 2m MEDC, oil

Auckland 0.4m MEDC, tourism

Istanbul 8.8m MEDC/LEDC, tourism

Austin 0.7m MEDC, state cap

Kuala Lumpur

1.3m MEDC/LEDC

Bahrain 0.2m MEDC, oil Leeds 0.5m MEDC

Bangkok 6.3m LEDC, tourism

Leicester 0.3m Soar MEDC

Barcelona 1.6m MEDC, tourism

London 7m Thames MEDC, tourism

Belfast 0.3m Lagan MEDC Mexico City 17.8m LEDC

Cairo 6.8m Nile LEDC, tourism

Northampton

0.2m MEDC

Calgary 1m MEDC, oil Oxford 0.15m MEDC

Dallas 1.2m MEDC Paris 9.6m Seine MEDC, tourism

Dhaka 3.6m Jamuna LEDC Perth 1.2m Swan MEDC

Dublin 0.5m Liffey MEDC Sydney 3.5m MEDC, tourism

Faro 0.05m MEDC, transit

Tehran 6.8m MEDC/LEDC

Urban ModelsUrban Models

ActivityActivity• Urban Model quizUrban Model quiz• Run in MS Powerpoint 2003Run in MS Powerpoint 2003

1 Land use? 2 Land use?

3 Land use?

4 Land use?

Concentric ModelBurgess, 1920s, USA

Central Business District (CBD)

Wholesale and lightindustry

Low class residential

High class residential

1 Land use?

2 Land use?

3 Land use?

4 Land use?

5 Land use?

6 Land use?

Sector ModelHoyt, 1930s, USA

Central Business District (CBD)

Wholesale, lightManufacturing

Heavy manufactu-ring

High class residential

Medium class residential

Low class residential

Geography AS Managing Change in Human Environments Urban.

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