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GEOG5839.18, Dendrogeomorphology
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Transcript of GEOG5839.18, Dendrogeomorphology
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Source: Erica Bigio
November 8
Dendrogeomorphology
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Source: slgwv
HOW STABLE IS THIS
MOUNTAIN SLOPE?
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Source: Nic McPhee
HOW OFTEN DOES THIS
RIVER FLOOD?
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Source: Bob Sanford
HOW FAST CAN THIS
GLACIER MOVE?
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Sudden change in ring-width and color a!er the 1812 New Madrid earthquake.
Source: Julian Lozos
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A visual inspection of the increment rings will in no case allow determination of the process that was causing the disturbance.
“ ”Markus Sto"el and Michelle Bollschweiler
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2008
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Geomorphology ma#ers!“ ”Markus Sto"el and Michelle Bollschweiler
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2008
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PROCESS • EVENT • RESPONSE
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PROCESS • EVENT • RESPONSEdebris flows(in general)
A specific debris flow
eventWounded tree
(scars)
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DEPOSITION
GLACIERS
MASS MOVEMENTS
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MASS MOVEMENTS
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Earthflows are downslope, viscous flows of saturated, fine-grained materials.
Source: Munir Squires
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A debris flow is a fast moving, liquefied landslide of unconsolidated, saturated debris.
Source: darkensiva
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A rockfall is the downward motion of a rock involving free falling, bouncing, rolling, and sliding.
Source: Washington State Department of Transportation
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How do mass movements affect the growth of trees
or the demography of forests?
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Source: Erica Bigio
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Source: Sto"el and Bollschweiler, 2008
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How can you distinguish the scars caused by mass movements from those caused by wildfire?
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FIREIMPACT
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Geomorphology ma#ers!“ ”Markus Sto"el and Michelle Bollschweiler
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2008
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Source: Brian Luckman
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Source: Brian Luckman
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Abrasion or impact scarsare NOT
the sole source of geomorphic evidence.
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Source: Brian Luckman
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Source: snebtor
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Partial uprooting can cause smaller trees to form vertical sprouts along their main stem, with the age of the sprout indicating the date of the flood that caused the change in growth habit.
“ ”Sco# St. George
Tree Rings and Natural Hazards, 2010
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Source: Erica Bigio
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Compression wood
• forms in conifers
• formed on lower side of tree
• wider rings
• more latewood
• denser and more bri#le
• tracheids are heavily lignified
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Tension wood
• occurs in hardwoods
• formed on the upper side of the lean
• fewer (and smaller) vessels
• increased production of thick-walled fibers
• reduced amount of lignification
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Pinyon Demography at Sevilleta LTER, Central New Mexico
Source: Betancourt et al. (2004)
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Age of trees growing on rockfall slope Sto"el, Schneuwly and Bollschweiler 2010
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Reconstructed rockfall frequency near Valais, Switzerland Schneuwly 2010
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Glacial advances and retreats
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Sheared stumps killed by advance of the Saskatchewan Glacier circa 2800 yr BP
Source: Dan Smith
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GLACIAL FOREFIELD
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Photograph: Brian Luckman
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The ecesis interval is the amount of time between an initial disturbance and the successful establishment of the first trees.
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Source: Brian Luckman
Conifers on forefields ‘ecize’ in ca. 5 to 60 years. (McCarthy and Luckman, 1993)
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Source: avern
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Source: Luckman, Geomorphology, 2000
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Burial and erosional processes
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Jasper Lake Alberta, Canada
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Dust accumulations measured at Jasper Lake, a seasonally-filled reach of the glacially- fed Athabasca River in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, are some of the highest contemporary rates recorded to date.
“ ”Chris Hugenholtz and Steve Wolfe
Geomorphology, 2010
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Modern surface
Germination surface
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“Adventitious” roots
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Adventitious roots
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Source: Erica Bigio
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Source: Erica Bigio
November 8
Dendrogeomorphology
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1964 Alaskan earthquake
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Geological evidence shows that an earthquake a#ended by a tsunami, or a series of such earthquakes, ruptured at least 900 km of the Cascadia subduction zone along the west coast of North America between the years 1700 and 1720.
“ ”David Yamaguchi et al.
Nature, 1997
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Source: Teachers on the Leading Edge
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Source: Teachers on the Leading Edge
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Source: Teachers on the Leading Edge
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By converging on January 1700, the dates mean that Canada and the northwestern United States are plausibly subject to earthquakes of magnitude 9.
“ ”David Yamaguchi et al.
Nature, 1997
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The reason that most [dendrogeomorphic] studies tend to be relatively short is because the life expectancy of trees growing in [dangerous locations] is comparatively brief.
“ ”Sco# St. George
Tree Rings and Natural Hazards, 2010
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Geomorphology ma#ers!“ ”Markus Sto"el and Michelle Bollschweiler
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2008
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h#p://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/people/bri"a/temmaps/
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