GEOG3025 Census and administrative data sources 2: Outputs and access.
GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators...
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Transcript of GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators...
![Page 1: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
GEOG3025
Multivariate neighbourhood indicators
![Page 2: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GEOG3025
Multivariate neighbourhood indicators
• Lecture overview:Objectives of lecture
Introductory questions
Multivariate deprivation
Deprivation indicators
Calculation of indicators
Lecture summary
![Page 3: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GEOG3025
Objectives• Understand the concept of multiple
material deprivation• Understand the principle of
multivariate deprivation indicators• Be able to calculate and interpret
general-purpose indicators
![Page 4: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
GEOG3025
Introductory questions…
What makes an area “deprived”?
How might you measure social deprivation?
![Page 5: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
GEOG3025
Multiple deprivation
• Recognition that deprivation is a multifaceted phenomenon (Black Report, 1980)
• Particular focus on health care applications
• Measurement requires combination of multiple variables – multivariate indicators
![Page 6: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
GEOG3025
Research areas
• Material deprivation as cause of health inequality
• Deprivation and mortality• Deprivation and educational
achievement• Use in resourcing public services
(e.g. standard spending assessment)
![Page 7: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
GEOG3025
Deprivaton or exclusion?
• Multiple deprivation– Derived directly from census data– Derived from census and administrative
data
• Social exclusion– Incorporating concepts of exclusion from
normal activities of citizens e.g. consumption, savings, production, political social (Burchardt et al. 2002)
![Page 8: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
GEOG3025
Multivariate deprivation…
Remoteness, elderly population?
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Poor transportation, unemployment, lone parents?
Overcrowding, unskilled jobs?
![Page 9: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
GEOG3025
Census-based deprivation indicators
• Jarman– Deprviation payments to GPs 1980s, 90s
• Carstairs– Health-related, esp. Scotland
• Townsend– Health-based, widely used
• Department of the Environment
![Page 10: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
GEOG3025
Census deprivation index construction: issues
• Data source choice• Variable choice• To combine or not?• To standardise or not?• To transform or not?• To weight or not?
![Page 11: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
GEOG3025
Two distributions…
Number of areas
Percentage
Not owner occupied
Unemployed
![Page 12: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
GEOG3025
Transform and/or standardise?
Standardise:adjust for spread
Transform: adjust for shape
![Page 13: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
GEOG3025
Example: Townsend score
• Input variables– No car– More than one person per room– Not owner occupied– Unemployed
![Page 14: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
GEOG3025
Townsend calculation
• Express variables as percentages• Log transformation of
unemployment and overcrowding values (+ 1)
• Z score standardisation of all variables
• Sum the standardised scores with equal weighting
![Page 15: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
GEOG3025
Townsend score for single area
Variable Percent Log Z
No car
Overcr.
Not own
Unemp.
Score
![Page 16: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
GEOG3025
Townsend score for single area
Variable Percent Log Score
No car 17
Overcr. 6
Not own 45
Unemp. 9
![Page 17: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
GEOG3025
Townsend score for single area
Variable Percent Log Z
No car 17 -
Overcr. 6 0.84
Not own 45 -
Unemp. 9 1
![Page 18: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
GEOG3025
Townsend score for single area
Variable Percent Log Z
No car 17 - 0.9
Overcr. 6 0.84 1.5
Not own 45 - 2.3
Unemp. 9 1 1.1
![Page 19: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
GEOG3025
Townsend score for single area
Variable Percent Log Z
No car 17 - 0.9
Overcr. 6 0.84 1.5
Not own 45 - 2.3
Unemp. 9 1 1.1
Score 5.8
![Page 20: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
GEOG3025
Deprivation mapping
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devon.g
ov.u
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![Page 21: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
GEOG3025
Non-census/hybrid indicators• Index of local conditions• Welsh Jarman• Index of local deprivation• Index of multiple deprivation• Combining census and non-census
variables:– House condition, income support, derelict
land, low GCSE grades, house insurance weights, etc.
![Page 22: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
GEOG3025
IMD 2000• Index of multiple
deprivation• 6 ‘domains’:
– Income– Employment– Health and disablity– Education, skills and training– Housing– Geographical access to
services
![Page 23: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
GEOG3025
MAUP/ecological fallacy
• Levels of measured deprivation dependent on area boundaries
• Large areas can conceal small areas (‘pockets’ of deprivation)
• Area-level deprivation indicators will misrepresent many individuals and households within the areas
![Page 24: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
GEOG3025
Structural problems…
• Different regions have different deprivation structures
• Claims of London-bias may just represent population figures
• Urban-rural deprivation differences• Welsh Jarman – additional
variables
![Page 25: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
GEOG3025
Assignment• Select variable set and study region• CASWEB retrieval (including
denominators)• Run Geodep spreadsheet• Import dataset• Define denominators• Design indicator• Run/re-run• Interpret scores
![Page 26: GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators. GEOG3025 Multivariate neighbourhood indicators Lecture overview: Objectives of lecture Introductory questions.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649d145503460f949e8681/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
GEOG3025
Lecture summary
• Problems with specification and design• Data limitations – especially early
versions• Particularly relevant to general-
purpose indicators• Best to use purpose-specific indicators• Key review reference: Senior (2002) in
Census Data System