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GEOG 102 Population, Resources, and the Environment

Professor: Dr. ean!Paul Rodri"ue

Topic 4 Population Policy

# $ertilit% Policies

& 'ortalit% Policies

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Fertility Policies

1. Population Policy 2. Fertility Enhancement 3. Fertility Decline 4. Family Planning 5. Missing Female Population

A

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Population Policy

Context Fairly recent phenomenon. Fe nations ha! "ormal population policies prior to the 1#5$s%

& De'elope! an! !e'eloping orl! ali(e.

& )n!ia as the "irst country to ha'e a "amily planning policy in 1#51.& *till to!ay the place here the nee!s are among the most urgent.

+ecame an issue ith the population explosion. ,he orl! un!ertoo( a repro!ucti'e re'olution. -out /$0 o" the population o" !e'eloping countries is suect to

population policies. Most o" them are or!s ithout meaning.

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Population Policy

De"inition ""icial go'ernment strategy. *et o" gui!elines speci"ically inten!e! to

a""ect%& *ie o" the population.

& ate o" groth o" a population% "ertilityenhance or re!uce6.

& Distriution.& Composition ethnic6.

Population program !irect policies6

Means to ma(e to policy operational. Pulic or pri'ate initiati'es. *er'ices7 in"ormation7 persuasion or

legitimation.

1

Government

Policy

Program

Intentional

Population

Impacts

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Population Policy

)n!irect policies Economic an! social programs can ha'e an impact on

population. ,axation cre!its an! !e!uctions "or chil!ren6.

8ealth an! e!ucation. 9el"are.

Migration Either promote emigration or immigration.

"ten relate! to the laor mar(et. +ecoming a 'ery sensiti'e issue in se'eral !e'elope! countries%

& ,he :nite! *tates an! Europe "acing migration pressures.

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Population Policy

(onventional Perspective (ontemporar% Perspective

Population ; poer.,he more people the morepoer"ul the country.Most or( as physical an!re

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Population Policy

@aor "orce Population in age o" or(ing%

& n a'erage eteen 15>A5.

Composition an!

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Employment as % of Population Aged 15-64, !!11

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Fertility En"ancement

Pro>natal policies Exist in many European nations currently experiencing

population !ecline or P?. Policies%

& ?enerous el"are ene"its.& @ieral maternity paternity lea'e programs.& *ustantial in'estment in chil! !ay care "acilities.& Free e!ucation through :ni'ersity le'el.

*e!en%

& 12 months maternity lea'e.& -t least 1 month paternity lea'e.& Payments o" 1A$ per month through age 1A 1stan! 2n!chil!6.& 24$ per month 3r!an! 4th chil!6.

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Fertility #ecline

Context @oer the numer o" ne chil!ren. Policies an! programs oriente! toar! "ertility !ecline ha'e een

increasingly common !uring the past 3$ years.

Controlling population groth is o"ten a politically contro'ersialissue.

,hir! 9orl! ations%& -ttaine! the 3r! stage o" the Demographic ,ransition.& ,he promotion o" irth control policies "or ,hir! 9orl! nations has o"ten

een 'iee! as racist.

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Family Planning

$ertilit% Decline $ertilit% Enhancement

Decrease ,FPromotion o" "amily planning

*ome cases o" "orce! steriliationContro'ersial to en"orce ecauseo" cultural 'alues

)ncrease ,F9el"are ene"its healthcare7

e!ucation an! "inancial rear!s6arely e""ecti'e

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Family Planning

Concept Designe! to help "amilies achie'e a

!esire! sie. 13 o" the population groth in the orl!

is the result o" inci!ental or unante!

pregnancies. 21$ million pregnancies in the orl! peryear7 o" hich 1$$ million are unante!pregnancies 4G06.

4A million aortion per year. 5$$7$$$ omen !ie each year "rom

unsa"e aortions. 4#0 o" pregnancies in the :* areunante!.

)" omen coul! ha'e only the numer o"chil!ren they ante!7 the ,F in manycountries oul! "all y nearly to 1.

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Family Planning

Contracepti'e use *igni"icant increase in the 1#A$s an! 1#G$s. From 1$0 to 5$0 in the 1##$s.

,ra!itional metho!s -stinence.

9ith!raal. Douche.

Mo!ern metho!s ral contracepti'es. )ntra :terine De'ices ):DH e.g. !iaphragm6

)nectales an! implants. Male an! "emale con!oms. *permici!es. Emergency contraception !ay a"ter pill6. Ioluntary steriliation.

-ortion.

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Percentage of $sers ecoming Pregnant #uring 1st

&ear of 'ontraception, $nited (tates4

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'ontraception )et"ods used among )arried

*omen, 15-4+4

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Aortion ates in *estern .ndustriali/ed 'ountries4

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)ain E0ents elated to Family Planning

1)thcentur% Malthusian i!ea. Moral restraint.

1*+ Comstoc( @a. Family Planning laele! as in!ecent. Di""usion o" contraceptionin"ormation ma!e illegal.

1)1- Comstoc( @a u!ge! anti>constitutional. First irth control clinic opene! yMargaret *anger in +roo(lyn.

1)1 )n!ia a!opt an o""icial "amily planning policy.

1)2 )nternational Planne! Parenthoo! Fe!eration )PPF6 "oun!e!.

1)/ First 9orl! Population Con"erence7 ome.

1)-0 First oral contracepti'e.

1)-+ Foun!ing o" the :FP- :nite! ations Fun! "or Population -cti'ities6.

1)+) ChinaBs ne Chil! Policy

1))/ )nternational Con"erence on Population an! De'elopment. )mportance o"oman in controlling repro!uction rights an! repro!ucti'e health6.

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Family Planning

:* 'ie on "amily planning Contriutes eteen 4$ an! 5$0 o" international FP ai!. Characterie! y para!oxes%

& +eteen the religious ethics o" the lea!ers an! a lieral uran society.

*trongly supporti'e o" FP in the 1#A$s an! 1#G$s. Change in the 1#/$s%

& eagan stoppe! support to the :nite! ations Population Fun!.& e'o(e! y Clinton in 1##3.

Current policies%

& -nti>aortion an! increasingly anti>"amily planning anti>contraception6!omestic policies.

& Promote a conser'ati'e moral an! religious agen!a.& First action o" Presi!ent +ush in 2$$1 as to an "un!ing to international

agencies promoting aortion an! thus FP6.

& ?roing 'iolence against "amily planning an! aortion clinics.

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Family Planning

Controlling population groth atural increase%

& +iggest "actor in population groth in most countries.& e!ucing this component ill re

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Family Planning

Family Planning programs *till consi!erale unmet !eman! "or repro!ucti'e health

ser'ices. e

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Family Planning

E""icient Family planning acti'ities *trong go'ernment support. Must e me!ically7 economically an! culturally acceptale. Counseling ensures in"orme! consent in contracepti'e choice. Pro'ision o" contracepti'es. ,raining o" sta"" an! e!ucation o" pulic. Monitoring the results. esearch "or ne or impro'e! metho!s. Pri'acy an! con"i!entiality are ensure!.

)mpact Much e'i!ence to support the i!ea that "amily planning programsha'e een ha'ing a great a""ect.

Economic !e'elopment an! socioeconomic trans"ormations area necessary precon!ition "or "amily planning programs to ha'e

an impactK

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Female iteracy and Fertility in (elected 'ountries,

1++24

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Family Planning

Family planning in the :nite! *tates +irth control use%

& 2$0 o" sexually acti'e :.*. teens reporte! using no irth control& 40 in ?reat +ritain7 A.50 in *e!en7 120 in France an! 130 in Cana!a.& +eteen 5$0 an! G$0 o" girls in other countries use! irth control pills7

only 320 !i! so in the :nite! *tates.

Di""erent attitu!es o" !e'elope! countries%& -ccepting attitu!e aout teen>age sexual relationships.& Clearer expectations "or responsile sexual eha'ior.& More accessile repro!ucti'e health ser'ices.& ,he :.*. is the only country ith a "ormal policy promoting astinence

only.& ne>thir! o" school !istricts teaching sex e! man!ate as an astinence>

only program.

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)issing Female Population

Missing "emale population -out 1$$>135 million "emales are missing "rom the orl!

population. ormal ratio at irth is aout 1$$ girls to 1$5 oys.

+oys are ea(er an! the ratio e'ens out a"ter 5 years. *ince 1#$$ the ratio has een !eclining7 especially a"ter 1##$. Particularly the case "or China an! )n!ia $>4 age group6%

& China accounts "or aout A$ million missing "emalesH )n!ia "or 25 million.& 1##$% 11$ oys per 1$$ girls.

& 1##5% 11/ oys per 1$$ girls.& 2$$$% 11# oys per 1$$ girls.& atios e'en higher "or secon! an! thir! chil!.

Prolems exacerate! y !eclining "ertility an! groing

stan!ar!s o" li'ing.

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(e3 atio males per 1!! females, !!!

Less than 90

90 - 95

95 - 100

100 - 105

105 - 110

More than 110

NA

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.nfant )ortality ate per 1!!! under age 5, y (e3,

(elected 'ountries, !!!5

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)issing Female Population

Missing "emale population in )n!ia *ex !etermination tests outlae! 1##46%

& oo!y e'er con'icte! o" in"ringing the la.& :ltrasoun! "or La!ominal cyst% 5$$ rupees 116.& -ortion% 27$$$ rupees 446.

250 o" all "emale !eaths eteen the age 1A an! 24 are !ue to

Lacci!ental urns. +eteen 57$$$ an! 127$$$ L!ory !eaths per year. *ex ratio is still !eclining%

& #A2 girls "or 1$$$ oys 1#/16.& #45 girls "or 1$$$ oys 1##16.& #2G girls "or 1$$$ oys 2$$16.& Can go as lo as GG$ in some regions.

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)issing Female Population, 1++5

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)ales minus Females, '"ina, !!!5

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)issing Female Population

?en!er roles an! the missing "emale population *ons are percei'e! as an asset%

& Farm or(.& *ecurity "or ol! age no social security in se'eral countries6.& ,a(e o'er the "amily name.& *ons get etter health care7 "oo! an! schooling.& 1$$0 o" them must "in! a ri!e an! pro!uce an heir.& )n China7 the irth o" a oy is laele! as Lig happiness hile the irth o"

a girl is laele! as Lsmall happiness.

Daughters are percei'e! as a liaility%& Marry an! lea'e home to pro'i!e laor to another "amily.& Dories are o"ten to e pai!.

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)issing Female Population

Causes o" the missing "emale population 8igh "emale mortality in in"ancy or chil!hoo!%

& Pre"erential treatment "or oysH etter "oo! an! health care.& )n"antici!e.

Excess "emale mortality in utero%

& *ex>selecti'e aortion.& 5$$7$$$ an! G5$7$$$ unorn Chinese girls are aorte! e'ery year a"ter

sex screening.

et out>migration o" "emale chil!ren%& )nternational a!options.& -an!onH rphanage are strictly populate! y girls.& )n some cases #$0 o" the girls in orphanages ill !ie.

*ex>selecti'e un!ercount o" chil!ren%& Daughters are not !eclare!.& o e!ucation pro'i!e! y the state.& L*ol! Lrente! as a "actory or(er7 i"e or prostitute.

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)issing Female Population

Conse

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)ortality 'ontrol

1. Context 2. Maor Epi!emics 3. 8uman 8ealth 4. ?enoci!e

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1 'onte3t

Mortality control ?oal o" most go'ernments. *ee( to impro'e the health stan!ar!s an! li"e expectancy o" their

populations.

Expen!itures "or such health programs are o"ten !iminishe! ycon"licting priorities "or limite! go'ernment "un!s%

& 8ealth programs lose out to military spen!ing.& ?ran!iose in"rastructure !e'elopment programs hose ene"its accrue to

a small minority o" the o'erall population.

& *ur'eys ha'e shon that small in'estments o'er the most threateningcauses o" !eath lea! to signi"icant increase in health.

More accepte! culturally an! socially6 than "ertility control.

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'onte3t

8ealth Ney component o" human !e'elopment. +roa! in!icators o" human health sho that signi"icant progress

has een ma!e o'er the past "e !eca!es.

?loaliation has enale! ne threats o" !i""usion. Con!itions in many ,hir! 9orl! countries remain !i""icult7

especially "or the poorest groups. 8ealth con!itions in ,hir! 9orl! countries are not necessarily

relate! to climate7 ut mostly to po'erty.

Density issues 8uman !ensities "a'or the !i""usion o" !iseases. *trong uraniation can e lin(e! ith !eclining health

con!itions.

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'onte3t

En!emic Many !iseases exists in a state o" e

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)a7or Epidemics

+lac( Death Europe7 14th century the Plague6 +acteria originating in -sia. Mo'e! through the tra!e routes.

Entere! Europe in 134G. ,ransmission y rats an! coughing an! sneeing. #$0 !eath rate o" those in"ecte!. 25 million !eathsH 25>330 o" the European population. G5 million !eaths in Eurasia out o" a population o" 3$$ million.

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Estimated Population of Europe, 1!!!-15!!2

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)a7or Epidemics

*mallpox e 9orl!7 1Ath Century. Iirus intro!uce! y *panish con

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)a7or Epidemics

)n"luena ?loal7 1#1/>1#1# *panish Flu6. Iirus rought y troops. *prea! through transport routes all o'er the orl!.

,ransmission through respiratory channels. +eteen 25 an! 4$ million (ille! 1.2>2.2 0 o" the gloal

population6. 99) 1#14>1#1/6 (ille! # million people.

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)a7or Epidemics

8)I-)D* ?loal Pan!emic67 1#/$ to present. riginate! in -"rica. Mutation o" a primate 'irus to in"ect humans.

,ransmission y o!y "lui!s. 2/ million !eaths so "ar. A/ million in"ecte! $.50 o" the gloal population6. 147$$$ ne in"ections per !ay. More than 2$0 o" the population in"ecte! in se'eral -"rican

countries.

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8loal Estimates of 'umulati0e 9.:;A.#( .nfections

and #eat"s *orld

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Place of #eat", !!1

Deaths per year 5A million !eaths. 12 million in !e'elope! countries. 44 million in !e'eloping countries. )n the poorest regions7 1 in 5 chil!ren ill

!ie e"ore their 5th irth!ay. Contriution to mortality orl!6

,oacco use % A0 4 million6. 8ypertension% 5./0. )na!e

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'ause of #eat", !!13

'

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'auses of deat" in de0eloped and de0eloping

countries, 1++2 in %3

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'igarette 'onsumption per Person, 1+6!-!!3

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9uman 9ealt"

Maor in"ectious !iseases 2$$16 espiratory in"ections%

& 3.# million !eaths.& Pneumonia a""ects mainly chil!ren un!er 5.& Mainly lin(e! to !eteriorating air

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9uman 9ealt"

Malaria%& 1.1 million !eaths.& ?roing ecause o" resistance to antimalarial !rugs an! to insectici!es.& elate! to mosrelate! costs o" treating oesity.

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' t d P 7 t d ' f # t" * ld id

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'urrent and Pro7ected 'auses of #eat"s *orld

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9uman 9ealt"

En'ironmental "actors 250 o" !eaths relate! to en'ironmental "actors. 1.4 illion people expose! to pollute! air%

& elationship eteen air pollution an! hearth attac(s.

:raniation. )n"ectious an! parasitic !iseases%& -ccounte! "or 430 o" the 4$ million !eaths in !e'eloping countries.& -lmost 4$0 ere !ue to chronic !iseases such as circulatory !iseases7

cancers an! respiratory !iseases.

& Mos

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4 8enocide

De"inition Nille! more people than ar. )ntent to !estroy7 in hole or in part7 a national7 ethnical7 racial or

religious group as such : 1#4/ Con'ention6.

Nilling memers o" the group7 causing serious o!ily or mentalharm to its memers.

Delierately in"licting on the group con!itions o" li"e calculate! to

ring aout its physical !estruction in hole or in part. Forcily trans"erring chil!ren o" the group to another group.

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)a7or 8enocides of t"e !t"'entury

ure% 1)1!1)223 2 million -rmenians an! other minorities. ?et ri! o"!issi!ence.

4oviet 5nion 1)2)!1)3

3$ to A$ million o" 'arious ethnic origins. *talinian policiesrelocation7 star'ation an! purges6.

6a7i German% 1)!

1)/3

13 million7 mostly Oes. Ethnic religious extermination.

(hina 1)/)!1)+-3 3$ million. Political purges7 star'ation.

Guatemala 1)-0!1)*13

1$$7$$$ ci'ilians. Ci'il ar. ?o'ernment repression.

5"anda 1)+1!1)+)3 3$$7$$$ ci'ilians. Ethnic purges.

(am8odia 1)+!1)+)3

+eteen 1 an! 3 million ci'ilians. )!eological purges.

R9anda 1))/3 /$$7$$$ ,utsis slaughtere! y 8utus. Ethnic purges.

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