Geog 80 Topic 1_A_2

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GEOG 80 Transport Geography

Professor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue

Topi ! Transportation and Geography

". #hat is Transport Geography$

%. Transportation and &pae

'. (istorial E)olution of Transportation *

D. (istorial E)olution of Transportation **

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" #hat is Transport Geography$

1 The Purpose of Transportation 2 The Importance of Transportation

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! The Purpose of Transportation

Overcome space Variety of human and physical constraints. Distance, time, administrative divisions and toporaphy.

!riction of distance "osts. Distance involved. #ature of $hat is %ein transported.

&oal of transportation

Transform the eoraphical attri%utes of freiht, people orinformation.

&ive an added value in the process. !ulfillment of a demand for mo%ility.

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The &patial 'onsideration of a +o)e,ent

" %

#aling 'yling Dri)ing

D#/ D'/ DD/

Friction of Distance

Movement

Distance (D)

Time

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! The Purpose of Transportation

Transporta%ility Transport costs. 'ttri%utes of the transported oods (fraility, perisha%le, price). *ome institutional factors such as la$s, %orders and tariffs.

Derived demand Transportation cannot e+ists on its o$n and cannot %e stored. Direct derived demand

- ovements directly the conse/uence of an economic activity.

Indirect derived demand- ovements created %y the re/uirements of other movements.- 0nery consumption from transportation.

- arehousin can %e la%eled as an indirect derived demand since it is a

non movement of a freiht element.

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Transportation as a Deri)ed De,and

#oring

Activity

aationing

Derived Demand

+anufaturing

'o,,uting

Ta1i

"ir tra)el

Touring 2us

Trus

'ontainership

Direct

Energy

Indirect #arehousing

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3 The *,portane Transportation

Dimensions 3istorical

- Played several different historical roles.- 4ise of civili5ations (0ypt, 4ome and "hina).

- Development of political and cultural societies.

- #ational defense (4oman empire, 'merican road net$or6).

*ocial- 'ccess to healthcare, $elfare, and cultural or artistic events.

- *hape social interactions.

Political- 4ules and reulations.- o%ility often su%sidi5ed.

- #ation %uildin and national unity.

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0nvironmental- Important environmental impacts.- Pollution, e+ploitation of natural resources.

0conomic- 7in6ed to economic development and 8o% creation %oth indirectly and

directly.

- 'ccordin to modal developments9 maritime, rail, automo%ile, and

aerospace construction.- !actor in the production of oods and services.

- "ontri%utes to the value:added of oods and services.

- !acilitates economies of scale.- Influences land (real estate) value.- "ontri%utes to the speciali5ation of reions.

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The importance of transportation is ro$in &ro$th in the demand for mo%ility

"onsidera%le ro$th of the transport demand- Individual (passeners) and freiht mo%ility.

7arer /uantities of passeners and freiht %ein moved. 7oner distances over $hich they are carried. ultiplication of the num%er of 8ourneys. ide variety of modes servicin transport demands.

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ehile 4se *ndiators5 #orld5 !670-3003

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4eduction of costs *everal transportation modes are very e+pensive to o$n and

operate (ships and planes). "osts per unit transported have sinificantly dropped.

Overcome larer distances and further e+ploit the comparativeadvantaes of space.

7o$er costs lin6ed $ith loner distances.

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Transport and 'o,,uniation 'osts *nde1es5 !630-!660

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0+pansion of infrastructures 0+tended the re/uirements for transport infrastructures %oth

/uantitatively and /ualitatively. 4oads, har%ors, airports, telecommunication facilities and

pipelines have e+panded considera%ly. *ervice ne$ areas and addin capacity to e+istin net$or6s. Transportation infrastructures are a ma8or component of the land

use.

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Transportation et9or Density in , per !00 sr ,/5

3000

+ore than !00 , ; !00 ,3

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*patial differentiation of the economy Different locations 7ocation of resources (ra$ materials, la%or, manufacturin). *patial division of production and consumption.

*ervice em%edded in the socio:economic life of individuals,institutions and corporations.

Often invisi%le for to consumer, %ut al$ays part of all economic

functions.

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*trateic infrastructure 0m%edded in the socio:economic life of individuals, institutions

and corporations. If disrupted or cease to operate, the conse/uences can %e

dramatic. #o specific user can have a competitive advantae over others. Often invisi%le to the consumer. The perceived invisi%ility of transportation is derived from its

efficiency.

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"ommon fallacies 'ccess is not accessi%ility

- 'ccess is uniform $herever one is located in reard to the transport

system as lon a there is a possi%ility to enter or to e+it 9 pu%lic hih$ay.

- Often no specific user can have a competitive advantae over others.

- 'ccessi%ility varies accordin to one;s location $ithin the transport

system.

Distance is not time- Distance remains constant.

- Time can vary due to improvements in transport technoloy or %ecause of

conestion.

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T9o 'o,,on ?allaies in Transport Geography

Access vs. Accessibility Distance vs. Time

a

2

!0

@

@ 7 7

=

@

A3

7

8

o9 (igh

Detour

+odal 'hange

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! Physial 'onstraints

3ydroraphy Determines the e+tent of naviation. "onstraints on land transportation

- >rides, tunnels and detours.

"an also %e a transport infrastructure on its o$n. *everal rivers are important navia%le route$ays and %een the

focus of human activities Ports

- *tronly conditioned %y the hydroraphy.

- ?uality of the site and its depth.

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The Geographial &pae of +ariti,e Transportation

P A I P

M

Panama

Magellanood !o"e

#ue$

ibraltar

Malacca

#unda

%ort&'est

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The Great 'irle Distane 2et9een e9 Bor and +oso9

%e' or

Mosco'

*+,*-% /0,-12

--,*-% 0/,034

Cos (D) = (Sin a Sin b) + (Cos a Cos b Cos |c|)

Sin a = Sin (40.5) = 0.649

Sin b = Sin (55.5) = 0.824

Cos a = Cos (40.5) = 0.760

Cos b = Cos (55.5) = 0.566

Cos c = Cos (73.66 + 37.4) = -0.359

Cos (D) = 0.535 0.154 = 0.381

D = 67.631 de!ees

1 de!ee = 111.32 "#$ so D = 7528.66 "#

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! Physial 'onstraints

"limate &eneral $eather pattern affectin a reion

- Temperature, $ind and precipitation.

Varied impacts on transportation

- !rom nelii%le to ha5ardous or impossi%le operatin conditions. @et streams

- a8or physical component that international air carriers must ta6e into

consideration.

- *peed of $ind can affect costs of air travel.

-"an add or reduce fliht time, especially at intercontinental distances.- !liht %et$een #e$ Aor6 and 7ondon

'%out B hours (from ate to ate) east%ound '%out B hours C minutes $est%ound.

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+aCor Glo2al #ind Patterns

5anuary

5uly

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3 Transportation and the &patial &truture

Inertia of transport infrastructures Physical attri%utes

- #atural conditions can %e modified and adapted to suit human uses.- ost net$or6s follo$ the easiest (least cost) and most direct path, $hich

enerally follo$s valleys and plains.

3istorical considerations- #e$ infrastructures enerally reinforce historical patterns of e+chane.

- 3ih$ay net$or6 of !rance.

- Er%an streets pattern.

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Transportation et9ors and Geographial

&peialiation

A B

C

D E

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Transportation et9ors and Geographial &egregation

A B

C

D E

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@ &pae ; Ti,e Relationships

*pace = Time "onverence 'mount of space that can %e FpurchasedG $ith a specific amount

of time. 4elated to the efficiency of the transport system.

*inificant converence in the 1Hthand 2thcenturies. *pace = time converence has reached to lo%al level.

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Regional &pae ; Ti,e 'on)ergene in ,inutes/

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+ail Deli)ery Ti,es 2et9een e9 Bor and &an

?raniso5 !8=0-3000 in days/

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1500-1840Average speed of wagon and sail

ships: 16 km/hr

1850-1930Average speed of trains: 100 km/hr.

Average speed of steamships: 25 km/hr

1950Average speed of airplanes: 480-640 km/hr

1970Average speed of et planes: 800-1120 km/hr

1990!"meri# transmission: instantaneo"s

&pae ; Ti,e 'on)ergene of the #orld Transport

&yste,

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@ &pae ; Ti,e Relationships

!actors of space = time converence *peed. 0conomies of scale

- Transport larer amounts of freiht and passeners at lo$er costs.

0+pansion of transport infrastructures- *ervice areas that $ere not or insufficiently serviced.- 0+panded the averae lenth of traffic.

Telecommunications- *u%stitution to transportation (telecommutin).

- Improvement in manaement. Transport terminals efficiency

- &ro$in capacity to handle lare /uantities of traffic over a short time

period.

Geog 80 Topic 1_A_2

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