Geoffrey Bibo

Overhead Transmission/Distribution

Condition Assessment and Maintenance

March 24, 2011

St. Louis Section PES Chapter

St. Louis, MO

Agenda

The Problem: Overhead Performance

Organizational Objective

IEEE Failure Statistics

What Fails?

Methods to Mitigate Failures

RF Emission Sources

An Arc Emission Capture and Use Methodology

Characteristics of Arc Emissions

Evaluating Emission

Field Experience and Case Studies

The Problem: OVHD Performance

CMI a Foundational Element

Typical CMI Variations

-

5,000,000.00

10,000,000.00

15,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

25,000,000.00

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251

South Division

CMI Impact Analysis

Ten, 600 mile ProjectsCircuit CMI

Methods to

Mitigate Failures

Reliability Program Impacts

-

5,000,000.00

10,000,000.00

15,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

25,000,000.00

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251

South Division

CMI Impact Analysis

Feeders Sorted by CMI

Veg Mgmt $20/Cust

IR $2/Cust

Visual $1/Cust

Added $1.50/Cust

New Lines $24/Cust

Total All

Programs$23$3$1$0$24.50$48.50

Organizational

Objectives

Support Multiple Business Objectives

Technology &

Process

Enablement

• Empirical Data

• Leading Health Indicators

•Insight to Maximize Results

SAIFI/SAIDI Reduction

Substation Feeders

1st Level Protection

Devices

2nd Level Protection

Devices

3rd Level Protection

Devices

4th Level Protection

Devices

Substation

Worst Performing Circuits

Substation

Seasonal Damage

• Support for FEMA Assistance

• Preparedness

• Post storm recovery

• Post restoration hardening

• Mitigation assessment

All Studies Agree:

31% of Outages

Are Due to

Failing Equipment

The 31% Problem

Trees

32%

Animals

18%

Miscellaneous

19%

Equipment Failure

31%

Causes of Power Outages

Unavoidable Avoidable

Trees

32%

Animals

18%

Equipment Failure

31%

Miscellaneous

19%

Predictive Impact

Trees

32%

Animals

18%

Equipment Failure

31%

Miscellaneous

19%

O

U

T

A

G

E

Conditions-Based Maintenance

Equipment Failures Over Time

Outage ResponseStorms, Animals, Accidents, Trees

OMS, SCADA, Automation

Identification AFTER

Reactive Process by Design

Predictive MaintenanceEquipment Strategy

Identification BEFORE

Targeted Goals

Proactive Process

Reactive MaintenanceResponse Strategy

Impact of Vegetation Mgmt: SAIFI

Impact of Vegetation Mgmt: SAIDI

Overall System Availability

30%

26%

17%

9%

8%

5%

2%2%

1% 0%-

5,000,000.00

10,000,000.00

15,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

25,000,000.00

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

South Division

CMI Impact Analysis

Ten, 600 mile Projects

Plan for CMI Improvement

73% of Total CMI – 1,904 miles (32%)

Current Programs

30% Predictive

Equipment Program

IEEE

Failure Statistics

22

Region 0: Spans States or Unknown

Region 1: Northeast

Region 2: Mid-Atlantic

Region 3: Southeast

Region 4: Midwest

Region 5: Southwest

Region 6: South

Region 7: Northwest

Northwest: 12

Participants

Southwest: 10

Participants

Midwest: 26

Participants

South: 9

Participants

Southeast : 5

Participants

Northeast: 12

Participants

Mid-Atlantic:

28 Participants

Regions Represented

by the Participants

Region Color Name # Co

0 Black Spans states 5

1 Orange Northeast 12

2 Yellow MidAtlantic 28

3 Green Southeast 5

4 Light Blue Midwest 26

5 Dark Blue Southwest 10

6 Purple South 9

7 Red Northwest 12

2009 Total 107

23

U103

U177-2

3

U46

U21

U158

U137

U161

U183

-36

U175-2

0

U24

U41

U90

U187

-19

U82

U163

U188

-28

U6

U68

U1

U7

U55

U164

U38

U110

U100

U8

U173-1

3

U170

-4

U105

U174

-16

U87

U109

U162

U146

U157

U65

U171-8

U108

U66

U2

U172-9

U133

U17

U23

U25

U178

-26

U16

U128

U88

U186-3

3

U22

U129

U29

U84

U80

U14

U20

U95

U15

U159

U44

U10

U138

U47

U63

U53

U9

U83

U43

U130

U49

U132

U54

U180-4

9

U4

U51

U19

U117

U52

U131

U160

U40

U85

U115

U58

U114

U116

U182-3

5

U60

U190

-44

U181-3

9

U61

U12

U176

-21

U62

U106

U134

U94

U64

U104

U141

U76

U179-4

3

U189-4

0

U57

U127

U126

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

U103

U177

-23

U46

U21

U158

U137

U161

U183

-36

U175

-20

U24

U41

U90

U187

-19

U82

U163

U188

-28

U6

U68

U1

U7

U55

U164

U38

U110

U100

U8

U173

-13

U170

-4

U105

U174

-16

U87

U109

U162

U146

U157

U65

U171

-8

U108

U66

U2

U172

-9

U133

U17

U23

U25

U178

-26

U16

U128

U88

U186

-33

U22

U129

U29

U84

U80

U14

U20

U95

U15

U159

U44

U10

U138

U47

U63

U53

U9

U83

U43

U130

U49

U132

U54

U180

-49

U4

U51

U19

U117

U52

U131

U160

U40

U85

U115

U58

U114

U116

U182

-35

U60

U190

-44

U181

-39

U61

U12

U176

-21

U62

U106

U134

U94

U64

U104

U141

U76

U179

-43

U189

-40

U57

U127

U126

Min

ute

s

Utility

SAIDI_IEEE

1st Quartile 2nd Quartile

3rd Quartile

4th Quartile

SAIDI IEEE, across the continent…

24

U177

-23

U21 U

46

U158

U103

U15

U41

U38

U162

U175

-20

U137

U68

U8

U24

U183-3

6

U105

U1

U82

U55

U146

U90

U138

U47

U110

U7

U128

U6

U187

-19

U174

-16

U49

U100

U178

-26

U108

U63

U163

U109

U53

U80

U20

U29

U16

U173-1

3

U87

U88

U43

U164

U23

U161

U170-4

U106

U25

U4

U188-2

8

U22

U44

U17

U85

U159

U176-2

1

U65

U51

U54

U83

U172

-9

U19

U129

U186

-33

U134

U14

U9

U95

U10

U66

U84

U131

U40

U171

-8

U116

U133

U117

U130

U180-4

9

U115

U141

U132

U94

U160

U58

U60

U2

U114

U182-3

5

U12

U61

U127

U62

U181

-39

U189-4

0

U52

U104

U57

U64

U190-4

4

U126

U179

-43

U76

U157

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

U177-2

3

U21

U46

U158

U103

U15

U41

U38

U162

U175-2

0

U137

U68

U8

U24

U183-3

6

U105

U1

U82

U55

U146

U90

U138

U47

U110

U7

U128

U6

U187-1

9

U174-1

6

U49

U100

U178-2

6

U108

U63

U163

U109

U53

U80

U20

U29

U16

U173-1

3

U87

U88

U43

U164

U23

U161

U170-4

U106

U25

U4

U188-2

8

U22

U44

U17

U85

U159

U176-2

1

U65

U51

U54

U83

U172-9

U19

U129

U186-3

3

U134

U14

U9

U95

U10

U66

U84

U131

U40

U171-8

U116

U133

U117

U130

U180-4

9

U115

U141

U132

U94

U160

U58

U60

U2

U114

U182-3

5

U12

U61

U127

U62

U181-3

9

U189-4

0

U52

U104

U57

U64

U190-4

4

U126

U179-4

3

U76

U157

Inte

rru

pti

on

s

Utility

SAIFI_IEEE

1st Quartile

2nd Quartile

3rd Quartile

4th Quartile

SAIFI IEEE, across the continent…

25

U1

57 U1

03

U1

61

U4

6 U2

U1

88

-28

U1

87

-19

U9

0

U1

37

U1

77

-23

U1

83

-36

U2

4

U1

71

-8

U1

63

U1

33

U6

6

U1

75

-20

U1

58

U1

64

U5

2

U6

5

U1

70

-4

U1

73

-13

U8

2

U6

U1

00

U8

4

U4

1

U7

U8

7

U1

90

-44

U1

72

-9

U1

86

-33

U1

10

U1

7

U1

32

U1

4

U5

5

U1

74

-16

U1

29

U9

5

U1

09

U1 U

13

0

U2

1

U1

0

U1

80

-49

U7

6

U2

5

U6

8

U1

60

U2

3

U1

08

U2

2

U9

U1

79

-43

U1

81

-39

U1

59

U8

U1

05

U1

14

U1

46

U6

4

U8

8

U1

17

U1

6

U4

4

U5

8

U1

04

U6

2

U1

78

-26

U8

3

U6

1

U1

82

-35

U1

2

U1

15

U3

8

U2

9

U1

31

U6

0 U4

0

U8

0

U1

28

U2

0

U5

4 U1

9

U5

1

U1

16

U4

3

U1

62

U5

7

U4

U5

3

U6

3

U1

89

-40

U9

4 U4

7

U8

5

U1

38

U4

9

U1

41

U1

34

U1

76

-21

U1

26

U1

5

U1

27

U1

06

0

50

100

150

200

250

U157

U103

U161

U46

U2

U188

-28

U187

-19

U90

U137

U177

-23

U183

-36

U24

U171-8

U163

U133

U66

U175

-20

U158

U164

U52

U65

U170-4

U173-1

3

U82

U6

U100

U84

U41

U7

U87

U190-4

4

U172-9

U186

-33

U110

U17

U132

U14

U55

U174

-16

U129

U95

U109

U1

U130

U21

U10

U180

-49

U76

U25

U68

U160

U23

U108

U22

U9

U179

-43

U181

-39

U159

U8

U105

U114

U146

U64

U88

U117

U16

U44

U58

U104

U62

U178

-26

U83

U61

U182

-35

U12

U115

U38

U29

U131

U60

U40

U80

U128

U20

U54

U19

U51

U116

U43

U162

U57

U4

U53

U63

U189

-40

U94

U47

U85

U138

U49

U141

U134

U176

-21

U126

U15

U127

U106

Min

ute

s

CAIDI_IEEE

1st Quartile

2nd Quartile

3rd Quartile

4th Quartile

CAIDI IEEE, across the continent…

26

112 113 113111

120 113

133

150

153

146152

134

1.19

1.33

1.341.31

1.27

1.18

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Inte

rru

pti

on

s p

er

ye

ar

Min

ute

s

Trends for Utilities providing data: through 2009

CAIDI IEEE SAIDI IEEE SAIFI IEEE

27

What Fails

Everything!

Symptoms of Hidden Dangers

Hidden Damage – No Protection

Insignificant Components

Create Damage

Low Cost Parts Failures

Lead to Expensive Pole Fires

Surge-Damaged Grounds

Weak Porcelain Produces PD

Insulator Fails Mechanical Test

Cutouts Often Show No

Exterior Damage

This Utility has Other Problems

RF Emission

Sources

Anything in the electric field

Arcing causes BIL reduction

Weakened parts flashover

Nuisance Fuse or Recloser operations

SAIFI, MAIFI, and CMI increase

Polymer Insulators

Culprit in Unknown Operations

Poor Workmanship

Damages Conductor

Broke When Operated

Capacitor Located Before

Explosion

Transmission Component

Lab Testing

TMX Circuits chosen based on:– SGS Benchmarking Study

– Previous known “noise” areas

– Proximity to coastal areas

– 3+ insulator failures last 5 yrs

Independent Test of – Two post porcelain insulators

– One polymer insulator

Components Energized– Visual inspection

– Daytime UV camera inspection

– IR camera inspection

Test results – 1 porcelain insulator – corona discharge

and visual damage

– 1 polymer insulator – visual inspection showed fitting seal interface damage

Ouch!

An Arc Emission Capture

and Use Methodology

Challenges Using RF Emissions

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

135791113151719212325272931333537

Failure Signatures as Locators

Density of Findings

Few findings over a

large area ~ 200

flight miles

Consistent, localized

findings ~ 2 miles

Process to Evaluate

Survey 4 to 5 Times

– Real-time analysis of emissions

– Correlation to Failure Signatures and

Weather influences

– Geo-Spatial corrected references

Statistical evaluation of geo-spatial data

Conclusions on emission location

System Architecture

Survey Design

Plan Survey Routes to

be within 100 meters

of Overhead circuits

Survey Management

Evaluate real-time

coverage of survey

route by sensor

vehicle

Real-time Data

Collect raw Failure

Signature correlation

data for each survey

pass

Statistical Analysis Yields

Accurate Results

Analyze corrected

raw data and geo-

spatial locations for

conclusion

Characteristics of ARC

Emissions

Evaluation between 1 MHz and 1 GHz

Coupling and reflections eliminated

through multiple surveys

Correlation to known Failure Signatures

Data corrected for environmental

influences

Typical Specimen Test Setup

Research Facilities

Faraday Cage Research Station

Fog and Salt Spray Chamber

Evaluating

Emissions

Collect field samples

Energize at field conditions

Match with RF Image and Field Sensor

Evaluate in various environmental

conditions

Create Failure Signature or correlate to

known signature

Leakage and Breakdown Voltage

Surge arrester log # 30 – scope waveforms at 15 kV; top

trace: applied voltage; middle trace: voltage across CVR;

bottom trace: spectrum analyzer input. Horizontal scale:

upper: 5 ms/div; lower: 50 ns/div

Dead-end bell insulator log # 31 – scope waveforms at 12.5 kV; top

trace: applied voltage; middle trace: voltage across CVR; bottom

trace: spectrum analyzer input. Horizontal scale: upper: 5 ms/div;

lower: 100 ns/div

Frequency Spectrum Analysis

Field Experience and

Case Studies

Case Study

Problem – A Northeast IOU has

a recurring 69kV line outage

problem that 2 years of IR

scanning cannot locate.

• Solution – An Exacter

demonstration survey located a

69kV post insulator that when

replaced, corrects the problem.

Damaged Lightning Arresters

Failed Lightning Arrester

Tree Limb Emission

Loose/Degraded

Neutrals and Clamps

Splices and Ties

Examples of Smart Grid

Interference Findings

Faulty Lightning Arrestor

Bowling Green, OH

Noisy Telephone Pedestal

Faulty Ground – Atlanta, GA

Geoffrey Bibo

614.880.9320

www.exacterinc.com