Geo 321 Spring 2006 Name Class standing Major (dept. or...
Transcript of Geo 321 Spring 2006 Name Class standing Major (dept. or...
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Please fill out this information on the index cardGeo 321 Spring 2006
Name Class standing Major (dept. or div)
E-mail address Local phone # (optional)
Why are you here? (be honest)
"Special concerns"
Geology classes taken: by number
Geography classes taken: by number
Related science classes taken: by name
GEO 321 Crew• J. Steven Kite
–Office Hours: Th Th 11:30-12, 4-4:30–222/223 White–293-5603 x 4330
• Matt Finkenbinder TA–Office Hours: M W 9-10:30317 White–293-5603 x 4330 (Good Luck!)
General Systems Theory
System: A collection of related objects and the processes relating these objects.
Most geomorphic systems are open.
Steady state: (type of open system) balance between input and out flow.
Grade: Balance between driving forces and resisting forces
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Geomorphic Thresholds
Small input produces a change in equilibrium conditions w/in a geomorphic system
Equilibrium States
Time Scales & Geomorphology
New Topic:
TECTONICGEOMORPHOLOGY
Tectonic Geomorphologyvs.
Structural Geomorphology
Late Cenozoic Tectonic Movement vs.
Late Cenozoic Erosion of Older Structures
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Bloom Ch. 3: Cenozoic TectonicsAlso Review Your Geology 101Notes
Erosion Begins with Tectonic EventHybrid Tectonic-Structural Landforms
Old Ideas:
Tectonism Controlled by Internal Forces, Independent of Surface Processes.
Tectonism Controls TopographyTopography Determines Local
Climate
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New Ideas:
Climate Controls Surface ProcessesSurface Processes Control Rate of
UnroofingRate of Unroofing Determines
Isostatic ReboundIsostacy Is Important Component of
TectonismSo Climate Controls Tectonism, too
Live Folds: Zagros Mtns, Iran
http://www.peakware.com/encyclopedia/ranges/maps/zagros.htm(Also See Atlas of Landforms, p. 30, 152)
Short, N. M., and Blair, R. W., 1986, Geomorphology from Space, NASA daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/geomorphology/
GEO_2/GEO_PLATE_T-42.HTML
Anticline, Zagros Mtns
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Live Anticline, Breached by Water Gap
Live Folds -Consequent Drainage
Short, N. M., and Blair, R. W., 1986, Geomorphology from Space, NASA daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/geomorphology/
GEO_2/GEO_PLATE_T-42.HTML
Zagros Mountains
Short, N. M., and Blair, R. W., 1986, Geomorphology
from Space, NASA
daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/
geomorphology/GEO_2/GEO_PLATE_T-
42.HTML
Zagros Mountains(Image Inverted)
Short, N. M., and Blair, R. W., 1986, Geomorphology
from Space, NASA
daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/
geomorphology/GEO_2/GEO_PLATE_T-
42.HTML
N
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Short, N. M., and Blair, R. W., 1986, Geomorphology from Space, NASA daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/geomorphology/
Structural GeomorphologyExhumed Folds -Subsequent Drainage Synthetic
Aperature Radar(SAR) Image
Structural Landscape, Near
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Hom
oclinal, Anticlinaland
Synclinal Ridges, Pennsylvania
Short, N. M., and Blair, R. W., 1986
Gre
at V
alle
y
“Blu
e R
idge
”
Ridg
e &
Val
ley
Alle
hghe
nyFr
ont
Alle
hghe
nyM
tns
Sideling Hill, MD-WV-PA, Synclinal Ridge
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Wills Mountain (Breached) Anticline
Dolls Gap in Saddle Mountain
Greenland Gap
Seneca Rocks
Tuscarora Sandstone
OmOj
Oj
OmOj
OjOm
A AA
A =Anticline
S =Syncline
Short, N. M., and Blair, R. W., 1986, Geomorphology from Space, NASA daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/geomorphology/
S
S
S
S
SA
Homoclinal, Anticlinal & Synclinal Ridges, near Altoona, Pennsylvania
N
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Detail near Altoona, PennsylvaniaN
Homoclinal Ridges, near Rawlings, Wyoming
Short, N. M., and Blair, R. W., 1986, Geomorphology from Space, NASA daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/geomorphology/
Syncline
Anticline
Anti-dip Side of Hogbacks, Flinders Range, Australia
Short, N. M., and Blair, R. W., 1986, Geomorphology from Space, NASA daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/geomorphology/
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Dip Slope of Flatirons, Flinders Range, Australia
Richât Structure, MauritaniaSurface Expression of a Dome
http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/geomorphology/GEO_2/GEO_PLATE_T-31.HTML
Beds dip away from center.
Note Fractures.
TEC
TON
ICG
EOM
OR
PHO
LOG
Y:FA
ULT
S
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Earthquakes & Faults
• Stress: Force Applied• Strain: Response to Force
Fault
Plane of Weakness Along Which Movement Has Occurred
Active Fault1 Quake in 10,000 Y or 2 in 0.5 My
JointBreak Without Significant Movement
Types of FaultsStrike-Slip
Left-LateralRight-LateralTransform
Dip Slip NormalReverse
ThrustHinge Fault
Oblique-Slip
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Strike-Slip Motion
Lateral Fault
Strike-SlipSan Andreas
Fault
Photo byG.K. Gilbert
1906
Right-Lateral Fault
• Map View - Before
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Right-Lateral Fault
• Map View - After
Left-Lateral Fault
• Before After
Off
set
S tre
am C
hann
el, S
a n A
ndre
as F
ault
, Cen
tra l
Ca Which Type of Lateral Fault?
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Dip-Slip Motion
Fault Parts
Reverse Fault
Before
After
Stress
Compression= Squeezing
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Thrust Fault, Eastern
Pennsylvania
Thrust Fault Before Erosion
AutocthonAutocthon
AllocthonAllocthon (Thrust Sheet)(Thrust Sheet)Thrust FaultThrust Fault
Thrust Fault After Erosion
Fenster
Klippe
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Geologic Map: Thrust Fault After Erosion
FensterKlippe
Thrust Fault After Erosion
Fenster
Klippe
Fault-Line Scarps (= Exhumed Faults)
Scarp = Escarpment
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Klippe, Chief Mountain, Montana
www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues97/jul97/chiefmountain_jpg.html
Are Fensters, Klippen & Fault-Line Scarps
Tectonic or Structural Landforms?
Structural!
Normal Fault
Before
After
Stress
Tension = Pull-Apart
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Tension Normal FaultNormal Fault
Normal FaultNormal FaultTension
Oblique Fault
Before
After
Stress
Tension +Shear
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Two Tectonic Styles in Normally Faulted Landscape
Tilt-Block Mountains & Fault-Angle Valleys
Horst Horst
Graben Graben
Detail ofBasin & Range,
Colorado Plateau
NV, UT, AZ
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Sinai Peninsula
Dead Sea R
ift-Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Suez
Red Sea
Graben, Death Valley, CA
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Cycles of Fan and Pediment Genesis
GrabenFault block mtn. alluvial fan, pediment, basin, playa, fault block mtn.
Erosion Erosion
DepositionalBasin
Playa Lake
Telescope Peak, Mojave Desert
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Playa
Lake
Playa
“Salt Flat”
Salt Pan, Death Valley
Source: www.uoregon.edu/~millerm/ 5SP-13.jpeg
Martin Miller Photo
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Mountain Front
Mountain Front
Alluvial Fan Pediment
After Some Faulting& Erosion
Alluvial Fan, Death Valley, California
Source: www.uoregon.edu/~millerm/Dvfan.jpeg
Martin Miller Photo
Faulted Alluvial Fan, Panamint Range,Death Valley, California
Source: www.uoregon.edu/~millerm/5han.jpeg
Martin Miller Photo
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Alluvial Fan
Playa Dune Field
Mountain Front
Alluvial Fan
Bajada
Bajada
Turpan Depression, China
Alluvial Fan
Alluvial Fan Pediment
After More Faulting& Erosion
Mountain Front
Mountain Front
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Inselberg, Mojave Desert, near Baker, California
Photo: John F. McCauley, USGS
Two Egyptian Inselbergs
Granite Bedrock Sandstone BedrockCarol S. Breed, U.S.G.S.John F. McCauley, U.S.G.S.
Mountain-front sinuosity (S)
from Bull and McFadden (1975) paper
distance along mtn frontS =
distance between points
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Mountain-Front Sinuosity (S)
Basin
Mountain Front @ Fault
Mountains
Mountain-Front Sinuosity (S)
Basin
New Mountain Front
Mountains
Old Mountain Front & Fault
Mountain-Front Sinuosity (S)
Mountainsdistance along
mtn. front
distance betw.points
S =
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Mountain-Front Sinuosity (S) Increases w/ Time
distance along mtn. front
distance betw.points
S =
Mtn
s
New
est
Mtn
Fron
t
Inselbergs
Caracas, Venezuela, Revisited
Bottle Neck Valleys
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Triangular Facets or Flatirons
Humid, Faulted Landscapes (No Big Alluvial Fans! Why?)
Lineaments (Photolinears)
Produced by Weathered Rock-Fractures, Joints, Breccia,
Mylonites, Fault Gouge, etc.
Or by Resistant Rock Mineralization (e.g. Geothite)
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San Andreas
Fault
Lineament (Photolinear)
North Anatolian Transform Fault, Turkey
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VerkhoyanskiyOrogenic Belt,
Siberia
http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/geomorphology/GEO_2/GEO_PLATE_
T-29.HTML
FAULTS:
Most earthquake damage is related to landslides or structural failure because of surface waves.
Earth seldom opens up and swallows houses, people, cities, etc., but there are accounts of dogs, cows "lost", one guy had his leg trapped
Expected Earthquake Intensity
See Bloom, 2004,Figure 3-7
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Eastern US Neotectonics
Uplift (+) & Subsidence (-)
mm/yr = m/1000 yr
Source: Bloom, 2004 after Olliver & Brown 1976
uplift
uplift uplift
subsidencesubsidence
subsidence
New Image in 2007
NeotectonicsStable Areas
= Not So StableEvidence:
Differential Regional UpliftAppalachian Denudation = 20-120 mm/1000 ySurveying: Parts of Appalachians have Risen
6000 mm/1000 Y vs. East Coast. Uplift in Last 25 My > Uplift betw. 175-25 My
Warping of Coastal Plain Seds adjacent to Southern Appalachians
Mud Volcano (Diapir)Associated w/ Earthquakes