Genus Musa Bananas and Plantains - Aggie Horticulture · – Bananas, 72 million MT (56% Asia) –...

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Bananas and PlantainsBananas and Plantains

Family: Family: MusaceaeMusaceaeGenus: Genus: MusaMusa

Species: Species: M. M. acuminataacuminataM. M. balbisianabalbisiana

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Genus Genus MusaMusaSection Section EumusaEumusa

Major species of economic importanceMajor species of economic importance–– Musa acuminataMusa acuminata (A genome)(A genome)–– Musa balbisianaMusa balbisiana (B genome)(B genome)

Ploidy levels of commercial bananasPloidy levels of commercial bananas–– Diploid, AA and BBDiploid, AA and BB–– Triploid, AAA, AAB, ABBTriploid, AAA, AAB, ABB–– Tetraploid, AAAA, AABB, ABBBTetraploid, AAAA, AABB, ABBB

Major evolutionary eventsMajor evolutionary events–– Probably millennia agoProbably millennia ago


Types of BananasTypes of Bananas

BananaBanana–– Desert banana, fresh Desert banana, fresh

consumptionconsumption–– AAAAAA

PlantainPlantain–– Cooking, Meal, Cooking, Meal,

Vegetable bananaVegetable banana–– PlátanoPlátano, , banano banano

machomacho–– AAB or ABBAAB or ABB


Banana Origin and DomesticationBanana Origin and Domestication

AA

AAA

AAB

ABB

AABBAAAB

ABBBABBAAB

ABIndustry developed in Late 19th Century

AABAAA

AA

Before 200 AD

Reached Europe by 1516


Adaptation: Hot Humid TropicsAdaptation: Hot Humid TropicsTemperatureTemperature–– Frost freeFrost free–– Mean temperature of 27 C (80 F)Mean temperature of 27 C (80 F)–– Minimum winter temp of 15.5 C (60 F)Minimum winter temp of 15.5 C (60 F)

MoistureMoisture–– Rain, 100 mm (4.0”) per monthRain, 100 mm (4.0”) per month

SoilSoil–– Good drainage is neededGood drainage is needed–– Slightly acid, pH 5.5 to 6.5Slightly acid, pH 5.5 to 6.5


January 15.5 C isotherm

June 15.5 C isotherm

1,270 mm isohyets

1,270 mm isohyets

Banana Cultivation and ClimateBanana Cultivation and ClimateMost Banana/Plantain Production within Region with Most Banana/Plantain Production within Region with

Winter Temperate Greater than 15.5 C (60 F) and Winter Temperate Greater than 15.5 C (60 F) and Rainfall greater than 1,270 mm (50”)Rainfall greater than 1,270 mm (50”)

(Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966)

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Banana Cultivation and ClimateBanana Cultivation and ClimateBananas Grown for Local ConsumptionBananas Grown for Local Consumption



1,270 mm isohyets

1,270 mm isohyets

BBB

B BB B

B

B

BBB

B

B

B

BB

BB

B B

B

BB

B



Banana Cultivation and ClimateBanana Cultivation and ClimateBananas Grown for Export = TBananas Grown for Export = T



1,270 mm isohyets

1,270 mm isohyets

BBB

B BB B

B

B

BBB

B

B

B

BB

BB

B B

B

BB

B

TTT

TTT

T

T

T

T T

T

T

TT

TT



Weather ProblemsWeather Problems

WindWind–– 1515--20 mph 20 mph -- leaf damage, twisting, breakageleaf damage, twisting, breakage–– 40 mph 40 mph -- considerable damageconsiderable damage–– 60 mph 60 mph -- complete destructioncomplete destruction

WhyWhy–– Pseudostem Pseudostem not as strong as woody stemnot as strong as woody stem–– Large leaves that catch windLarge leaves that catch wind–– Shallow root systemShallow root system


World Production World Production (1,000s (1,000s mtmt))

Region Bananas Plantains

Africa 7,051 22,478

Asia 40,738 996

Americas 24,378 1,835

Total 72,167 25,309

FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002


World Production World Production (%)(%)


Africa 10% 89%

Asia 56% 4%

Americas 34% 7%

Total (1,000s mt) 72,167 25,309



World Production World Production Leading Producing CountriesLeading Producing Countries


Africa Burundi, Uganda,Egypt, Cameroon,

Congo

Uganda, Rwanda,Ghana, Nigeria,

Ivory Coast

Asia India, Philippines,China, Indonesia,

Thailand

Myanmar, Sri Lanka

Americas Ecuador, Brazil, CostaRica, Colombia,

Guatemala

Colombia, Peru,Venezuela, Ecuador,

Cuba


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World ProductionWorld ProductionFAOSTAT database, 2000-2002

ProductionProduction–– Bananas, 72 million MT (56% Asia)Bananas, 72 million MT (56% Asia)–– Plantains, 25 million MT (89% Africa)Plantains, 25 million MT (89% Africa)

Staple food for 70 million AfricansStaple food for 70 million Africans

–– 90% grown on small farms and 90% grown on small farms and consumed locallyconsumed locally

–– 10% exported from plantations10% exported from plantationsLatin America and Caribbean regionLatin America and Caribbean region


World Yields (World Yields (mtmt/ha)/ha)


Africa 6.5 5.6

Asia 19.9 10.4

Americas 18.7 10.0



Plant StructurePlant StructureMonocotMonocot

Perennial herbPerennial herb–– All leaves/inflorescence All leaves/inflorescence

origin from under ground origin from under ground cormcorm

Spreads via rhizomesSpreads via rhizomesPlants “walk”Plants “walk”

–– Largest plant without woody Largest plant without woody trunktrunk

PseudostemPseudostem, leaf bases, leaf bases

–– Fruits onceFruits onceTropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Banana VarietiesBanana VarietiesGros Gros Michel (Big Mike)Michel (Big Mike)–– Leading Leading cv cv for 100 yearsfor 100 years–– Good production, cycle 13Good production, cycle 13--15 months15 months–– Tall plants (4Tall plants (4--8 m), wind damage8 m), wind damage–– Good post harvest qualitiesGood post harvest qualities

Ripened uniformlyRipened uniformlyResistant to bruising and discolorationResistant to bruising and discoloration

–– Shipped as bunchesShipped as bunches–– Susceptible to Panama diseaseSusceptible to Panama disease

Replaced by Replaced by Cavendish Cavendish -- resistant to Panama resistant to Panama diseasedisease


Banana VarietiesBanana VarietiesCavendishCavendish–– Currently the leading Currently the leading cv cv for exportfor export–– Heavy production, cycle 11 monthsHeavy production, cycle 11 months–– Smaller plant (2Smaller plant (2--3 m) 3 m) -- less wind damageless wind damage–– Marginal post harvest qualitiesMarginal post harvest qualities

Does not ripen uniformly Does not ripen uniformly -- use special use special chamberschambersSusceptible to bruising and discolorationSusceptible to bruising and discoloration

–– Shipped packed in boxesShipped packed in boxes–– Resistant to Panama diseaseResistant to Panama disease


Many Locally Important Many Locally Important VarietiesVarieties

Active breeding Active breeding in Africa, South in Africa, South America, and America, and AsiaAsia

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Flower StructureFlower Structure

Three types of flowers on Three types of flowers on inflorescenceinflorescence–– Female flowers Female flowers -- develop into fruitdevelop into fruit–– Hermaphroditic flowersHermaphroditic flowers–– Male flowersMale flowers

Fruit is a berryFruit is a berry


Banana Banana flowerflower

Female

Male


Banana Banana flowerflower

Male

FemaleThree months from

flowering to harvest


Botanically the Banana is a BerryBotanically the Banana is a BerryOne pistilOne pistil

One or many seedOne or many seed

Seed Remnants

Other Berries

Tomato

Kiwi

Grape

Persimmon


Production CycleProduction CyclePropagationPropagation–– VegetativeVegetative–– Rhizomes that are 6Rhizomes that are 6--8” diameter8” diameter–– Planted within hours of diggingPlanted within hours of digging–– Special fields for production of Special fields for production of

rhizomes for new orchardsrhizomes for new orchards

Nematode problemsNematode problems–– Hot water treatment (65°C)Hot water treatment (65°C)–– Chemical dipsChemical dips


PlantingPlantingDensityDensity–– 2.9 m (8.5’) square2.9 m (8.5’) square–– 1,812 1,812 plpl/ha (725 /ha (725 plpl/ac)/ac)

Size of export plantationSize of export plantation–– Need to supply 36,000 Need to supply 36,000 mtmt/year/year–– Yield Yield 40 40 mtmt/ha/ha --> 1,000 ha> 1,000 ha–– Supply 1,000 Supply 1,000 mtmt/ship every 10 days/ship every 10 days–– Four years to attain commercial Four years to attain commercial

productionproduction

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ProductionProductionBanana plantsBanana plants–– Take 8Take 8--9 months to flower9 months to flower

1111--14 leaves14 leavesSix leaves needed for good productionSix leaves needed for good production

–– Bunch take 3 months to develop Bunch take 3 months to develop –– Fruiting cycle for Dwarf Fruiting cycle for Dwarf Cavendish Cavendish is is

11 months11 months

Banana plants “walk”Banana plants “walk”


Training and Plant SelectionTraining and Plant Selection

Banana plants “walk”Banana plants “walk”–– Select and train sucker for next crop Select and train sucker for next crop

to not interfere with growing bunchto not interfere with growing bunch–– When harvest fruit the sucker should When harvest fruit the sucker should

be 2 m (5be 2 m (5--6’)6’)–– Eliminate suckers that areEliminate suckers that are

Poorly positionedPoorly positionedToo smallToo smallUnhealthyUnhealthy


ProductionProductionFruiting Stem

1st ReplacementDaughter

2nd ReplacementGrand daughter

Fruiting Mat


Panama DiseasePanama Disease

Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporum–– Caused the demise of Caused the demise of Gros Gros MichelMichel–– Plantains are generally resistantPlantains are generally resistant

ControlControl–– Resistant varietiesResistant varieties–– New strain of the pathogen in Asia New strain of the pathogen in Asia

overcomesovercomes CavendishCavendish resistance generesistance gene

Need to develop a wider range of Need to develop a wider range of varieties for the export marketvarieties for the export market


Panama DiseasePanama Disease


Black Black SigatokaSigatokaBanana Leaf SpotBanana Leaf Spot

Mycosphaerella Mycosphaerella -- CercosporaCercospora–– Native to Southeast AsiaNative to Southeast Asia

HistoryHistory–– Early 1960s Early 1960s -- Pacific and AsiaPacific and Asia–– Early 1970s Early 1970s -- Latin AmericaLatin America–– Late 1970s Late 1970s -- Gabon in Africa Gabon in Africa -- spread through Africaspread through Africa

SymptomsSymptoms–– Small translucent pale yellow streaksSmall translucent pale yellow streaks–– Necrotic lesions (light gray w/ yellow halo)Necrotic lesions (light gray w/ yellow halo)–– Lesions coalesce and destroy leafLesions coalesce and destroy leaf

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Black Black SigatokaSigatokaBanana Leaf SpotBanana Leaf Spot

Yield Losses Yield Losses -- by losing leaf areaby losing leaf area–– This is generally not a problem in mixed This is generally not a problem in mixed –– 50% yield loss50% yield loss–– Also cause premature ripening in harvested Also cause premature ripening in harvested

fruitfruit

ControlControl–– Mixed plantingsMixed plantings

Generally not a serious problemGenerally not a serious problem

–– MonocultureMonocultureFungicides (Fungicides (ManzateManzate))Resistant varietiesResistant varieties


Bagging of the FruitBagging of the FruitWeekly inspectionWeekly inspection–– Last true hand is 4” longLast true hand is 4” long–– Remove terminal end of bunchRemove terminal end of bunch–– Mark with ribbon Mark with ribbon -- colors change with the colors change with the

weekweek–– Cover with perforated polyethylene bagCover with perforated polyethylene bag

WhyWhy–– ProtectionProtection

PestsPestsDamage from leavesDamage from leavesDust and dirtDust and dirt

–– Advance ripeningAdvance ripening


FertilityFertility

Forty tons of bananas per hectareForty tons of bananas per hectare–– 80 kg N 80 kg N == 80 kg N80 kg N–– 20 kg P20 kg P22OO55 == 9 9 kg Pkg P–– 240 kg K240 kg K22OO == 200 kg K200 kg K


Supporting the CropSupporting the Crop52% of plant weight is the raceme52% of plant weight is the raceme–– Prop with polesProp with poles–– Guide lines to base of adjacent plantGuide lines to base of adjacent plant–– Leaf pruning can reduce problems Leaf pruning can reduce problems

with wind damagewith wind damage


HarvestHarvest

Crew harvests at 3Crew harvests at 3--4 day intervals4 day intervals–– Look for colored ribbons which Look for colored ribbons which

indicate age of bunchindicate age of bunch

Minimum sizeMinimum size–– 5 hands5 hands–– Pick green, with certain sizePick green, with certain size

Banana bunch weighs 90Banana bunch weighs 90--110 110 lbslbs–– Two man operationTwo man operation–– Hung on hook on cable systemHung on hook on cable system


Cable system runs Cable system runs from banana field from banana field to the packing to the packing househouse

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Fruit Packing and GradingFruit Packing and Grading

Separate into Separate into handshandsWash to prevent Wash to prevent stainingstainingPack in boxesPack in boxes


Pack in boxesPack in boxes–– Only pack Only pack

unblemished unblemished fruitfruit

Fruit Packing and GradingFruit Packing and Grading


Post HarvestPost Harvest

Storage temperatureStorage temperature–– 57 57 -- 59 F59 F–– Below 56 F may cause chilling injuryBelow 56 F may cause chilling injury

Bananas are ripened for marketingBananas are ripened for marketing–– 5858--64 F64 F–– Ethylene treatmentEthylene treatment


Nutritional ValueNutritional Value

100 gm edible pulp100 gm edible pulp–– 85 calories, mostly carbohydrates85 calories, mostly carbohydrates–– Vitamin, A, C, BVitamin, A, C, B11, B, B22, niacin, niacin–– Minerals, very high in KMinerals, very high in K

Reduce risk of high blood pressure and Reduce risk of high blood pressure and strokesstrokes

Any Questions?Any Questions?

Genus Musa Bananas and Plantains - Aggie Horticulture · – Bananas, 72 million MT (56% Asia) –...

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