Bananas and Plantains Family: Musaceae Genus: Musa Species: M. acuminata M. balbisiana.

Bananas and Bananas and PlantainsPlantains

Family: MusaceaeFamily: Musaceae

Genus: MusaGenus: Musa

Species: Species: M. acuminataM. acuminata

M. balbisianaM. balbisiana

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Genus MusaGenus MusaSection EumusaSection Eumusa

Major species of economic importanceMajor species of economic importance– Musa acuminataMusa acuminata (A genome) (A genome)– Musa balbisianaMusa balbisiana (B genome) (B genome)

Ploidy levels of commercial bananasPloidy levels of commercial bananas– Diploid, AA and BBDiploid, AA and BB– Triploid, AAA, AAB, ABBTriploid, AAA, AAB, ABB– Tetraploid, AAAA, AABB, ABBBTetraploid, AAAA, AABB, ABBB

Major evolutionary eventsMajor evolutionary events– Probably millennia agoProbably millennia ago


Types of BananasTypes of Bananas

BananaBanana– Desert banana, Desert banana,

fresh consumptionfresh consumption– AAAAAA

PlantainPlantain– Cooking, Meal, Cooking, Meal,

Vegetable bananaVegetable banana– Plátano, banano Plátano, banano

machomacho– AAB or ABBAAB or ABB


Banana Origin and DomesticationBanana Origin and Domestication

AA

AAA

AAB

ABB

AABBAAAB

ABBBABBAA

B

ABIndustry developed in Late 19th Century

AABAAAAA

Before 200 AD

Reached Europe by 1516


Adaptation: Hot Humid Adaptation: Hot Humid TropicsTropics

TemperatureTemperature– Frost freeFrost free– Mean temperature of 27 C (80 F)Mean temperature of 27 C (80 F)– Minimum winter temp of 15.5 C (60 F)Minimum winter temp of 15.5 C (60 F)

MoistureMoisture– Rain, 100 mm (4.0”) per monthRain, 100 mm (4.0”) per month

SoilSoil– Good drainage is neededGood drainage is needed– Slightly acid, pH 5.5 to 6.5Slightly acid, pH 5.5 to 6.5


January 15.5 C isotherm

June 15.5 C isotherm

1,270 mm isohyets

1,270 mm isohyets

Banana Cultivation and ClimateBanana Cultivation and ClimateMost Banana/Plantain Production within Region Most Banana/Plantain Production within Region

with with Winter Temperate Greater than 15.5 C (60 F) Winter Temperate Greater than 15.5 C (60 F)

and and Rainfall greater than 1,270 mm (50”)Rainfall greater than 1,270 mm (50”)

(Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966)


Banana Cultivation and Banana Cultivation and ClimateClimate

Bananas Grown for Local Bananas Grown for Local ConsumptionConsumption



1,270 mm isohyets

1,270 mm isohyets

BBB

B BB B

B

B

BBB

B

B

B

BB

BB

B B

B

BB

B



Banana Cultivation and Banana Cultivation and ClimateClimate

Bananas Grown for Export = TBananas Grown for Export = T



1,270 mm isohyets

1,270 mm isohyets

BBB

B BB B

B

B

BBB

B

B

B

BB

BB

B B

B

BB

B

TTT

TTT

T

T

T

T T

T

T

TT

TT



Weather ProblemsWeather Problems

WindWind– 15-20 mph - leaf damage, twisting, 15-20 mph - leaf damage, twisting,

breakagebreakage– 40 mph - considerable damage40 mph - considerable damage– 60 mph - complete destruction60 mph - complete destruction

WhyWhy– Pseudostem not as strong as woody stemPseudostem not as strong as woody stem– Large leaves that catch windLarge leaves that catch wind– Shallow root systemShallow root system


World Production World Production (1,000s mt)(1,000s mt)

Region Bananas Plantains

Africa 7,051 22,478

Asia 40,738 996

Americas 24,378 1,835

Total 72,167 25,309

FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002


World Production World Production (%)(%)


Africa 10% 89%

Asia 56% 4%

Americas 34% 7%

Total (1,000s mt) 72,167 25,309



World Production World Production Leading Producing CountriesLeading Producing Countries


Africa Burundi, Uganda,Egypt, Cameroon,

Congo

Uganda, Rwanda,Ghana, Nigeria,

Ivory Coast

Asia India, Philippines,China, Indonesia,

Thailand

Myanmar, Sri Lanka

Americas Ecuador, Brazil, CostaRica, Colombia,

Guatemala

Colombia, Peru,Venezuela, Ecuador,

Cuba



World ProductionWorld ProductionFAOSTAT database, 2000-2002

ProductionProduction– Bananas, 72 million MT (56% Asia)Bananas, 72 million MT (56% Asia)– Plantains, 25 million MT (89% Plantains, 25 million MT (89%

Africa)Africa) Staple food for 70 million AfricansStaple food for 70 million Africans

– 90% grown on small farms and 90% grown on small farms and consumed locallyconsumed locally

– 10% exported from plantations10% exported from plantations Latin America and Caribbean regionLatin America and Caribbean region


World Yields (mt/ha)World Yields (mt/ha)


Africa 6.5 5.6

Asia 19.9 10.4

Americas 18.7 10.0



Plant StructurePlant StructureMonocotMonocot

Perennial herbPerennial herb– All leaves/inflorescence All leaves/inflorescence

origin from under ground origin from under ground cormcorm

Spreads via rhizomesSpreads via rhizomes Plants “walk”Plants “walk”

– Largest plant without woody Largest plant without woody trunktrunk

Pseudostem, leaf basesPseudostem, leaf bases

– Fruits onceFruits once


Banana VarietiesBanana Varieties Gros Michel (Big Mike)Gros Michel (Big Mike)

– Leading cv for 100 yearsLeading cv for 100 years– Good production, cycle 13-15 monthsGood production, cycle 13-15 months– Tall plants (4-8 m), wind damageTall plants (4-8 m), wind damage– Good post harvest qualitiesGood post harvest qualities

Ripened uniformlyRipened uniformly Resistant to bruising and discolorationResistant to bruising and discoloration

– Shipped as bunchesShipped as bunches– Susceptible to Panama diseaseSusceptible to Panama disease

Replaced by Cavendish - resistant to Panama diseaseReplaced by Cavendish - resistant to Panama disease


Banana VarietiesBanana Varieties CavendishCavendish

– Currently the leading cv for exportCurrently the leading cv for export– Heavy production, cycle 11 monthsHeavy production, cycle 11 months– Smaller plant (2-3 m) - less wind damageSmaller plant (2-3 m) - less wind damage– Marginal post harvest qualitiesMarginal post harvest qualities

Does not ripen uniformly - use special chambersDoes not ripen uniformly - use special chambers Susceptible to bruising and discolorationSusceptible to bruising and discoloration

– Shipped packed in boxesShipped packed in boxes– Resistant to Panama diseaseResistant to Panama disease


Many Locally Important Many Locally Important VarietiesVarieties

Active Active breeding in breeding in Africa, South Africa, South America, and America, and AsiaAsia


Flower StructureFlower Structure

Three types of flowers on Three types of flowers on inflorescenceinflorescence– Female flowers - develop into Female flowers - develop into

fruitfruit– Hermaphroditic flowersHermaphroditic flowers– Male flowersMale flowers

Fruit is a berryFruit is a berry


Banana Banana flowerflower

Female

Male


Banana Banana flowerflower

Male

FemaleThree months from

flowering to harvest


Botanically the Banana is a Botanically the Banana is a BerryBerry

One pistilOne pistilOne or many seedOne or many seed

Seed Remnants

Other Berries

Tomato

Kiwi

Grape

Persimmon


Production CycleProduction Cycle PropagationPropagation

– VegetativeVegetative– Rhizomes that are 6-8” diameterRhizomes that are 6-8” diameter– Planted within hours of diggingPlanted within hours of digging– Special fields for production of Special fields for production of

rhizomes for new orchardsrhizomes for new orchards Nematode problemsNematode problems

– Hot water treatment (65°C)Hot water treatment (65°C)– Chemical dipsChemical dips


PlantingPlanting DensityDensity

– 2.9 m (8.5’) square2.9 m (8.5’) square– 1,812 pl/ha (725 pl/ac)1,812 pl/ha (725 pl/ac)

Size of export plantationSize of export plantation– Need to supply 36,000 mt/yearNeed to supply 36,000 mt/year– Yield Yield 40 mt/ha40 mt/ha -> 1,000 ha -> 1,000 ha– Supply 1,000 mt/ship every 10 daysSupply 1,000 mt/ship every 10 days– Four years to attain commercial Four years to attain commercial

productionproduction


ProductionProduction Banana plantsBanana plants

– Take 8-9 months to flowerTake 8-9 months to flower 11-14 leaves11-14 leaves Six leaves needed for good productionSix leaves needed for good production

– Bunch take 3 months to develop Bunch take 3 months to develop – Fruiting cycle for Dwarf Cavendish is Fruiting cycle for Dwarf Cavendish is

11 months11 months

Banana plants “walk”Banana plants “walk”


Training and Plant Training and Plant SelectionSelection

Banana plants “walk”Banana plants “walk”– Select and train sucker for next crop to Select and train sucker for next crop to

not interfere with growing bunchnot interfere with growing bunch– When harvest fruit the sucker should be When harvest fruit the sucker should be

2 m (5-6’)2 m (5-6’)– Eliminate suckers that areEliminate suckers that are

Poorly positionedPoorly positioned Too smallToo small UnhealthyUnhealthy


ProductionProduction

Fruiting Stem

1st ReplacementDaughter

2nd ReplacementGrand daughter

Fruiting Mat


Panama DiseasePanama Disease

Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporum– Caused the demise of Gros MichelCaused the demise of Gros Michel– Plantains are generally resistantPlantains are generally resistant

ControlControl– Resistant varietiesResistant varieties– New strain of the pathogen in Asia New strain of the pathogen in Asia

overcomes Cavendish resistance geneovercomes Cavendish resistance gene Need to develop a wider range of Need to develop a wider range of

varieties for the export marketvarieties for the export market


Panama DiseasePanama Disease


Black SigatokaBlack SigatokaBanana Leaf SpotBanana Leaf Spot

Mycosphaerella - CercosporaMycosphaerella - Cercospora– Native to Southeast AsiaNative to Southeast Asia

HistoryHistory– Early 1960s - Pacific and AsiaEarly 1960s - Pacific and Asia– Early 1970s - Latin AmericaEarly 1970s - Latin America– Late 1970s - Gabon in Africa - spread through Late 1970s - Gabon in Africa - spread through

AfricaAfrica SymptomsSymptoms

– Small translucent pale yellow streaksSmall translucent pale yellow streaks– Necrotic lesions (light gray w/ yellow halo)Necrotic lesions (light gray w/ yellow halo)– Lesions coalesce and destroy leafLesions coalesce and destroy leaf


Black SigatokaBlack SigatokaBanana Leaf SpotBanana Leaf Spot

Yield Losses - by losing leaf areaYield Losses - by losing leaf area– This is generally not a problem in mixed This is generally not a problem in mixed – 50% yield loss50% yield loss– Also cause premature ripening in harvested Also cause premature ripening in harvested

fruitfruit ControlControl

– Mixed plantingsMixed plantings Generally not a serious problemGenerally not a serious problem

– MonocultureMonoculture Fungicides (Manzate)Fungicides (Manzate) Resistant varietiesResistant varieties


Bagging of the FruitBagging of the Fruit Weekly inspectionWeekly inspection

– Last true hand is 4” longLast true hand is 4” long– Remove terminal end of bunchRemove terminal end of bunch– Mark with ribbon - colors change with the weekMark with ribbon - colors change with the week– Cover with perforated polyethylene bagCover with perforated polyethylene bag

WhyWhy– ProtectionProtection

PestsPests Damage from leavesDamage from leaves Dust and dirtDust and dirt

– Advance ripeningAdvance ripening


FertilityFertility

Forty tons of bananas per Forty tons of bananas per hectarehectare– 80 kg N 80 kg N == 80 kg N80 kg N

– 20 kg P20 kg P22OO55 == 9 kg P9 kg P

– 240 kg K240 kg K22OO == 200 kg K200 kg K


Supporting the CropSupporting the Crop 52% of plant weight is the 52% of plant weight is the

racemeraceme– Prop with polesProp with poles– Guide lines to base of adjacent Guide lines to base of adjacent

plantplant– Leaf pruning can reduce Leaf pruning can reduce

problems with wind damageproblems with wind damage


HarvestHarvest

Crew harvests at 3-4 day intervalsCrew harvests at 3-4 day intervals– Look for colored ribbons which indicate Look for colored ribbons which indicate

age of bunchage of bunch Minimum sizeMinimum size

– 5 hands5 hands– Pick green, with certain sizePick green, with certain size

Banana bunch weighs 90-110 lbsBanana bunch weighs 90-110 lbs– Two man operationTwo man operation– Hung on hook on cable systemHung on hook on cable system


Cable system Cable system runs from banana runs from banana field to the field to the packing housepacking house


Fruit Packing and Fruit Packing and GradingGrading

Separate into Separate into handshands

Wash to Wash to prevent prevent stainingstaining

Pack in boxesPack in boxes


Pack in boxesPack in boxes– Only pack Only pack

unblemished unblemished fruitfruit

Fruit Packing and Fruit Packing and GradingGrading


Post HarvestPost Harvest

Storage temperatureStorage temperature– 57 - 59 F57 - 59 F– Below 56 F may cause chilling Below 56 F may cause chilling

injuryinjury Bananas are ripened for Bananas are ripened for

marketingmarketing– 58-64 F58-64 F– Ethylene treatmentEthylene treatment


Nutritional ValueNutritional Value

100 gm edible pulp100 gm edible pulp– 85 calories, mostly carbohydrates85 calories, mostly carbohydrates

– Vitamin, A, C, BVitamin, A, C, B11, B, B22, niacin, niacin

– Minerals, very high in KMinerals, very high in K Reduce risk of high blood pressure Reduce risk of high blood pressure

and strokesand strokes

Any Questions?Any Questions?

Bananas and Plantains Family: Musaceae Genus: Musa Species: M. acuminata M. balbisiana.

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Transcript of Bananas and Plantains Family: Musaceae Genus: Musa Species: M. acuminata M. balbisiana.