Genetic Modified Plant Resisatance to Fungus and Bisafety

8/2/2019 Genetic Modified Plant Resisatance to Fungus and Bisafety

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Introduction .

Fungus Resistant Transgenic

Plant Production. Topics of Concern in GM

Crops Related to Biosafety.


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Genetic Modified Organism are plantswhose DNA is modified using genetic

engineering techniques.

Biosafety in Agriculture (reducing the riskof alien viral or transgenic genes, or prions

such as BSE/"MadCow", reducing the risk

of food bacterial contamination).


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Fungus and their effects on plant Plants

diseases cause approximately 12 % yieldloss at the field level, to which are

added 9 - 20 % during post-harvest

stages (Agrios 1997). Among the culpritscausing this huge loss, the most

devastating pathogens are fungi (Pennisi

2001). .


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Fungus Resistant Transgenic Plant

Production1. Toxic pathogens or reduce their growth e.g.

pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins) and

phytoalexins, .

2. Destroy or neutralize the components of

pathogen arsenal e.g. polygalacturonase, oxalic

acid.

3. Enhance structural defense in the plants e.g.

peroxidase and lignin.


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4. Regulate signals to control plant defenses. e.g.

hydrogen peroxidase (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) andethylene (C2H4).

5. Expression of the resistance gene (R) products

involved in hypersensitive response (HR).

6. Binding or inactivation of fungal toxins thus

stopping invasion of fungus by expression of R

gene.

7. Production of RNAi, RNase and lysozyme .

Fungus Resistant Transgenic Plant

Production


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Risks for animal and human

health

Risks for the environment

Horizontal gene transfer Risks for agriculture

General concerns


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- toxicity & food/feed quality/safety;

allergies;- pathogen drug resistance (antibiotic

resistance).


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- Persistency of gene or transgene or of

transgene products (accumulative effects).- Susceptibility of non-target organisms.

- Change in use of chemicals in agriculture.

- Unpredictable gene expression or

transgene instability.

- Environmentally-induced (abiotic)

changes in transgene expression.

- Ecological fitness.

- Changes to biodiversity.

- Impact on soil fertility, soil degradation of

organic material


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- Genetic pollution through pollen or

seed dispersal.

- Transfer of foreign gene tomicroorganisms (DNA uptake) or

generation of new live viruses by

recombination (transcapsidation,complementation, etc.)


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- Resistance/tolerance of target organisms.

- Weeds or superweeds.

- Alteration of nutritional value

(attractiveness of the organism to pests).

- Change in cost of agriculture.

- Unpredictable variation in active product

availability.

- Loss of familiarity/changes in agricultural

practice.


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- Detection and analytical methods.

- Ethical issues (eg. labelling).

- Risk assessment/ risk management;

- General biosafety.- Public attitudes.

- Legislation (incl. liability & redress).

- Monitoring; socio-economics.- IPR (Intellectual Property Rights);


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- Agrios GN (1997) . Plant Pathology. Academic Press,

California, pp. 635.Pennisi E (2001).The push to pit

genomics against fungal pathogens. Science 292: 2273-

2274.

- Pennisi E (2001).The push to pit genomics against fungal

pathogens. Science 292: 2273-2274.

- Clausen M, Kruter R, Schachermayr G, Potrykus I andSautter C (2000) Antifungal activity of virally encoded gene

in transgenic wheat. Nature Biotechnology 18: 446-449.

- Takaichi M and Oeda K (2000) Transgenic carrots with

enhanced resistance against two major pathogens,Erysiphe heraclei and Alternaria dauci. Plant Sci. 153: 135-

144.

- Lorito M and Scala F (1999) Microbial genes expressed in

transgenic plants to improve disease resistance. J. Plant

Pathol. 81: 73-88.

Reference


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Genetic Modified Plant Resisatance to Fungus and Bisafety

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