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Presented by

Miarka D’Souza:PALB 3122

Bhagya Vijayan:PALB 3120

THE GENERATION OF INNOVATION; INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT PROCESS,

TRACING THE INNOVATION- DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, CONVERTING

RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE

THE ORIGIN OF INNOVATION

“ Innovation is a result of:• A shock (a major failure) to the system

• Problemistic search

• Random variability in experimentation

• Deliberate decision to invest in learning

• Match between a need and ideas which already exists

• Formal vehicles for stimulating innovation such as research and development

• Managerial risk seeking or risk averse behavior• Availability of slack resources• Management philosophy and organizational climate

and• Customer needs.”

GENERATION OF INNOVATION

• The generation of innovation implies how an innovation is generated through the process of innovation development.

• It usually occurs prior to the diffusion process.

INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Steps involved in the innovation development process;

1. Recognizing a problem or need2. Basic and applied research3. Development of innovation4. Commercialization5. Diffusion and adoption and 6. Consequences

1. Recognizing a problem or need The recognition of a problem or need stimulates

research and development activities designed to create an innovation to solve the problem or needs.

2. Basic and applied research It refers to original investigation for advancement of

scientific knowledge, most of the technological innovations are created by scientific research, although they often result from interplay between scientific methods and practical problems.

3. Development of innovation It refers to the process of putting an idea into a form

i.e. expected to meet the needs of an audience of potential adopters.

4. Commercialization The innovation results from the research activities,

also referred as the scientific research packaged in a form ready to be adopted by users. Its traditionally done by the private companies.

5. Diffusion and adoption The crucial stage in the process is the decision to

diffuse an innovation to the potential adopters.

6. Consequences The final phase of the process is to assess the change

that occurs to an individual or to a social system as a result of adoption or rejection of an innovation.

Consequences can be;• Desirable vs. Undesirable • Direct vs. Indirect• Anticipated vs. Unanticipated consequences.

TRACING THE INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

• Retrospective reconstruct- TRACER STUDIES bring out the sequence of main events and

decision in the IDP• Source of data personal interview- key investigators,participantsResearch publicationArchives – grants,patents,change agency record

• First known retrospective study on DEFENCE ,Project Hindsight• Investigated the R&D process of twenty

different military weapon systems• Key events and decision which evolved into

these technology were studied• 35 events per innovation were identified• The project concluded :highly applied notions along with adequate

funding resulted in the same

SAGA OF PROJECT HINDSIGHT

• Project Sappho ,England broadened the methodology of retrospective studies

• Eventually from military weapons to

Biomedical studies agriculture other arenas• e.g Minnesota innovation tracer study on

hybrid grain seeds

FINDINGS OF THE TRACER STUDIES

• Technological advances in any field is the resultant of cluster of innovations

• Technically it is called functional interdependence of innovation

• e.g Bt Cotton emergence of the field of Transgenics discovery of Bacillus thurigiensisdiscovery of cry genes and cry proteins

• Gestation period- quite long• e.g for a new crop variety to be released ,it requires

field trials of 10 years • Be it any field ,the conception to realization of an

innovation takes time• e.g

hybrid corn: 25 years Insecticide :13 years

• IDP often starts without having an idea on its credible practical application (Comroe,1977)

LACUNAE IN TRACER STUDY

• Dependent on availability of research publication

• Data shortage lead to trace innovation development process only

• Failed to explain diffusion/ adoption process

CONVERTING RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE

CASE STUDY: DIFFUSION OF HYBRID SEED CORN IN IOWA, USA

Background

-Hybrid seed corn: Introduced to Iowa farmers in 1928 and remained as one of the most important new agricultural technologies.

-Characteristics:. Increased productivity by 20%.. Suitable for mechanical corn pickers -> Reduced the need for a

large number of farmers to harvest the corp.. More drought-resistant.

(Rogers 2003)

Figure 3. Reproduced from Urban Farmer 2012 Figure 4. Reproduced from Urban Farmer 2011

Background

-- In 1941, Ryan and Gross investigated on the diffusion of hybrid seed corn in the area. In general, their findings suggested that

(a) The diffusion process took 12 years to reach widespread diffusion.

(b) The average farmer needed 7 years to progress from initial awareness of the innovation to full-scale adoption.

- Specifically, a qualitative research was conducted in 2 communities in Iowa and a total of 259 famers were interviewed to understand farmers’ decision to adopt the hybrid seed corn. Most farmer-respondents recognized that they went through a series of stages.

(Rogers 2003)

Knowledge-Salesmen from the seed corn company introduced the innovation to Iowa farmers.

- Influencing factors:Socioeconomic characteristics: The seed lost it hybrid vigor after the first generation -> required annual purchase -> costed quite amount of money given the Depression context.Previous practice: Previously, farmers had selected the best-looking corn plants to use as seed for the following years -> the adoption of hybrid corn meant an important change in the corn-growing behavior.

Obstructed knowledge-gaining process. Slowed down the diffusion process as a whole.

Innovation-Decision process

(Rogers, Singhal & Quinlan 2009)

Innovation-Decision processPersuasion

-Iowa farmers mentally applied the new idea to their present or an anticipated future situation before deciding whether or not to try it.

- However, like any innovation, hybrid seed corn carried some degree of uncertainty. Sought social reinforcement for their attitude toward the innovation by referring to the neighbors . The neighbor gave meaning to the innovation, leading to the forming of positive attitude and persuasion.

(Rogers, Singhal & Quinlan 2009)

-The small-scale trial is often an important part of the decision to adopt.

-In 1930s, the seed corn salesmen gave a small bag of the new seed, which was enough to plant about an acre of corn, to Iowa farmers entering the decision stage. A large enough trial to convince the farmer to adopt the new idea on all of his corn acreage in the next few years.

Innovation-Decision processDecision

(Rogers, Singhal & Quinlan 2009)

- Implementation usually follows the decision stage rather directly. With such facilitations from the seed corn company, the famers-respondents trialed the seed corn.

Innovation-Decision processImplementation

(Rogers, Singhal & Quinlan 2009)

WINTERTemplate

- Innovators and early adopters were more likely to positively confirm their decision to implement the innovation than later adopters, meaning that the rate of adoption was faster. (Rogers, Singhal & Quinlan 2009)

Innovation-Decision processConfirmation

Figure 5. Reproduced from Rogers 2003

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