Research Methods and Analysis in SOCIOLOGY for CSE MAINS 2015
General Studies Paper 3 , Section 3, CSE...
Transcript of General Studies Paper 3 , Section 3, CSE...
General Studies Paper 3 , Section 3, CSE (Mains) Social Justice
2016
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Extract from Syllabus:
C. SOCIAL JUSTICE
1) Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies, Government policies, and
interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design
and implementation.
2) Development processes and the development industry:
a) the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities,
institutional and other stakeholders
b) Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and
States and the performance of these schemes;
c) Mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and
betterment of these vulnerable sections.
d) Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services
relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
e) Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
Information
number
Topic Page
1. Women Landmark Judgements of Supreme
Court in 2015 -16 in favour of women
2
2. Literacy rate of women 3
3. Education and Fertility Rates 3
4. Child marriages worldwide status 4
5. Correlation between birth and occupation 4
6. Anaemia among women and children 5
7. Women’s right to enter temples 5
8. Female representation in corporate boards across
the world
6
9. Child Labour in India 7
10. Gender disparity in education 7
11. Women in armed forces: 8
12. Financial Inclusion measures: Uses of Hemp.
JAM and Direct Benefit Transfers DBT 2.0
9
13. Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and
Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act,
10
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2016
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2016
14. Self Employment and Joblessness (National
Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)’s survey
12
15. Estimated impact of internet coverage in rural
India, by 2020.
13
16. Changing profile of passport applicants 13
17. Sedition cases registered and pending 14
18. Maan ki Baat 15
19. Aadhar 16
20. Debt-asset ratio of households in rural India 17
21. Free ATM transactions for financial inclusion 18
22. The National Food Security Act 19
23. MGNREGA Short Note 20
24. The Delhi High Court's ruling on woman Karta 20
25. Trust Gap between rich and poor 21
26. Illiteracy in India 21
27. A rural development model 21
28. OBC Reservations demands 22
29. Tembhurni project 23
30. A better yardstick for rural jobs 24
31. Employment Growth 25
32. Employment growth from 2012 to 2016 26
33. Homelessness 28
34. Status of LPG availability 29
35. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana 29
36. Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger in the
world
30
37. Chamaguri Satra (monastery) in Majuli and
Tribal population in Majuli
31
38. Stand Up India for SC and ST , fund corpus 32
39. Elderly population in India as per 2011 Census 34
40. Maternity Mortality Rates 2011 to2013 latest 35
41. Juvenile Crime 36
1. Supreme Court’s landmark judgements in 2015 in favour of women
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2016
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The court passed a series of orders in 2015 to reinforce the rights of
women who are despised by society for living an unconventional life.
a) In a path-breaking verdict, it ruled that an unwed mother must be
recognised as a legal guardian of her child and she cannot be
forced to reveal the name of the father or seek his consent to get
guardianship of the child.
b) It also held that an unmarried couple, living together as husband
and wife, would be presumed to be legally married and the
woman would be eligible to inherit the property after the death of
her partner. It also held that a woman was entitled to maintenance
from her live-in partner.
c) The court also expressed concern over women being used as
surrogate mothers by foreigners and directed the government to
ban commercial surrogacy.
This prompted the Centre to roll back its 2013 decision
allowing import of human embryos for artificial reproduction. On
24th August 2016, the Union Cabinet has cleared the Bill making
commercial surrogacy illegal in India.
2. Literacy growth
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Mar 29 2016 : The Economic Times (Delhi)
3. Education and Fertility Rates
Higher fertility rates are closely linked to lower education levels, as the
chart below shows. That's exactly why education for girls should count among
the top priorities for governments in developing countries...
4. Child Marriage
Across the globe, rates of child marriage are highest in South Asia, where
nearly half of all girls marry before age 18, and about one in six were
married or in union before age 15...
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5. Correlation between birth and occupation
The correlation between birth and occupation forms the material basis of
caste. Diversification of the economic structure, creating a variety of non-
traditional occupations, and organising and equipping Dalits to move into
these occupations, to become part of a global division of labour, would pay
real homage to Ambedkar.
(Extract from ET Editorial ‘The Race to Own Bhimrao Ambedkar’ dated 16.04.2016)
6. Anaemia also continues to be a major concern impacting the health of both
women and children.
a. In Meghalaya, the number of anaemic women in productive
age has increased from 46.2% during NFHS3 to 56.2% in
NFHS4.
b. In Haryana, the percentage of anaemic women has gone up
from 56.1% to 62.7%,
c. In Goa, it has gone up from 38.2% to 48.3%.
d. Madhya Pradesh has witnesses a marginal decline from
74% to 68.9%.
The fourth survey, covering 13 states and two union territories, showed
these states recorded an infant mortality rate (IMR) of less than 51 deaths
per 1,000 live births, with Andaman recording the lowest of 10 deaths
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and Madhya Pradesh recording the highest at 51.The current national MR
is 37.
7. While the Constitution protects religious freedom, clause 2(b) of Article 25
allows the state to intervene in religious practice. The Untouchability
Offences Act threw open temple doors to all castes, and many states passed
laws extending those rights to all classes and sections of Hindus. If temples
have no right to bar dalits or untouchables, why should they be allowed to
bar women? Institutions like Shani Shingnapur and Sabarimala argue that
they are defending particular customs. But traditional taboos against women
cannot pass constitutional muster, unless the guardians of the tradition
demonstrate that discrimination is an ‘essential practice’ for the
religion. Traditions should evolve with time
8. In top corporate boardrooms in the Asia-Pacific region, Australia had the
highest female representation while South Korea and Japan had the lowest...
9. Child Labour: Although the number of child labourers in India may have
declined since 2001, underage workforce still forms 4% to 2% of the regular
worker population in several cities. According to latest census data,
Firozabad in Uttar Pradesh has the highest proportion of child workers in the
country. Top 20 cities by proportion of child workers (5-14 years) (as
percentage of regular workers)
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10. Gender disparity in education: Almost 16 million girls between the ages 6
and 11 will never get the chance to learn to read or write in primary school
compared to about 8 million boys if current trends continue, according to a
new report from UNESCO. Gender disparities remain highest in the Arab
states, sub-Saharan Africa and South and West Asia...
11. Women in armed forces:
The government would induct women in all military combat roles in the
future, The armed forces have been opposing the idea on account of what
they term as operational, practical and socio-cultural hazards. The
induction of women as short service commission officers and as fighter
pilots in the IAF has been approved. In the future, government will
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induct women in all fighter streams of our armed forces. IAF inducted
three women last year, as mentioned by the President in his speech.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION MEASURES:
12. Hemp cultivation being encouraged by Government of Uttarkhand as a
means of rural income.
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13. Direct Benefit Transfer 2.0
DBT2.0 is now the Game Changer
PMO asks for action plan through panchayat level mapping of existing
financial services to ensure DBT payments go the last mile to the doorstep
a) 1.55 lakh post offices in India, 1.38 lakh of which are in
rural areas, to be used for DBT payments
b) 1.3 lakh gramin dak sewaks with post offices to be used to
deliver DBT payments door to door with Aadhar
authentication enabled machines
c) 5.45 lakh fair price shops to be automated to deliver DBT in
food target for 2016 17, is automating 3 lakh shops through
biometric Aadhaar authentication
Aim is to have 2 to 3 alternative systems in every village of India for
DBT payments. This is because there is a high attrition rate among
bank mitra. Government says it has 1.08 lakh active Bank Mitra, but
active definition means just minimum transaction every 3 days.
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For graphic : 20.03.2016 The Sunday Economic Times
14. Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and
Services) Act, 2016. National Security is the only ground on which a
Competent Authority can share core bio-metric information contained in
Aadhaar. The law seeks to better target subsidies and benefits through use of
UIN, contains stringent provisions both substantially and procedurally to
protect privacy. “The core bio-metric information cannot be shared with any
person even with the consent of the Aadhaar card holder,
Aadhaar coverage crossed the 100 crore people mark in April
2016, and is now at 93% of all people aged 18 and above. About 25.48
crore bank accounts are now linked with the unique identity number.
As in April 2016, only 75,000 fair price shops are automated, out of
5.45 lakh fair price shops. A target of 3 lakh has been set for March 2017
. the distribution of food subsidy can start only thereafter.
15. Self Employment and Joblessness increased in villages across all religious
communities, with the unemployment rate rising from 1.6% in 2004-05 to
1.7% in 2011-12, according to the National Sample Survey Organisation
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(NSSO). Though the unemployment rate in urban areas came down across
all religions from 4.5% in 2004-05 to 3.4% in 2011-12, it remained higher
than in rural areas.
Majority of workers in rural areas were self-employed. The
proportion of self-employment among males was the highest for
Christians (56.6%); among females the share of self-employment was the
highest among Sikhs (79%).
In rural areas, a significant proportion of workers (about 35%)
both males and females were engaged as casual labour. Among males,
share of casual labour was the highest for Muslims (37.3%) and
lowest among Christians (27.4%) while among females, share of
casual labour was the highest among Hindus (36.6%) and lowest
among Sikhs (14.8%).
Among rural males and females, proportion of regular wage or
salaried employment was the highest for Christians (16.1% for males
and 14% for females).
In urban India, the share of self employed and salaried employees
were almost the same. In cities, highest self employment was among
Muslims and Sikhs male (52.8%) and for females it was the highest
for Muslims (61.3%). The proportion of salaried employment was
highest for Christians (49.4%for males and 64.7% for females).
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South Asia has witnessed a decrease in labour force participation
rates for both men and women in the last two decades. Also, the
region's gender gap in participation remains substantial. But in
Bangladesh and Pakistan, women labour force participation rate has
been inching upward. A look at select countries...
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16. Rise in Wages for MNREGA for unskilled workers: Tamil Nadu, Goa and
Karnataka have got the maximum increase of almost 10% in the daily wages
under MNREGA. States with the least increase include the poll-bound states
of West Bengal, `2 jump to `176, and Assam which has seen a mere `3
increase to `182. The rural development ministry from April 1 “Compared
with 2015-16, there is overall increase of 5.71.
17. Major schemes are monitored regularly by Prime Minister:
a) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna (PMJDY),
b) Swachh Bharat (Gramin),
c) Swachh Vidhyalaya and
d) Soil Health Card.
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18. Estimated impact of internet coverage in rural India, by 2020.
19. Changing profile of passport applicants
20.
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21. Sedition cases:
The highest number of cases of sedition were in Bihar and Jharkhand,
the hub of left wing extremism in 2014. Other acts, considered offences
against the State, but not sedition, were filed in significant numbers in
Assam, Meghalaya, Bihar, Jharkhand and Manipur, all of which have
witnessed insurgency or Maoist violence. Experts are still debating
whether all cases of sedition are actually linked to anti-national activity.
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3. Maan ki Baat a new institution
22. The rise in Aadhaar transactions has been steady through 2015--to 7.9 crore
transactions in November from 1.3 crore in January,2015. Since the
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inception of Aadhaar authentication services in 2010, more than 110 crore
transactions have taken place. nearly As per PM, Rs 40,000 crore had been
transferred directly to the bank accounts, which was always one of Aadhaar's
main aims-accurate targeting and zero leakage of welfare payments. Out of
9.5 crore MGNREGS active workers, over 53% in 300 districts are now
seeded with the ID and 2.84 crore payment transactions so far have been
carried out using the Aadhaar payment bridge directly into accounts. The
mobile number, 8190881908, will now allow people to listen to the Mann Ki
Baat broadcast any time on their mobile phones after leaving a missed call,
AADHAAR(Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and
Services) Act 2016
23. National Security is the only ground on which a Competent Authority
can share core bio-metric information contained in Aadhaar. The law seeks
to better target subsidies and benefits through use of UIN, contains stringent
provisions both substantially and procedurally to protect privacy. “The core
bio-metric information cannot be shared with any person even with the
consent of the Aadhaar card holder,
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06.04.2016
24. Debt-asset ratio of households in rural India rose during 1991 to 2002 for all
states except West Bengal, and the rate of increase was very high for Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh. The scenario was
different from 2002 to 2012...
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25. World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2016 : Continuing high
rates of unemployment worldwide & chronic vulnerable employment in
many emerging and developing economies are still deeply affecting the
world of work, warns a new ILO report. The final figure for unemployment
in 2015 is estimated to stand at 197.1 million and is forecast to rise by about
2.3 million to reach 199.4 million this year. An additional 1.1 million jobless
will likely be added to the global tally in 2017.
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26. The National Food Security Act that came into force in 2013, the central
government has to share 50% of the cost of handling and transportation of
food grain (75% in case of hilly and difficult areas) incurred by states and
the dealers' margin so that it is not passed on to the ultimate beneficiaries.
More than 70 crore beneficiaries have been identified in 27 states
and union territories. The Act covered 11 states and 33 crore people
when its implementation began in June 2014.
Some 1.8 lakh fair price shops across the country will have electronic
point of sale devices, to authenticate beneficiaries at the time of
distribution and also electronically capture the quantum of grains
distributed to each family. The number of these shops, at 70,000 now,
will increase to 5.52 lakh by March 2017.
The nine states and union territories that are still to implement the Act,
four -Gujarat, Kerala Jammu & Kashmir, Dadra and Nagar Haveli would
do it by the end of February, while another four -Arunachal Pradesh
Manipur, Mizoram and Naga land -have committed to star by March.
The last holdout state -Tamil Nadu -has sought time until July.
“The entire process of grains moving from godowns to shops to the
beneficiary is captured online. Even the electronic receipts given to
beneficiaries and closing balance of shops are up for public scrutiny.
This data and automation of process has also made the allocation of food
grain and their release to district administration easier.
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27. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) The objective of the scheme is to prevent distress and not give
jobs. It embodies the right to work, representing a new contract between the
state and the citizen. The name of the scheme is misleading. The purpose of
the scheme is not to offer jobs. Rather, the aim is to provide a safety net to
the poor in times of seasonal unemployment. Turning up to perform manual
labour is used as a fool proof self-selection tool, to ensure that local elites do
not corner the benefit meant for the rural poor. Even as MGNREGA's goal
is to prevent distress, it can be and has been used to create rural assets that
raise production and productivity. Its guidelines have sensibly evolved to
allow it to be combined with other rural development schemes to build
lasting assets. Some states implement the scheme well, others do not.
28. The Delhi High Court's ruling to allow the eldest female member of a
Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) to be a karta , which denotes manager of a
joint family is wholly welcome. It removes another huge barrier for women
to perform the role that traditionally has been in the domain of men. The
high court gave due weight to Section 6 of the Hindu Succession
(Amendment) Act 2005, that gave equal rights to daughters in ancestral
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property as the sons have. The idea was to end gender discrimination under
the Mitakshara coparcenary that had excluded women from inheritance.
With the disqualification removed, there is no reason why Hindu women
should be denied the position of a Karta. Implementation of the right could,
however, pose challenges. In a patriarchal society like India's, there is a
notion that daughters who live away from the joint family after their
marriage will not have the ability to manage ancestral property .
29. Trust Gap
A widening trust gap is emerging between elite and mass populations,
according to Edelman Trust Barometer 2016. While trust* in institutions
is rising in the `informed public' group (those with at least a college
degree and falling in the top 25% income category), for the `mass
population', trust levels have barely budged since the 2008 financial
crisis...
28.01.2016
30. The overall literacy rate in India have gone up to 74.4%, but the drop in the
illiteracy rate has not matched the increase in population. Between 2001 and
2011, the population above the age of 7 grew by 18.65 crore but the decrease
in the number of illiterates is just 3.11 crore.
A 2015 UNESCO report said that in terms of absolute numbers,
India with 28.7 crore illiterates, was the country with the largest number
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of adults without basic literacy skills in 2010-11 compared to 2000-01
when it had 30.4 crore illiterates. The fact that illiteracy is not being
tackled is evident from the enrolment rates in primary and upper primary
schools. Over 12 years (2000-01 to 2013-14), the number of children
who enrolled in primary schools increased by just 1.86 crore, and at the
upper primary level by just over 2 crore. The population during this
period, however, increased by more than 18 crore. What is lacking are
skills, vocational training, aspiration and confidence. Honing the skills of
the youth from the rural hinterlands can help create a strong workforce to
build India, while simultaneously raising their families out of poverty
31. A rural development model cannot work unless it's replicable over a
minimum cluster of 500-1,000 villages. To form a model for all to follow,
we will need a needle-moving number of model villages in each
constituency to be able to make any significant impact. Deeply embedded
phenomenon of poverty needs permanent change, not continued support. To
be able to truly help improve the lives of rural communities and be
disruptive, four things are needed together for permanent change: trust,
empathy, aspiration and empowerment. These will create an enabling
environment for transformation.
Trust-building is not an overnight process. It requires sustained
presence on the ground as well as ongoing communication. Locals need
to understand and participate in the development that is proposed for
them
Once trust is secured, it is essential to build empathetic relationships
that transform community feedback into channels for locally sustainable
solutions. These solutions then increase the access of deprived
communities to essential services like education, healthcare and
sanitation and, most important, creating livelihood opportunities. With
individual taps at home, the villagers took ownership and felt
empowered. This cannot happen unless rural India felt that tomorrow
was going to be better than yesterday.
32. OBC List inclusion: Kapus in Andhra Pradesh, form part of the southern
state's political and financial fibre is generally agreed. The community
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makes up 12% of the state's population, and has moved up the social ladder
with enterprise. It now wants to be put in the OBC list.
Gujarat was convulsed by the agitation of Patels. The community is
known for its numerical and financial muscle, generally a byword for
entrepreneurship. Likewise, Marathas forced Maharashtra to grant them
backward status, as did Jats of north India, before they hit the judicial
firewall. To proponents of social justice, goes against the grain of backward
caste mutiny which sought up liftment of castes too weak socially ,
educationally and numerically -to have a say in the political process. The
demand for sub-categorisation of OBC list or call from certain “most
backwards“ to be put in the Scheduled Caste list show that Mandal quotas
have been monopolised by dominant groups. As insiders argue, the pressure
from dominant groups for OBC status puts political parties in an unenviable
position -by accepting it they risk antagonizing the existing backwards who
fear a superior competitor would eat into their quota share, while
questioning it would incur the wrath of a community with strong electoral
muscle. However, sociologists blame political parties for the mess. As the
counter voices in Andhra point out, TDP chief and CM Chandrababu Naidu
made a poll promise to Kapus.
33. Tembhurni project: A decade-long successful experiment in Tembhurni
village in Himayat Nagar taluka. Adopting the Gandhian principle of
shramdaan (voluntary contribution for a cause), sarpanch Pralhad Patil
carried panch Pralhad Patil carried out construction of soak pits behind every
house to collect waste water. The project had an unexpected additional
benefit. The village, which was heavily dependent on tankers for water
supply till 2002, became self-sufficient after half-a-dozen hand pumps in
different parts began spewing water. “Water flowing into the 200 soak pits
gradually drains down into aquifers, thereby recharging groundwater. Our
village hasn't faced water scarcity in recent years,“ Patil says. Tembhurni
project in 2014 and decided to replicate it across the district.
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34. Funds from the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme (MNREGS) are being used to construct the pits.
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35. EMPLOYMENT GROWTH - Rescue from Data's Prison
The Indian economy has two big problems today. First, the headline GDP
growth number seems askew. Second, the policy shift to look only at the
consumer price index (CPI) misleads.
Growth of GDP reflects what is happening across the economy: from jobs
and livelihood creation to disposable incomes and, hence, domestic demand to
savings and, hence, capacity to invest.
Gross value added (GVA) for private non-financial companies is taken from
the RBI's published sample data. There exists a very widely divergent inflation
rates, the real growth rate corresponding to these nominal rates is dependent on
the choice of deflator.
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National accounts system first computed the real growth rate based on
quantity indices and then on current price data. The jobs data is based on the
Quarterly Employment Survey (QES) of eight select industries, published by
the Labour Bureau and conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation
(NSSO) covering about 2,000 units. It was started at the time of the global crisis
in 2008. This is the only more-or-less contemporary quality data on jobs, even if
it is for eight select industries (including ITBPO) as it permits inter-temporal
comparison.
Employment data is a lagging variable , meaning that it tends to create jobs
a bit after economic conditions improve. It is the final arbiter of growth. Which
is why the mandate of the US Federal Reserve is “maximum employment with
price stability“.
It is precisely because of the heterogeneity of data across sectors that GDP
is vital as the unifying parameter. Has GDP growth picked up by nearly 2
percentage points, even as one does not see the effect in other critical data?
What is the purpose of public policy? High GDP growth rate is not an end in
itself. But it is critical, since it leads to creating jobs and livelihood
opportunities and improving the material well-being of the people.
Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, the Indian economy created 7.2 million non-
farm jobs and livelihoods each year, even as 4.2 million farm jobs were lost.
That is the demographic and workplace transformation underway and which
will continue in the decades ahead as young rural Indians move away from their
parents' avocation.
In 2010-11and 2011-12, over 10 million non-farm jobs and livelihoods were
added In the next 15 years, about 14 million non-farm jobs and livelihoods each
year for our educated and skilled youth. For the record, in 2009-10, 2010-11and
2011-12, an average of 9,61,000 jobs were added each year in the eight select
industries.
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36. Status of LPG
37. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), which envisages lower
annual premiums from farmers and higher sum insured for crops damaged
due to natural calamities, and the united package, which offers overall
protection to farmers and their families by providing accidental insurance
and cover for their assets such as tractors and farm equipment, will be
implemented by state governments. The Centre hopes the revamped
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insurance scheme, which will charge low premiums from farmers, will more
than double the number of farmers under insurance net to 50%, from about
20% now, even as more states join the scheme in the coming months.
PMFBY will help farmers insure their crops against calamities, because
insurance companies will reverse bid for higher sum insured and lower
premium.
38. Homelessness
A UN report has called for recognising homelessness as a human rights crisis
and ensuring its eradication by 2030. According to a UN estimate, there were
100 million homeless globally in 2005. However, the homeless figures depend
on the counting criteria. Figures based on just lack of shelter are much lower
than estimates that also account for habitat quality or other amenities. Here's a
look...
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39. ISSUES RELATING TO POVERTY AND HUNGER
Poverty is conventionally measured by defining threshold level of
expenditure or income required to purchase goods and services necessary to
satisfy basic needs at the minimal socially acceptable level. This threshold
level of expenditure is called the poverty line and the proportion of
population living below it is called the poverty ratio.
The current official measures of poverty in India are based on the
Tendulkar Poverty Line which has pegged the number of poor in the
country at 269.8 million or 21.9% of the population based on the National
Sample Survey Organisation data for 2011-12. NITI Aayog has underlined
the need for a poverty line that will help the government track the progress
in combating extreme poverty rather than identifying the poor. The
Tendulkar committee had pegged the daily per capita expenditure at ` . 27
for rural and ` . 40 for urban poor, which turned out to be the average
monthly per capita expenditure Rs. 816 in rural India and Rs 1,000 in
urban areas.
40. The objective behind an official poverty line is to track progress in
combating extreme poverty and not identification of the poor for purpose of
distributing government benefits.“ The poverty line is extremely significant
as a large number of social sector flagship schemes of the government are
directed toward the below poverty line people. If the poverty line is lowered,
a large section of the poor are deprived of the benefits of these schemes and
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is if it is raised too much then only the upper ones in the bracket benefit
while the poorest of the poor are left out of the growth process.
41. The world faces a major challenge in feeding an expanding world
population. This challenge is compounded by the additional threats of
climate change, increasing water and land scarcity, soil and land
degradation, and a deteriorating natural resource base, threats that will
mainly hurt the world's poor and vulnerable. Six numbers...
42. . Women tourists from India
Black water rafting in New Zealand's Waitomo Caves; shark diving in Cape
Town, South Africa; learning Muay Thai boxing in Thailand; performing the
world's highest bungee jump at the Macau Tower! Indian women travellers have
graduated from the standard city tours and are pushing the boundary in travel in
pursuit of adventure.
43. Muslims are 14.5% of the country's population. In Lok Sabha they have
4.4% representation. Muslims are in majority in Lakshadweep and Kashmir.
The percentage of Muslim in Assam is 34% , in West Bengal 26% and in
Kerala ( 26%). Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) in Kerala has 20
MLAs from the richest Malabar region out of the total 33 Muslim MLAs.
The strength of Kerala assembly is 140.
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44. The Chamaguri Satra (monastery) in Majuli island on the Brahmaputra
river. Hem Chandra Goswami's splendid dance mask of the crane demon
Bakasura, with its large golden beak and speckled silver head, and the black-
and-blue body mask of the five headed snake Kaliya, are now displayed at
the British Museum in London. He has been improving upon his masks,
experimenting with sounds and eye movements, making them more
appealing for GenNext.
Half of Majuli population belongs to tribes such as Mising, Deori, and
Sonowal Kachari. Mising tribe has dominated politics of the island.
Members are mostly Hindus with a few Christians. Main festival is Ali
(edible root’Aye means seed and Ligang means sowing festival of Ali-Aye-
Ligang.
06.04.2016
STAND UP INDIA
45. Under the Stand up India scheme people from Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes, and women entrepreneurs, will get support such as pre-
loan training, facilitating loan, factoring and marketing.
There will be a Rs. 10,000 crore refinance window through Small
Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) and the National Credit
Guarantee Trustee Company Ltd (NCGTC) will create a corpus of Rs.
5,000 crore. SIDBI will engage with the Dalit Indian Chamber of
Commerce and Industry and various other institutions to take the scheme
forward. The offices of SIDBI and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development will be designated `Stand Up Connect Centres'.
46. About half of India's 1.3 billion people are employed in agriculture, which
accounts for almost 20% of the nation's $2 trillion economy.
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2016
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01.06.2016
22.04.2016 ET
General Studies Paper 3 , Section 3, CSE (Mains) Social Justice
2016
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May 11 2016 : The Economic Times (Delhi)
Safe Birth
India has managed to reduce its Maternal Mortality Ratio by 70% since
1990, when the indicator stood at 556, but there is still a large variation among
states...
Percentages in round figures ++MDG target already achieved +SDG target
already achieved Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is defined as the number of
maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to causes related to pregnancy or
within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, regardless of the site or duration of
pregnancy MDG: Millennium Development Goals; SDG: Sustainable
Development Goals
Percentages in round figures ++MDG target already achieved +SDG target
already achieved Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is defined as the number of
maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to causes related to pregnancy or
within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, regardless of the site or duration of
pregnancy MDG: Millennium Development Goals; SDG: Sustainable
Development Goals
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2016
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ET (Delhi) 28.03.2016
47. Juvenile Crime
a) As per National Crime Records Bureau, 66.3% of crimes
committed by juveniles or those below 18 years were committed
by those between the age of 16 and 18 years.
b) Cases registered against Juveniles in 2014
a) 7,802 in MP
b) 7,228 Maharashtra
c) 6,404 Bihar
d) 4,647 Gujarat
e) 2,547 Delhi
c) Total cases in 2012 = 31,973 ;
2013 = 35,861;
2014 = 38,565
d) Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 has replaced the 2000 Act.
a) It allows for those between 16 to 18 years to be tried as adults for
heinous crimes
b) For lesser serious offences they can be tried like adults if they are
caught after 21 years