GCSE PE: SKELETAL S KNOWLEDGE RGANISER

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

AbductionMovement away from the midline of the body.

AdductionMovement towards the midline of the body.

ExtensionA straightening movement around a joint e.g. increase in angle

FlexionA bending movement around a joint in a limb e.g. decrease in angle

RotationThe turning of a body part about its long axis as if on a pivot.

Circumduction

The circular movement of a joint. It is a movement pattern that combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.

Synovial joint

An area where two or more bones meet within a joint capsule and allows a wide range of movement to occur.

Articulating bones

Bones that move relative to each other at a joint.

CartilageA tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue.

LigamentA short band of tough and flexible tissue connects bone to bone and stabilise the joint.

TendonA tendon is a tough yet flexible band of fibrous tissue which joins muscle to bone.

THREE: …TWO: Core Questions

Question Answer

Identify four

functions of the

skeletal system

Blood production, movement,

protection, shape, support,

mineral storage

Give the function

of cartilage

Covers the ends of bones

providing smooth, friction free

surface

Describe how the

skeleton ‘protects’

Bones help to protect vital

organs e.g. heart and lungs

Describe how the

skeleton allows

‘movement’

Bones provide a surface for

muscles / tendons to attach to

OR provide lever systems OR

muscles pull bones when they

contract OR has joints that

allow the body to move

What is the

difference

between the axial

and appendicular

skeleton?

Axial – central part of the

skeleton, the main source of

support & protection

(cranium, vertebrae, ribs,

sternum)

Appendicular– includes

bones that support movement

(arms, legs)

Movement at a

hinge jointFlexion & extension

Movement at a

ball and socket

joint

Flexion, extension, rotation,

abduction, adduction and

circumduction

GCSE PE: SKELETAL SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

skull

mandibleclavicle

scapula

humerus

ribselbow

vertebrae

pelvis

radius

ulna

sacrum

carpalsmetacarpals

phalanges

femur

patella

tibia

fibula

tarsalsmetatarsals

phalanges

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

Antagonistic muscle action

A pair of muscles that work together to produce movement with one muscle contracting whilst the other muscle relaxes. e.g. the upper arm, as the arm flexes the bicep contracts and the triceps relaxes.

AgonistThe muscle that works to create the movement.

AntagonistThe muscle that works in the opposite way of the agonist.

Fixator

A muscle which acts as the stabiliser and helps the agonist work effectively of one part of the body during movement of another part.

FatigueMuscle tiredness when the body has a lack of energy.

Muscle fibre types

There are three types of muscle fibre that make up the skeletal muscles

Type I

Slow twitch fibres suited to low intensity

aerobic work. They can be used

continuously for long periods without

fatigue e.g. long distance running

Type IIaFast twitch fibres suited to high

intensity anaerobic work e.g. 400m

Type IIx

Fast twitch fibres that generate a much

greater force than other fibre types.

They fatigue very quickly e.g. 100m


Question Answer

Explain how a pair of

muscles work

together during

exercise to allow

movement

Muscles work together as

an antagonistic pair

Prime mover / agonist

Relax / antagonist

Fixator

Name all 11 muscles

in the body

Deltoid, pectorals, biceps,

abdominals, quadriceps,

trapezius, triceps, latissimus

dorsi, gluteals, hamstring,

gastrocnemius

What movement is a

combination of

abduction,

adduction, extension

or flexion and

rotation

Circumduction

What is the

difference between

origin and insertion?

Origin – this is the end of

the muscle attached to a

bone that is stable, e.g.

scapula. The point of origin

remains still when

contraction occurs.

Insertion – this is the end of

the muscle attached to the

bone that actively moves

(e.g. the biceps insertion is

on the radius).

GCSE PE: MUSCULAR SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

quadriceps

gastrocnemius

hamstringGluteus maximus

abs

biceps

pectorals

deltoid

trapezius

Latissimus

dorsi

scapulaOrigin

bicep tricep

humerus

insertion

ulna

radius

load

phalanges

metacarpals

carpals

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

Frontal plane

An imaginary line which divides the body from front to back vertically.

Sagittal plane

An imaginary line which divides the body vertically into left and right sides.

Transverse plane

An imaginary line which divides the body horizontally from front to back.

Frontal axis of rotation

An imaginary line which passes through the body horizontally from left to right, allowing flexion and extension.

Longitudinal axis of rotation

An imaginary line which passes through the body from front to back, allowing abduction and adduction.

Transverse axis of rotation

Allows only forward and backward movement (flexion and extension) in the sagittal plane around this axis.

1st ClassLevers

A lever in which the fulcrum is positioned between the load and the effort.

2nd ClassLever

A class 2 lever has the load and the effort on the same side of the fulcrum, with the load nearer the fulcrum.

3rd ClassLever

The effort is placed between the load and the fulcrum, and the effort must travel a shorter distance and be greater than the load.

Mechanical advantage

A second class lever allows a large load to be moved with a small amount of effort.


Question Answer

What is a plane of

movement?

All movements performed

by the body are carried out

across three dimensions.

These dimensions are the

planes of movement and

divide the body using

imaginary lines.

What is an axis of

rotation?

Movements of the body can

occur around three axes.

Every joint movement is

carried out in a plane about

an axis which is imaginary

straight lines that rotate the

body.

What class of lever is

most common in

body?

3rd class lever

What are the four

parts to a lever?

Lever arm (bone)

Fulcrum (joints)

Effort (muscle)

Load (action)

Identify a practical

example for each

type of lever

1st class – neck

2nd class – ankle

3rd class – elbow, shoulder,

knee, hip

GCSE PE: MOVEMENT ANALYSIS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

2nd Class Lever

1st Class Lever

3rd Class Lever

Planes

Axes

Sagittal axis Transverse axis

Longitudinal axis

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

Aerobic exercise

Use of oxygen for the duration of the exercise. Usually at moderate intensity at a continuous rate e.g. long distance running.

Anaerobic exercise

Exercise which does not allow for the predominant usage of oxygen. Usually high or very high intensity for a short period of time e.g. sprinting up a hill.

Blood vessels

Tubular structures that carry blood around our bodies.

Heart rate

Number of heart beats per minute.

Stroke volume

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart (left ventricle - to the body) during each contraction.

Cardiac output

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate. The volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart.

Breathing rate

The number of breaths taken in a minute.

Tidal volume

The amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest.

Minute ventilation

The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled from the lungs per minute.

Gaseous exchange

The movement of gases taking place at the alveoli and capillaries.


Question Answer

Identify the order of

the pathway of air.

Nose/mouth, trachea,

bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Double circulatory system

The human body has two circulatory loops in which blood circulates. One is oxygenated, and the other is deoxygenated. Systemic –the circulatory loop that controls blood flow from the heart to the rest of the working muscles and organs. Pulmonary - the circulatory loop that controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs.

Identify three

characteristics of

veins

Carry blood back to the

heart (away from body or

away from lungs), thinner

and less elastic walls, have

valves to prevent backflow

of blood

Identify three

characteristics of

arteries

Have thick walls, carry blood

at high pressure away from

heart (to body or to lungs),

have no valves, have more

elastic walls, arterioles

Identify three

characteristics of

capillaries

Small, allow carbon dioxide,

water & waste products to

pass through, thin walls

GCSE PE: CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

nosemouth

trachealungsrightbronchi

diaphragmalveoli

bronchioles

larynx

pharynx

Left bronchi

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

Capilliarisation

The development of blood capillaries in the body which increases through long term effects of exercise.

HypertrophyThe increase in size of skeletal or cardiac muscle.

Lactic acid

A waste product produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise where the anaerobic energy system is in use.

Rate of recovery

The speed at which the body returns back to normal after exercise.

Redistribution of blood flow /Vascular shunt

When you exercise the blood is diverted from inactive areas to the muscles that are being used. This action is completed through vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

Widening of the diameter of a

blood vessel to increase blood

flow

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of the diameter of a

blood vessel to decrease blood

flow

Anticipatory

rise

Raising of the heart rate before

exercise begins. Caused by

adrenaline


Question Answer

Identify three long

term effects of

exercise

Change in body shape,

muscle/cardiac

hypertrophy, increase

muscularstrength,

increase muscular

endurance, lower resting

heart rate, improved

flexibility, improved

muscular endurance

Identify three short

term effects of

exercise

Increased heart rate,

increase stroke volume,

increased cardiac output,

sweaty, red face, increase

in breathing rate,

increased tidal volume,

increased minute

ventilation, fatigue,

nausea, headaches,

aching, DOMS, cramp

What is bradycardia?

A resting heart rate of fewer

than 60 beats per minute

(BPM)

Increased heart rate and

increased stroke volume

leads to…

Increased cardiac output

What is adrenaline?

Is a hormone that is released

to prepare the body for

‘fight or fl ight’

GCSE PE: EFFECTS OF EXERCISE KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

Muscular endurance

The ability to move your body and muscles repeatedly without fatiguing. Sit-up test

Cardiovascular endurance

The ability to continue exertion while getting energy from the aerobic system used to supply the body with energy. Also referred to as stamina. Multi-stage fitness test/Cooper Run

AgilityThe ability to change direction at speed; nimbleness. Illinois agilitytest

FlexibilityRange of movement available around a joint. Sit and reach test

SpeedThe ability to move quickly across the ground or move limbs rapidly through movements. 30 meter sprint

StrengthThe maximum force a muscle/group of muscles can apply against a resistance. Hand grip dynamometer

CoordinationThe ability to use different parts of

the body together. Wall bonce test.

Balance

The maintenance of the centre of

mass over the base of support. Stork

stand

PowerThe product of strength x speed.

Vertical jump test.

Flexibility The range of movement at a joint

Reaction

time

The time taken to initiate a response

to a stimulus to starting a response.

Ruler drop test


Question Answer

Give three reasons for

fitness testing

motivate, monitor

improvement, set goals,

inform training, provide

variety to training

What is VO2 Max?

The maximum amount

of oxygen an individual

can take in and use in

one minute

Give five examples of

cardiovascular

endurance activities

Long distance running,

aerobics, 200m swim,

cross-country skiing,

treadmill for 20 mins,

marathon The following data is taken

from a 20-year-old male

taking the Cooper Run

Test. Calculate the

percentage increase in his

score

September: 2,400 meters

December – 2,500 meters

4%

What is meant by the term

validity?

Whether or not the test

measures what it claims to

measure

What is meant by the term

reliability?

The level of which a fitness

test produces stable and

consistent results

GCSE PE: COMPONENTS OF FITNESS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

Warm up

Preparatory exercises done to prepare the body and mind for physical activity. Gradual reduction in intensity, maintain breathing and heart rate, stretching

Cool down

The act of allowing physiological activity to return to normal gradually after strenuous exercise by engaging in less strenuous exercise.Gradual pulse raising activity, stretching, skill activity, mental preparation

FITT

FITT outlines the key components of an effective exercise program: Frequency – the number of times exercise takes place Intensity –how hard and intense the exercise is Time– how long you exercise for Type -the kind of exercise that takes place.

SpecificityThe training must be matched to the needs of the sporting activity and individual.

ProgressionGradual increases in exercise in order for the body to adapt through overload.

OverloadA greater than normal stress that is applied on the body for training adaptations to take place.

ReversibilityAny adaptation that takes place as a result of training will be lost if you stop training.


Question Answer

Continuous training

Training that involves activity without rest intervals. It can be performed at any intensity.

Fartlek training

Training which varies in intensity and duration and consists of bursts of intense effort alternating with less strenuous activity.

Interval trainingTraining that incorporates periods of exercise and rest.

Circuit training

Series of alternate exercises

performed at stations that focus

on different muscle groups.

Weight training

A method of training that uses

free weights or resistance

machines

Plyometrics

Involves jumping, bounding,

hopping exercise HIIT –exercise

that alternates between high

intensity and periods of

recovery.

Describe static

stretching

Training method that includes

stretching to improve flexibility

High Intensity

Interval Training

Interval training that involves

periods of high intensity

exercise followed by recovery

intervals

GCSE PE: PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

Which Method of Training is the Athlete Using?

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ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

HazardSomething that has the potential to

cause harm

RiskThe chance that someone will be

harmed by the hazard

Injury

Physical harm or damage to

someone's body caused by an

accident or an attack

Risk

Assessment

Techniques used to measure the

chances of an accident happening

Personal

protective

equipment

Equipment which is intended to be

worn or held by a person which

protects

Warm up

Preparatory exercises done to prepare the body and mind for physical activity. Gradual reduction in intensity, maintain breathing and heart rate, stretching

Cool down

The act of allowing physiological activity to return to normal gradually after strenuous exercise by engaging in less strenuous exercise.Gradual pulse raising activity, stretching, skill activity, mental preparation


Question Answer

How do you prevent

injury in sport?

Warm up, correct

technique, appropriate

clothing, hydration,

taping/bracing

Describe the physical

benefits of a warm-up

Increased flexibility /

elasticity / pliability (of

muscles) OR increased

range of movement /

mobility

Increased pliability of

tendons / connective

tissue

Increased / more /

faster blood (flow) /

oxygen to muscles

Increased speed /

strength of contractions

Reduced risk of injury

Delays / reduces (build-

up of) lactic acid /

delays fatigue

Identify common sports

injuries

Head injury, spinal

injury, fractures,

dislocations, sprains,

strain, blister

GCSE PE: INJURY PREVENTION KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

EthnicityA state of belonging to a specific social group with common cultural or national traditions or beliefs.

Gender The state of being male or female.

Role models

Someone to be looked up to, (good role model) an example to follow.

School Due to bad PE experience at school/ unpleasant showers/kit/changing facilities

Low esteem

Low esteem/ lack of confidence/they don’t think they are good enough/fear of failure/embarrassment/bodyconsciousness

Religion Some ethnic groups don’t encourage sport for women

AttitudesFear among that they may be perceived as homosexual, attitude that sport is for males/ stereotyping

Peers Peer pressure/friends don’t participate

Community

Inadequate choice or provision or opportunity / e.g. lack of clubs/ lack of female sports leaders

Discrimination

The unfair treatment of individuals whereby opportunities are not available to all of the different social groups.

THREE: …

GCSE PE: ENGAGEMENT PATTERNS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

TWO: Core Questions

Question Answer

Describe the engagement patterns of the social group: Gender

Women have more body fat up to 30% more, women have 2/3 of the strength of men, flexibility tends to be greater in women, boys overtake women in height, weight and strength

Describe the engagement patterns of the social group: Age

Reaction time decreases as you get older, strength increases with age until 30s, young children cannot cope with difficult tasks, injury and disease are more common as you get older

Describe the engagement patterns of the social group: Disability

Adapted activities, adapted equipment, disability classifications, provision

Identify a range of factors that can affect engagement

Attitudes, role models, education, media coverage, familiarity, income, inclusiveness, religion, sexism, family commitments

Describe the engagement patterns of the social group: Family/friends

Peers may encourage you or discourage you from participation, parents often pay for travel, memberships, costs, peer pressure

Describe the engagement patterns of the social group: Race/religion/ culture

Women's boxing, single sex rules in sport, dress codes, head and hair codes e.g. Sikh faith, religious dietary guidelines

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

Commercialisation

Links business and commerce into sport with a primary focus of profit which can lead to exploitation. Using sport with the sole intent to make money from doing so.

Golden triangle

The links and relationship between sponsorship, sporting events and the media.

Media

Different forms of communication that can inform, educate and entertain people including social, internet, TV and newspapers.

SponsorshipThe giving of money or goods to performers in order to get good publicity and/or increase profit.

Unacceptable sponsorship

Sponsorship of sport when a sponsor's image or product appears to undermine the sporting message (e.g. tobacco, alcohol & fast food

Media pressure

The way the media may hound or intrude upon individuals.

Minority

Sports

Lesser known sports with lower

participation levels.

Sport

Players, teams, competitions,

tournaments, events, coaches,

transport

Role modelsSomeone to be looked up to, (good role model) an example to follow.


Question Answer

What are the positive effects of sponsorship on the performer/sport?

Sponsorship deals, promotion, more prize money, improves profile and image of the sport

What are the negative effects of sponsorship on the performer/sport?

Withdrawal of sponsorship, change of dates of events, clothing and equipment restrictions, inequality

What are the positive effects of sponsorship for the sponsor?

Advertising, image, tax relief, research and development

What are the positive effects of the media on sport?

Promotes sport, raises popularity, increases participation, increased revenue, sponsorship, education

What are the negative affects of the media on sport?

Media pressure, TV directors influence, popularity, undermines officials, intrusion

How can the media

impact sport?

Demonstrating performance and participation,Undermining officials,Encouraging varietyBiased popularity,Edited coverage,Altered event timings, Limited attendance

GCSE PE: COMMERCIALISATION KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

Beta Blockers

A drug used to control heart rhythm and lower blood pressure.

Discrimination

The unfair treatment of individuals whereby opportunities are not available to all of the different social groups.

DevianceBehaviour that is either immoral or seriously breaks the rules and norms of the sport.

Gamesmanship

Where the laws of the game are interpreted in ways, which whilst not illegal, are not in the spirit of the game. Pushing the limits to gain unfair advantage.

Sportsmanship

Ethical, appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating in a game or athletic event; fair play.

SteroidsAnabolic steroids are synthetic hormones that enhance physical performance.

StimulantsDrugs used to raise physiological arousal in the body

Violence

Physical acts committed in sport that go beyond the accepted rules of play or the expected levels of contact within a contact sport.

EtiquetteThe unwritten rules concerning

player behaviour


Question Answer

What are the

benefits &

negatives of using

stimulants?

Build muscle mass

Death, high blood pressure,

anxiety, strokes, irregular

heartbeat, addiction

What are the

benefits and

negatives of using

anabolic steroids?

Increase muscle strength, help

them train longer and harder

Liver damage, heart disease,

addiction, aggression, sexual

problems, kidney damage

What are the

benefits and

negatives of using

beta blockers?

Reduce heart rate, muscle

tension, and blood pressure,

reduces affects of adrenaline,

improve preciseness

Nausea, weakness, heart

problems

Are the following

scenarios

examples of

violence or

aggression/

assertiveness?

• A rugby player mistiming a

tackle & tackling in the air

• A strong shoulder charge in

football that sends the other

player flying

• A spear tackle in rugby

• A bouncer in cricket that hits

the batsman on the helmet

• Jostling for position in the

1500m and accidentally

tripping another athlete

• A boxer punching an

opponent after the bell

GCSE PE: ETHICAL ISSUES KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

Closed skil lSkil ls that are performed in a predictable environment e.g. a Player taking a l ine out in Rugby.

Complex skillA skil l which requires a lot of focus and decision making to perform.

Motor Skill

Learned actions or learned behaviours

with the intention of bringing about

predetermined results

Feedback

Information that is given to a performer either during or after their performance with the aim of improving future performances.

Guidance Given to aid the learning of a skil l.

Mental preparation

The rehearsal of a physical skill that takes place within the mind of the performer without any actual physical movement.

Open skil l

These are affected by the environment and are predominantly perceptual as they must be adapted to suit the environment. These skil ls are usually externally paced. e.g. a pass within a game situation in football.

Simple skil l

Consists of basic movement actions that are not difficult to perform with few decisions to make. e.g. A chest pass, a straight up and down jump.

Skilful movement

A fluent and coordinated movement which is efficient, technically accurate and aesthetically pleasing.

Skills continua

A method of categorising skills along a continuum, classified according to their level of difficulty.

THREE: …

Specific A specific goal, not a vague desire to improve Measurable There is standard to measure progress against Achievable The goal is agreed by both the performer and the coach Realistic It is possible to achieve Timed A specific time period gives the goal added focus

Write your own SMART target:Specific:

Measurable:

Achievable:

Realistic:

Timed:

What impact did this have?

TWO: Core Questions

Question Answer

Explain verbal

guidance

This involves using your sense of

hearing and could involve listening to

a coach give instructions.

Explain visual guidance

This involves the performer being

able to actually see something using

sight which could be a demonstration,

a video, YouTube clip or photograph,

chart, court markings.

Explain

mechanical

guidance

This involves the use of objects or aids

such as RoboGolfPro machine for

golfers to practice the golf swing,

floats in swim.

Explain manual

guidance

This is where the performer can be

assisted in a physical movement e.g.

supporting somebody do a gym vault.

Describe

knowledge of

results

This is feedback the performer gets

through the end result of a

performance e.g. the score, how

many runs made

Describe

knowledge of

performance

This is how the performer feels about

their actions from the performance

that has just taken place

Describe what

is meant by

positive

feedback

Feedback about what was good and

correct about a performance

Describe what

is meant by

negative

feedback

Feedback about what was bad or

incorrect about a performance

GCSE PE: SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

ONE: Key Vocabulary

Word Definition

Balanced diet

A diet that contains the correct proportions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water necessary to maintain good health.

Energy balance

Energy input = energy expenditure. This equation must balance for your body weight to remain constant.

Exercise

Activity that requires physical effort. Usually carried out to sustain or bring about improvements to health or fitness.

FitnessYour ability to meet the physical demands placed on you by the environment.

HealthThe state of emotional, physical and social well-being.

Hydration

Having the appropriate level of water in the body for it to function optimally. When this level of water falls below optimal levels it is referred to as dehydration.

Obesity

The state of being very overweight, with a lot of excess body fat, usually classified using the BMI calculation of 30 or above.

Physical activity

Movement of the body by the skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.

Type 2 diabetes

A metabolic disorder that affects how your body handles glucose. Often associated with obesity and can be controlled through changes to your diet.

THREE: …

Label the seven components of a healthy diet:

50% carbohydrate30-35% Fat15-20% Protein

TWO: Core Questions

Question Answer

Identify five reasons for

having good physical

health and well being

Improves efficiency of body

systems, reduces risk of

i l lnesses, able to do everyday

tasks, helps avoid obesity,

improves heart function

Identify three reasons

for having good mental


Reduces stress/tension, able

to control emotions, releases

serotonin

Identify four reasons for

having good social


Cooperation, teamwork,

socialise, make friends

What is meant by a sedentary lifestyle and its consequences?

An inactive lifestyle, lack of

regular exercise, Weight

gain/obesity, heart disease,

diabetes, lethargy, poor

sleep, poor self esteem,

hypertension

How can obesity affect

performance, physical,

mental and social

health?

Lack of stamina, l imits agility,

flexibility, speed/power

Heart disease, heart attacks,

cancer, diabetes, Depression,

poor self esteem/low

confidence

Inability to socialise

What is meant by

carbo-loading?

Eating foods that are high in

starch to increase

carbohydrate reserves in the

muscles

GCSE PE: HEALTH, FITNESS & WELL-BEING KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

GCSE PE: SKELETAL S KNOWLEDGE RGANISER

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