Garden Design in Public and Private Area

SUBMITTED TO:DR. B.S BENIWAL

SUBMITTED BY:VIKARAM(2011A53BVI)

INTRODUCTION• A garden is a planned space,

usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature

• Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur

or professional gardener.

HISTORY OF GARDENS• The history of gardening extends across at least 4,000 years of

human civilization• Egyptian tomb paintings of the 1500s BC are some of the

earliest physical evidence of ornamental horticulture and landscape design; they depict lotus ponds surrounded by symmetrical rows of acacias and palms

• Another ancient gardening tradition is of Persia: Darius the Great was said to have had a "paradise garden"

• The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were renowned as a Wonder of the World Byzantium and Moorish Spain kept garden traditions alive after the 4th century AD and the fall of Rome. By this time a separate gardening tradition had arisen in China

HISTORY OF GARDENS• Gardens of Versailles, became the dominant style of garden in Europe

until the middle of the 18th century when it was replaced by the English landscape garden and the French landscape garden.

• The 20th century saw the influence of modernism in the garden: from the articulate clarity of Thomas Church to the bold colors and forms of Brazilian Roberto Burle Marx.

• A strong environmental consciousness and Sustainable design practices, such as green roofs and rainwater harvesting, are driving new considerations in gardening today.

Principles of garden design

• The main aim is to achieve unity (harmony) in the design.

• The garden should look like it ‘belongs’ with the house and the wider environment.

• It should be an enjoyable space to be in – whether designed for excitement or calm contemplation.

• It should look as though each element was ‘meant’ to be where it is.

• The simpler the design the more effective it is likely to be.

Scale and proportion• It is important to keep the features in the

garden to a human scale and in proportion to each other. Paths need to be wide enough and spaces large enough for people to move about freely.

• For example very tall planting in a small garden could make the space feel very claustrophobic.

• A tall tree with only short planting in the rest of the garden may look out of place.

Shape and line Strong shapes work best – circles, rectangles, squares or

triangles. Organise the design around linked strong shapes (even if they will not be obvious once the garden is completed)

Avoid wiggly edges – large curves are sections of a circle or an ellipse.

Flowing lines give a sense of movement; angles in lines make the eye pause.

Styles of Gardens

• Formal• Informal• Free• Wild

Features of a formal gardens• First plan is made on paper and then land is First plan is

made on paper and then land is selected accordingly selected accordingly.

• Land is leveled• Symmetrical design• Geometrical: Square, rectangular, circular beds Geometrical:

Square, rectangular, circular beds and borders• Roads and paths cut at right angle• Balance is symmetrical as same feature replicated Balance is

symmetrical as same feature replicated on both sides of central axis on both sides of central axis.

• Hedges, edges and topiary are trimmed• Trees can be selected as individual feature Trees can be

selected as individual feature Mughal, Persian, Italian, French and American , Persian, Italian, French and American garden.

Features of informal gardens

• Plan is forced to fit the land• Main aim is to capture natural scenery• Land is not leveled• Asymmetrical design• Non-geometrical beds and borders• Untrimmed hedges, edges and topiary• Individual plants are not selected as feature• Japanese, Chinese, English gardens

Informal gardens

Free and Wild style of gardening

• In Free style gardening best of both formal and informal styles are selected to secure the most picturesque effect.

• While in Wild style gardening no rules are followed but aim is to make the garden beautiful and natural.

Free style of gardening

Wild style of gardening

Types of Gardens• Formal garden:– Persian/ Islamic– Mughal– French– Italian– American

• Informal gardens:– English– Japanese– Chinese

Styles of garden design• Design styles are sets of design features that create a

distinct vocabulary – for example fountains, statutes, ballustraded stairs, olive or orange trees and clipped hedges are features of an Italianate garden (like Mount Edgecumbe in the earlier slide).

• Design styles reflect different cultures e.g. Japanese gardens as compared with European gardens like Mount Edgecumbe.

• There are many design styles and the rules are there to be broken, once they are understood.

MUGHAL GARDENS

INTRODUCTION• Mughal gardens are a group of gardens

built by the Mughals in the Islamic style of architecture.

• This style was influenced by Persian Gardens and Timurid gardens.

• Significant use of Rectilinear Layouts

are made within the walled enclosures.

SALIENT FEATURES. Site near hill slope with perennial rivulet.

• Gardens enclosed with walls and fitted with tall gates.

• Garden has at least seven, eight or twelve terraces symbolizing 7 planets, 8 paradise or 12 zodiac with entrance at the lowest terrace .

• Running water in canals .• Terminal building.• Baradari with twelve doors three in every Direction .

• Symbolism and plant material.

HISTORY• The founder of the Mughal

empire, Babur described his favourite type of garden as a CHARBAGH.

This word developed a new meaning inIndia, because as Babur explains,India lacked the fast-flowing streams required for the Central AsianChar bagh.

HISTORY• The Agra garden, now known as the Ram bagh, is thought to

have been the first Char bagh. • India, Bangladesh and Pakistan have a number of Mughal

gardens which differ from their Central Asian predecessors with respect to 'the highly disciplined geometry'.

CLASSIFICATION

Mughal Gardens are generally divided into 4 sections –•Rectangular Pearl garden•Long Butterfly garden •Circular garden•Terraced garden

VARIOUS MUGHAL GARDENS• Afghanistan

– Bagh-e Babur(Kabul) • •India

– Humayun's Tomb-Delhi (Nizamuddin) – Taj Mahal-Agra– Ram Bagh-Agra– Mehtab Bagh-Agra– Shalimar Gardens (Kashmir)-Kashmir – Safdarjung's Tomb– Yadvindra Gardens-Pinjore– Khusro Bagh, Allahabad

RAMBAGH GARDEN, AGRA

RAMBAGH GARDEN, AGRA• The Ram Bagh is the oldest

Mughal Garden in India, • Built by the Mughal Emperor

Babur in 1528 A.D.• Planned following the char

bagh pattern• Four main divisions

crisscrossed by paths and waterways.

• Located about five kilometers northeast of the Taj Mahal.

RAMBAGH GARDEN, AGRA• Water represented life• The garden is a Paradise

garden or Char bagh, where pathways and canals divide the garden to represent the Islamic ideal of paradise, an abundant garden through which rivers flow.

• The Ram Bagh provides an example of a variant of the char bagh in which water cascades down three terraces in a sequence of cascades.

PERSIAN GARDENS

INTRODUCTION

• The Persian Garden refers to a tradition and style of garden design which originated in Persia and which influenced the design of gardens throughout the larger region.

• The origin of Persian gardens may date back as far as 4000 BC.

• The decorated pottery of that time displays the typical cross plan of the Persian garden.

 

Features of Persian gardens

• Based on idea of heaven• Strictly formal and symmetrical• Beautiful architectural work• Laid out after cutting terraces• Water flowing canals• Planted cypress as symbol off eternity

Features• These gardens are enclosed.

• The main purpose behind building such gardens was to provide relaxation in different manner such as spiritual, leisurely (e.g. meetings with friends).

• “Pairi daeza” means enclosed space in Persian language.

• This Christian mythology adopted this term to describe the Garden of Eden or paradise on earth. Gardens Of

Eden

More Features• The construction of garden may have

an emphasis either on nature or on structure, however the main thing this garden should allow is maximization of function.

• The Persian gardens were built as a retreat from the harsh landscape.

• These gardens are followed by modern-day garden, from the sanctuaries and hunting parks of 5th century B.C., 19th century magical nightingale gardens of Tehran, etc.

• The Cyrus's garden had a geometrical plan and stone watercourses.

• A high surrounding wall• Straight tile-lined channels of water• Bubbling fountains• Trees for shade and fruit• A Pavilion or gazebo• Strong emphasis on flowers in beds and pots.

Common features of Persian gardens

TYPES OF PERSIAN GARDENS

Formal •Hayat (public and private)•Meidan (public)•Char Bagh (private)

Casual•Bagh (private)•Park (public)

HAYAT (PUBLIC)• Publicly, it is a classical Persian

layout with heavy emphasis on aesthetics over function.

• Man-made structures in the garden are particularly important, with arches and pools (which may be used to bathe).

• The ground is often covered in gravel flagged with stone. Plantings are typically very simple - such as a line of trees, which also provide shade.

HAYAT(PRIVATE)

• Privately, these gardens are often pool-centered and, again, structural.

• The pool serves as a focus and source of humidity for the surrounding atmosphere. There are few plants, often due to the limited water available in urban areas

MEIDAN

• This is a public, formal garden which emphasizes more on biotic elements than structure.

• Here we see bedding plants, trees, shrubs, grasses, etc.

• In this garden also the elements like gravel pathways, pools divide the lawns.

• The shade providing structures pavilions are also built.

CHAR BAGH• These gardens are formal and

private.• The garden structure mainly

consists of four quadrants divided by pathways and waterways.

• This garden has a balanced structure with proper pathways and greenery or plants around the periphery of the pool.   Aram bagh garden at Agra

PARKS• These are casual parks used for

public functions.

• These are full of various plants.

• Here we see pathways and seating but these gardens are limited in terms of structural elements.

• The purpose of such gardens is

relaxation and socialization.

BAGH• Like other casual gardens, it focuses on natural and green

aspects of nature.

• These gardens are often attached to houses consisting of trees, lawns and ground plants.

• It gives less emphasis on waterways and pathways.

• The primary aim is familial relaxation.

NATURAL ELEMENTS OF PERSIAN LANDSCAPING

• The important Persian garden elements are sunlight, shade, water, buildings.

• These elements provide relaxation in different manners such as spiritual, leisurely (e.g. meetings with friends) etc. which is the primary aim of Persian garden which is considered as a paradise on earth.

• The Persian gardens often connect internal yard gardens with the surrounding outward gardens.

English GardenHistory

In England in the early 18th centurygarden presented an idealized view of natureby Claude Lorraine and Nicolas Poussinusually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic landscape

ENGLISH GARDENS• A second style of English garden, which became popular during

the 20th century in France and northern Europe, is the late 19th-century English cottage garden.

• The cottage garden is a distinct style of garden that uses an informal design, traditional materials, dense plantings, and a mixture of ornamental and edible plant

• Vernacular thatched cottages (built in 1812–1816) in Woburn Street, Ampthill, Bedfordshire, surrounded by garden.

Key factors of English gardening

• Typical grassland climate in England• Gardening is hobby of rich peoples• Englishmen were very fond off

flowers

Phases of English gardening

• Search for sustenance (1066-1500 A.D.)• Elizabethan period (1500-1700 A..D.)• Return to nature (1700 A..D.. onwards)

‘Search for Sustenance’

• Gardens attached with monasteries and• planted with fruit trees and vegetables for

food as utilitarian gardens• Roses, carnation, violets, lily, hollyhock were planted• Formal gardens and unnatural

‘Elizabethan period• Hampton court was built by C. Wolsey• Symmetrical plan with walks planted with fruit trees• • Queen Elizabeth introduced many exotic plants

during (1558-1603)• Utility gardens were converted to liaison gardens • Peak of symmetry in gardens with influence of Le

Notre• Gardens were monotonous and dull looking• Claude Lorrain (1600-1682) gave inspiration to many

to develop informal gardens through landscape paintings

Return to Nature’?

• Henry Hoare in 1720 started changing landscape gardens

• English gardens were redefined by W. Kent,, L. Brown and H. Repton from picturesque to natural style

• William Robinson invented herbaceous border and gave the concept off wild gardening

• Herbaceous border term first used by G. Jekyell.

Essential features of English gardens

•Lawn•Herbaceous border, and•Rockery

Features of Italian gardens

• Came into existence at the time off Renaissance• Resemble Mughal or Persian gardens• Fountains, sculptures,, water canals, box or yew hedges,, topiary,, arbour,, trellis and architecturally beautiful buildings• Plants off ilex and roses

Japanese Gardens

Introduction

• The art of gardening is believed to be an important part of Japanese culture for many centuries.

• The garden design in Japan is strongly connected to the philosophy and religion of the country.

• Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism were used in the creation of different garden styles in order to bring a spiritual sense to the gardens and make them places where people could spend their time in a peaceful way and meditate.

Essential Aspects

• The line between garden and its surrounding landscape is not distinct.

• Gardens incorporate natural and artificial elements and thus, fuse the elements of nature and architecture.

• In the Japanese garden, the viewer should consider nature as a picture frame into which the garden, or the man- made work of art, is inserted.

POND

WATERFALL

Rock – an important feature

Basic rules in the design of Japanese gardens

• Natural: that should make the garden look as if it grew by itself

• Asymmetry: that creates the impression of it being natural• Odd numbers: It supports the effect of the asymmetry• Simplicity: that follows the idea of 'less is more'• Triangle: that is the most common shape for compositions

made of stones, plants, etc.• Contrast: that creates tension between elements• Lines: that can create both tranquility and tension• Curves: that softens the effect• Openness: that indicates interaction between all elements

Basic elements in Japanese gardens

• a stone lantern representing four natural elements: earth, water, fire and wind

• statues of male and female lions, placed at the entrance of the garden in order to protect the garden from intruders, representing the two opposite forces: yin and yang (fire and water, male and female).

• water basin known as a deer chaser, which keep deer away by making a special sound when filled up

• the koi fish swimming in ponds, which has a decorative meaning• typical Japanese bridge, called a moonbridge, whose purpose is

to reflect artistic feelings.

Elements of Japanese Gardens

• Ponds, waterfalls, wells, bridges (real or symbolic)

• Stepping stones, Garden paths

• Stone water basins, stone lanterns

• Garden plants and trees

• Fences and walls

• Stones

WATER OR IKE

•It represents the sea, lake, pond or river in nature.

•Non geometrical in appearance; in order to preserve the natural shapes, man- made ponds are asymmetrical.

• The bank of the pond is usually bordered by stones

•A fountain is sometimes found at the bottom of a hill or hillside or secluded forest.

•Wells are sometimes found in a Japanese garden.

Paths or tobi-ishi

• Usually used in tea gardens.• flat stepping stones served to

preserve the grass as well as orient the viewer to a specific visual experience.

• step- stones are found near the veranda or entrance of the house or tea room. The visitor of the house or room is expected to place his shoes on the step- stone before entering.

Water basins & lanterns

• Two kinds of stone water basins-• kazari- chozubachi, which is kept

near the verandah • tsukubai for tea garden• Stone lanterns are placed besides

prominent water basins whose luminance underscored the unfinished beauty of the tea aesthetic.

Plants• Garden of the 10th to 12th centuries

contained cherry, plum trees, pines and willows.

• Influence of the Zen sect and watercolor painting from Southern China transformed the colorful Japanese garden in the Middle Ages.

• Flowers, flowering plants and shrubs were regarded as signs of frivolity and were replaced by evergreen trees that symbolized eternity.

Trees in Japanese Gardens

• Japanese garden is predominately green with its use of evergreen trees.

• When flowering trees found in Japanese garden are camelias, specifically the tsubaki and sazanka.

Fences and walls

• There are three types of fences: the short fence which extends from

the house into the garden an inner fence and an outer fence. • Short fences or sodegaki are

screens that hide unwanted views or objects.

• They are about 6 or 7 feet high.• Add color and texture to the garden. • Materials used are bamboo, wood

and twigs of bamboo or tree.

Stones

• Stones are fundamental elements of Japanese gardens.

• Stones used are not quarried by

the hand of man, but of stones shaped by nature only

• Used to construct the garden's paths, bridges, and walkways.

• Represent a geological presence where actual mountains are not viewable or present. They are placed in odd numbers and a majority of the groupings reflect triangular shapes

Japanese gardens

• Hill gardens• Flat gardens• Tea gardens• Passage gardens• Sand gardens• Fancy gardens

Features of Japanese gardens• Ornamental water: Ponds streams, waterfalls, fountains,

wells,water basins• Islands• Bridges• Stone lanterns• Stones• Pergolas• Fences and gates• Plants

Private garden

Roof Garden• A roof garden is any garden on the roof of a building.

Besides the decorative benefit, roof plantings may provide food, temperature control, hydrological benefits, architectural enhancement, habitats or corridors for wildlife, and recreational opportunities. The practice of cultivating food on the rooftop of buildings is sometimes referred to as rooftop farming.

Roof Garden

• Rooftop farming is usually done using green roof, hydroponics, aeroponics or air-dynaponics systems or container gardens. Besides using the already present space at the roof itself, additional platforms could possibly be created between high-rise buildings called "aero-bridges".

Mission & Vision

• Design and prepare attractive gardens in home, balcony and roof tops of buildings.

• Become the best consultant firm on roof top gardening in Khulna, and eventually in Bangladesh.

Benefits of roof-top gardens

For the Building Owner: • Expand roof life 2x3 times (up to

60 years)• Reduce air-conditioning costs• Reduce winter heating costs• Stormwater management tool• Increase property value• Government and municipality

incentives • Improve public relations• Transform dead space into

garden space .

For the Community:• Reduce storm water runoff • Reduce city “heat island”

effect• Reduce smog and improve

air quality • Reduce noise• Reduce energy demand• Improve aesthetics • Provide green space

Benefits of roof-top gardens

“School gardening is seen as an activity that enables schools to provide dynamic environments that support student mastery of educational standards”

-California Department of Education 2002

“A School Garden offers a wonderful, creative space in which children of all abilities can achieve something real that is valued by others” – School Garden Wizard

Process

Basic Design Principles

Garden Vision

Garden Types

Community Gardening

So many options! •Vegetable gardens•Herb gardens•Flower gardens•Green roofs/living roof•Square foot gardening•Vertical gardens•Permaculture projects

Benefits

•Food production – access to affordable fresh produce

•Gardeners as “nutrition change agents”

•Neighborhood improvement

•Closer and safer than parks•Cleaner air

LIS 590 IBL:Community Gardening

Benefits of CG•Satisfying labor, physical activity

•Fun, not economic profit•Nature connection

•Value formation for small children•Relaxing places, help lower stress

Benefits of CG

•Build community ties •Cooperative work in the garden•Neighbors garden in pairs for safety•Sharing surplus with neighbors•Step toward playground and street clean-ups