Galaxy Distances - Then and Now

Brent Tully, University of Hawaiiwith the essential collaboration of

Rick Fisher, Ed Shaya, and Helene Courtois

“I have now been able to reach a solution … which I regard as definitive. The result is 865 km/s/Mpc.”

A.S. Eddington 1935, MNRAS, 95, 636

Are galaxies galaxies?

E Hubble 1924, 33rd mtg AAS

Cepheids in M31 and M33

d = 285 kpc

Are galaxies galaxies?

E Hubble 1924, 33rd mtg AAS

Cepheids in M31 and M33

d = 285 kpc

E Opik 1922, ApJ, 155, 406

Virial theorem: M~V2R

d = 450 kpc

Are galaxies galaxies?

E Hubble 1924, 33rd mtg AAS

Cepheids in M31 and M33

d = 285 kpc

E Opik 1922, ApJ, 155, 406

Virial theorem: M~V2R

d = 450 kpc

Distances in the early ‘70sDesperation methods:

- diameters of HII regions- brightest blue supergiants- brightest red supergiants- luminosity classifications- sosi

Less desperate:

- indicative total mass

MT = 0.1 D V2 / sin2 iD = distance = sizeV = profile 1/2 width

Roberts 1962, AJ, 67, 431Balkowski et al. 1973, A&A, 23, 139

Opik’s method

Fisher and Tully Graduate: 1972

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

A Thought ExperimentM31Mpg = -21.00.5Wi = 258 km/s

M33Mpg = -18.70.5Wi = 109 km/s

A Thought ExperimentM31Mpg = -21.00.5Wi = 258 km/s

M33Mpg = -18.70.5Wi = 109 km/s

Mpg = -19.5 ??

Mpg = -20.2 ??

factor 2 distance changes

Tully & Fisher 1977, A&A, 54, 661

Virgo Cluster: d = 13.2 MpcH0 ~ 80 km/s/Mpc

my H0 contributions

TF: 1977, A&A, 54,661PT: 1988, ApJ, 330, 579TP: 2000, ApJ, 533, 744CT: 2012, ApJ, 749, (Apr 10)

H0 = 85PT: 2 clusters; 3 ZP (1 @ I)

H0 = 77TP: 12 clusters; 24 ZP

H0 = 75.9CT: 13 clusters; 36 ZP; SNIa tie

L band

my H0 contributions

TF: 1977, A&A, 54,661PT: 1988, ApJ, 330, 579TP: 2000, ApJ, 533, 744CT: 2012, ApJ, 749, (Apr 10)

H0 = 85PT: 2 clusters; 3 ZP (1 @ I)

H0 = 77TP: 12 clusters; 24 ZP

H0 = 75.9CT: 13 clusters; 36 ZP; SNIa tie

L band

We knew in 1988 that CDM with m=1 was wrong

Calibration 2012

Mibik = -21.39 - 8.81(logWi

mx - 2.5)

Calibration 2012

Mibik = -21.39 - 8.81(logWi

mx - 2.5)

NGC 2403 (only ZP calibrator at I in 1988)M = 0.27 => 13% in distanceH0: 75=>85

SNIa calibration: link to large scales

Cepheid, TRGB, SBF, TF, FP

Courtois & Tully 2012, ApJ, 748, #2

Mid Infrared Calibration1. uniformity across sky2. flux dominantly from old stars3. minimal extinction corrections4. deep `total’ photometry

But:color is a 3rd parameter

Sorce et al. 2012, in prep.

S: Spitzer 3.5m fluxes - color adjustment

Deviations from Cosmic ExpansionVobs = H0d + Vpec

H0 = <Vobs/d>

Aaronson, Huchra, Mould, Schechter, Tully 1982, ApJ, 258, 64 Virgocentric flows in Local Supercluster

Ed Shaya’s thesis:Shaya 1984, ApJ, 280, 470 Anticipated Great Attractor influenceTully & Shaya 1984, ApJ, 281, 31 Virgo infallShaya & Tully 1984, ApJ, 281, 56 Angular momentum in galaxies

mass of Virgo Cluster well constrained

by most extreme infalling galaxies

many galaxies, mostly spirals, enter Virgo Cluster in next 3 Gyr

Quiet Local Flow and Local Velocity Anomaly

Sandage, Tammann, & Hardy 1972, ApJ, 172, 253Tammann & Kraan 1978, IAU Symp 79, 71Tully 1982, ApJ, 257, 389Karachentsev, Kashibadze, Makarov, Tully 2009, 393, 1265

TRGB distances with HST

los ~ 25 km/s

Quiet Local Flow and Local Velocity AnomalyFaber & Burstein 1988, Vatican Study Week, p116Tully 1988, Vatican Study Week, p169Tully, Shaya, Karachentsev, Courtois, et al. 2008, ApJ, 676, 184

orange: Vpec > 100 km/sgreen: |Vpec| < 100 km/spurple: Vpec < -100 km/s

Local Supercluster zoom in

Velocity discontinuity between Local Sheet and adjacent Leo Spur

Quiet Local Flow and Local Velocity AnomalyFaber & Burstein 1988, Vatican Study Week, p116Tully 1988, Vatican Study Week, p169Tully, Shaya, Karachentsev, Courtois, et al. 2008, ApJ, 676, 184

orange: Vpec > 100 km/sgreen: |Vpec| < 100 km/spurple: Vpec < -100 km/s

Local Supercluster zoom in

vectorsorange: 323 km/sblue: 185 km/s toward Virgored: 259 km/s away from Local Void

Velocity discontinuity between Local Sheet and adjacent Leo Spur

Numerical Action Models

out of Local Void

toward Virgo

toward Virgo

Peebles 1989, ApJ, 344, L53Shaya, Peebles, Tully 1995, ApJ, 454, 15Peebles, Phelps, Shaya, Tully 2001, ApJ, 554, 104

NAM: small scalesVirgo

Virgo

from Void

Model focusing on the interactions between the dominant galaxies in the Local and Maffei groups.

NAM: intermediate scalesShaya, Peebles, & Tully 1995, ApJ, 454, 15

Distances to galaxies with V<3000 km/sMass assignments based on B light=> m = 0.2

13.7 Gyr

MAK Reconstruction (Monge-Ampere-Kantorovich)

Lavaux, Tully, Mohayaee, Colombi 2010, ApJ, 709, 483

Action reconstruction with 105 galaxies

Wiener Filter

Cosmicflows-1 (distances)

redshift survey

local

tidal

Courtois, Hoffman, Tully, Gottloeber 2012, ApJ, 744, 43

Cosmicflows-2Courtois, Tully, Fisher et al. 2009, AJ, 138, 1938Courtois, Tully, … Fisher et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 2005

Courtois, Tully, Heraudeau 2011 MNRAS, 415, 1935

As of 2012, April 1:14,221 galaxies with HI profiles11,353 galaxies good HI

link Cepheid - TRGB - SBF link SFI++ - FP link SNIa

EDD: Extragalactic Distance Database

http://edd.ifa.hawaii.eduTully et al. 2009, AJ, 138, 323

PhotometryCourtois et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 1935Sorce et al. in preparation

HST CMDJacobs et al. 2009, AJ, 138, 332

HI profilesCourtois et al. 2009, AJ, 138, 1938Courtois et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 2005

Redshift catalogsGroup informationSummary distances

Curators: Luca Rizzi, Ed Shaya